STAREHE BOYS CENTRE

GEOGRAPHY PAPER Paper 1

SECTION A

1(a) What is a natural satellite and why is the moon regarded as one? (1 mark)

(b) Give two weakness of the nebula cloud theory about the origin of the earth and the solar system.
(2 marks)

2(a) Differentiate between solar and terrestrial radiation. Give three differences. (3marks)

(b) Give three ways in which moist air is made to rise to form rainfall. (3 marks)

(c) State three factors that hinders weather forecasting. (3

marks)

3(a) State three main conditions that influence the characteristics of igneous rocks. (3 marks)

(b) Why are sedimentary rocks referred to as secondary rocks. (2

marks)

4(a) What is a lake? (1 mark)

(b) Explain how solution lakes are formed. (2 marks)

5(a) State three factors that influence the rate of glacier movement. (3 marks)

(b) Explain how ice moves through plastic flowage. (2 marks)

SECTION B:

Answer question 6 and any other in this section.

Mapwork (Kitale 1:50000)

6(a) Study the map of Kitale (1:50000) provided and answer the following questions:

(i) Calculate the area of Elgeyo Marakwet district in km2. (2 marks)

(ii) Measure the length of the railway line in Kitale Municipality. (2 marks)

(iii) State the approximate location of Kitale Municipality by latitude and longitude. (2 marks)

b) (i) Siting evidence from the map state the crop grown within the plantations. (2 marks)

(ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 2cm by 9cm to represent the area between easting 23 and
30 and nothings 11 and 20. On the rectangle indicate the following features:

 Kitale Municipality
 River Koitobos
 Forest
  Railway line (5
marks)
c) (i) State with evidence four social functions of Kitale Municipality. (4 marks)

(ii) State three factors that have favoured the siting of Kitale Municipality. (3 marks)

(d) Students from Kibomet school carried out a field study of drainage within Kitale Region

(i) Describe the following finding s they may have obtained of drainage in the area.

(3 marks)

(ii) State two problems paused by the drainage features they may have encountered.

(2 marks)

7(a) (i) Define Vertical earth movement. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain how the following factors cause earth movements:

 Magma movements (2 marks)

 Convectional currents (2 marks)
b) (i) Briefly describe the continental drift theory. (4 marks)

(ii) Differentiate between a compress ional boundary and a conservative boundary.

(2 marks)

c (i) What is a fault. (1 mark)

(ii) Apart from the Rift valley name three features resulting from faulting. (3 marks)

(iii) Describe the formation of the rift valley due to compress ional forces using well labeled

Diagrams. (6 marks)

(d) Explain two effects of faulting on drainage of an area. (4 marks)

8(a) (i) State four factors that have favoured the action of water in the desert areas. (4 marks)

(ii) Differentiate between pediments and Pedi plains. (2 marks)

b) Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow

 (i) Name the features marked a, b and c associated with water action in deserts. (3 marks)

(ii) Explain how features a and c are formed by water action. (6 marks)

(iii) State three significances of features of water action in desert areas. (3

marks)

c) (i) Give three factors that influence the formation of dunes in desert regions. (3 marks)

(ii) Draw a simple diagram of a barchans labeling all parts. (3 marks)

d) Name the largest hot desert in the world found in the Northern Hemisphere. (1 mark)

9(a) (i) Differentiate between an ocean and a sea. (2 marks)

(ii) State four factors that influence the formation of coastal landforms. (4 marks)

(b) (i) Explain three negative effects of lakes on human activities. (6

marks)

(ii) Explain three factors that contribute to differences in salinity of the ocean water.

(6 marks)

(iii) Name three types of islands that form part of the relief of the ocean floor. (3 marks)

(c) Student from a school in Mombasa went out for a field study on coastal landforms.

(i) State two methods they used to collect data. (2

marks)

(ii) Give any two follow up activities of the field study they may have conducted. (2 marks)

10(a) (i) Differentiate between weathering and mass wasting. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain how the following factors influence weathering:

 Relief (2 marks)
 Chemical composition of rocks. (2 marks)
 (iii) Briefly explain how the following processes take place:

 Granular disintegration (1 mark)

 Hydration (3 marks)
b) (i) Name four processes by which materials may creep. (2 marks)

(ii) State three effects of soil creep on the earth’s surface. (3 marks)

(iii) Describe how the process of mudflow takes place. (3 marks)

c) Students from your school visited an area in Nyeri where a landslide had occurred:

(i) State two objectives they had formulated for their study. (2 marks)

(ii) List down three methods they used to collect data. (3 marks)
 STAREHE BOYS CENTRE

GEOGRAPHYPAPER 2 2 3/4hrs.

SECTION A
1. a) Give two types of forests in Kenya. (2mks)
b) State three differences between natural forests and man-made forests. (3mks)

2. a) Define plantation agriculture. (2mks)

b) State three characteristics of shifting cultivation. (3mks)
3. a) Define the term over-population. (2mks)
b) State three advantages of Nucleated settlements. (3mks)
4. a) List two benefits of land reclamation in Netherlands. (2mks)
b) State three physical conditions which made Mwea a suitable location for irrigation.
(3mks)
5. a) Define the term urban morphology. (1mk)
b) i) Give two characteristics of the Central Business District (CBD) of an Urban Centre.
(2mks)
ii) State two characteristic featured of slums in Nairobi. (2mks)

SECTION B

6. The table below shows Kenya’s mineral production from 1980 to 1983 in thousand tones

YEAR Soda Ash Salt Limestone Fluorspar

1980 160 50 29 11

1981 167 53 59 13

1982 172 38 15 15

1983 220 29 22 22

a) Draw a compound bar graph to represent the above data. Use the vertical scale 1cm
represents 50,000 tones.
(6mks)
b) Explain four measures that Kenya has taken to reduce the unfavorable balance of trade.
(8mks)
c) Explain four benefits that of Kenya derives from International trade. (8mks)
d) Give three reasons why there is trade Imbalance between Kenya and other countries.
(3mks)
7. a (i) Name three countries in West Africa where cocoa is grown on a large scale apart
from Ghana. (3mks)
ii) State five factors that have favoured cocoa growing in Ghana. (5mks)
b) Use the map to answer the questions that follow.
Major Cocoa growing areas in Ghana.

i) Name the towns marked A to D associated with Cocoa growing in Ghana. (4mks)
ii) Name the lake marked e. (1mk)

c) Discuss the growing of Cocoa under the following headings.

- Cultivation. (2mks)
- Harvesting and processing.
(5mks)
d) Give five problems facing Cocoa growing. (5mks)

8. a) (i) Name Four agricultural non-food manufacturing industries in Kenya. (4mks)

ii) Name three towns in Kenya where motor vehicles are assembled. (2mks)
b) Explain three causes of the decline in the tile industry in Kenya. (6mks)
c) Describe the measures that should be taken to control the following effects of
industrialization
i) Rural to urban migration (3mks)
ii) Water pollution (2mks)
 d) Explain four factors which have favoured the development of electronics industry in
Japan.
(8mks)
9. a) i) What is a game Sanctuary.
(1mk)
ii) Name two game Sanctuaries in Kenya.
(1mk)
b) i)Explain three problems experienced by governments of East Africa in their effort to
conserve wild life. (6mks)
ii) Explain three efforts the East African countries are making to conserve their wild life.

(6mks)
c) i) What is ecotourism? (1mk)
ii) Give two reasons why many Kenyans do not visit other places in Kenya as tourists.

(2mks)
iii) Explain two ways in which Kenya is planning to expand her tourism Industry.
(4mks)
d) You attend to visit the Kenyan Coast to study the major tourist sites
i) Formulate two hypotheses of your study. (2mks)
ii) State two significances of a working schedule. (2mks)
10. a) i) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation. (2mks)
ii) State three benefits of irrigation over natural water supply. (3mks)
iii) Give four ways of reclaiming land apart from Irrigation. (2mks)
b) i)State four factors that have influenced the location of Mwea Tabere Irrigation
Scheme. (4mks)
ii) Outline the role of the National Irrigation board in Mwea Tabere Irrigation Scheme.
(4mks)
iii) Give four problems resulting from Irrigation farming in Kenya. (4mks)
c) i) Name four polders created by reclamation of land from the sea in Netherlands.

(2mks)
ii) State four differences between land reclamation methods in Kenya and Netherlands.

(4mks)
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
TIME: 2¾ HOURS
SECTION A:
Answer all questions from this section in the spaces provided.
1. (a) Give three heavenly bodies. (3mks)
(b) Distinguish between equinox and solstice. (2mks)
2. (a) What are harmattan winds. (2mks)
(b) The diagram below shows a type of wind.

Terrestrial
radiation
High
pressure

W
HILL TOP

Low pressure
warm air

(i) Identify the type of wind marked W. (1mk)

(ii) List two characteristics of the type of the wind marked W. (2mks)
3. (a) What is a mineral? (2mks)
 (b) Name two metallic minerals? (2mks)
4. (a) What is climate? (2mks)
(b) Explain two effects of climate change on the physical environment. (4mks)
5. (a) What is a karst scenery/ (2mks)
(b) Give three factors that influence the development of karst scenery. (3mks)

SECTION B:
Answer question 6 and any other two questions
6. Study the map of Kitale 1:50,000 (Sheet 75/3) provided and answer the
following questions.
(a) (i) Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map. (2mks)
(ii) Identify the settlement patterns found on the Northern area
covered by the map. (3mks)
(b) (i) Measure the distance of the Kitale Municipality boundary.
Give your answer in kilometers.
(2mks)
(ii) What is the bearing of the Air photo principal point on the
grid square 2912 from the Air photo principal point on grid
square 3516. (2mks)
(c) (i) Draw a rectangle 15cm by 9cm to represent the area East of
Easting 40 and North of Northing 20. (1mk)
(ii) On the rectangle mark and name.
 Road C640. (1mk)
 River Kapsara. (1mk)
 Rogurr hill. (1mk)
 District boundary. (1mk)

(iii) Calculate the area to the East of the District boundary and to
the South of Northing 23. (2mks)
(d) (i) Identify two types of vegetation found in the area covered
 by the map. (2mks)

(ii) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5mks)
7. (a) What is a rock? (2mks)
(b) (i) Classify rocks according to their mode of formation. (3mks)

(ii) Identify two classes of rocks mentioned in (i) above that are
formed from the already existing rocks. (2mks)

(iii) List two characteristics of rocks. (2mks)

(c) (i) List two main types of rocks dominant in Kenya. (2mks)

(ii) Explain the importance of studying rocks. (6mks)

(d) Explain four benefits of rocks to the economy of a country. (8mks)
8. (a) (i) What is mass movement? (2mks)
(ii) List the two broad categories of mass wasting. (2mks)
(b) (i) What is soil creep? (2mks)
(ii) Describe the factors that cause soil creep. (5mks)
(c) Differentiate between soils creeps and rock slide. (6mks)
(d) Explain the negative effects of mass wasting on physical and human
environment. (8mks)

9. (a) Differentiate between a ocean and a sea. (2mks)

(b) (i) Identify the main cause of water movement in the ocean. (2mks)
(ii) Identify the two main water movements in the oceans. (2mks)
(c) List three processes through which erosion occurs along the Coasts.
(3mks)
 (d) Using a well labeled diagram describe the formation of a spit. (5mks)
(e) Describe the three types of coasts. (6mks)
(f) Explain how oceans currents influence the climate of the surroundings.
(5mks)
10. (a) (i) What is ice? (1mk)
(ii) Differentiate between glacier and avalanche. (2mks)
(b) (i) Identify the two main glacier erosion processes. (2mks)
(ii) Describe the factors that influence glacier erosion. (6mks)
(c) Explain four effects of glaciations on human activities. (8mks)
(d) Students from Neive School are planning to carry out a field study
of a glaciated area.
(i) State two objectives of their study. (2mks)
(ii) State two ways they would prepare for the study. (2mks)
(iii) Give two methods they would use to collect information. (2mks)
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL DISTRICT JOINT EXAMINATION

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
TIME: 2¾ HOURS

SECTION A:

Answer all questions from this section in the spaces provided.

1. (a) Apart from tsetse fly control mention two other methods which are used
to reclaim land in Kenya. (2mks)
(b) State three control measures applied to eliminate tsetse flies in Kenya.
(3mks)
2. (a) Name two types of coal. (2mks)
(b) State three factors that have contributed to the declining use of coal. (3mks)
3. (a) Stat two advantages of using rail transport in Kenya. (2mks)
(b) Give three reasons why road transport is used more than air transport
in East Africa. (3mks)
4. (a) Define the following terms:-
(i) Sanctuary. (1mk)
(ii) Game ranch. (1mk)
(b) Name one sanctuary in Kenya. (1mk)
(c) List down two factors that favour wildlife conservation. (2mks)
5. (a) Name three functional zonal of a town. (3mks)
(b) State two benefits of urbanization. (2mks)

SECTION B:
 Answer question 6 and any other two questions
6. Use the population pyramid below to answer the questions that follow:

(a) (i) Briefly describe the population structure represented by the

age-sex pyramid above. (4mks)

(ii) State any two advantages of the method of data representation

shown above. (2mks)
(iii) List any three methods that could have been used to acquire
the data above. (3mks)
 (iv) State two implications of such a structure to the country’s
economy. (2mks)
(b) (i) What is population explosion? (1mk)
(ii) Explain three effects of rural-urban migration in East Africa. (6mks)
(iii) List three factors that influence population distribution in Kenya.
(3mks)
(iv) State four factors leading to the reduction of fertility rate in Kenya.
(4mks)
7. (a) (i) State three characteristics of intensive farming. (3mks)
(ii) Outline four factors that have led Kenya to change from
subsistence farming to commercial farming. (4mks)
(b) (i) Name three districts in Kenya where maize is grown on a large
scale. (3mks)
(ii) State four physical requirements for growing maize in Kenya. (4mks)
(iii) Explain four problems facing maize farming in Kenya. (8mks)
(iv) State three ways in which maize contributes to the economy
of Kenya. (3mks)
8. (a) Define the following:
(i) Internal trade. (1mk)
(ii) International trade. (1mk)
(b) State three problems face by Kenya in international trade. (3mks)
(c) (i) Identify three major exports from Kenya. (3mks)
(ii) Give three reasons why Kenya should protect her local industries. (3mks)

(d) (i) What is unfavourable balance of trade? (2mks)

(ii) Explain three reasons why Kenya experiences unfavourable
balance of trade. (6mks)
(iii) Explain three measures taken by the Kenyan government
to reduce her unfavourable balance of trade. (6mks)
9. (a) (i) Apart from flooding name two other natural hazards experienced
in Kenya. (2mks)
(ii) Give three areas in Kenya where flooding is common. (3mks)
(b) (i) Identify three ways through which water is polluted. (3mks)
(ii) Explain three effects of air pollution on the environment. (6mks)
(c) (i) Define desertification. (2mks)
(ii) Explain three causes of desertification. (6mks)
(iii) State three effects of desertification. (3mks)
10. (a) (i) What is industrial inertia? (2mks)
(ii) List three factors that influence industrial location in Kenya. (3mks)
(b) (i) Name two non-agricultural manufacturing industries in Kenya. (2mks)
(ii) Give three examples of cottage industries in Kenya. (3mks)
(iii) Explain four reasons why Kenya government encourages the
development of Jua Kali. (8mks)
(c) (i) Apart from industry, name three other pillars of vision 2030. (3mks)
(ii) Explain two ways through which industries will contribute
to the achievement of vision 2030. (4mks)

KIRINYAGA CENTRAL DISTRICT JOINT EXAMINATION -

312/1 – GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1

1. (a) Give three heavenly bodies.

- Sun

- Moon

- Stars.

- Natural satellites.
 - Comets

- Meteors

- Meteorites. max 3mks

(b) Distinguish between equinox and solstice.

Equinox refers to the time of the year when we have equal length of day and night and

the sun is overhead at the Equator while solstice is the time of the year when the day are
longer than nights or nights are longer than days and the sun is overhead at either tropic

of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn. (2mks)

2. (a) What are Harmattan winds.

- These are North East winds blowing from Sahara across West Africa between

November and March. (2mks)

(b) (i) Identify the type of wind marked W.

- Katabatic wind / mountain breeze. (1mk)

(ii) List two characteristics of the type of the wind marked W.

- Cold air

- Dense air.

- Blow from hills to downhill.

- Local winds. Max 2mks

3. (a) What is a mineral? 2mks

A mineral is an inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition at / beneath the

surface of the earth /a mineral is a solid inorganic substance occurring naturally.
(2mks)

(b) Name two non-metallic minerals. (2mks)

- Sulphur

- Potash

- Diamond. Max 2mks

4. (a) What is climate? (2mks)

Average weather conditions of a place which have been observe and recorded over

A long period of time.

(b) Explain two effects of climate change on the physical environment. (4mks)
 - Global warming / increased temperature may led to increase evaporation of ocean
water

which may cause heavy rainfall in some areas.

- Increased temperature may lead to the melting of ice caps / ice sheets and glaciers

leading to rising sea level.

- Increased temperature may lead to high evaporation causing drought.

- Climate change may cause changes in rainfall pattern in different parts of the world.
2 x 2 = 4mks

5. (a) What is a karst scenery? (2mks)

A karst scenery refers to an area covered by limestone rocks.

(b) Give three factors that influence the development of karst scenery. (3mks)

- The surface rock and the rock beneath should be thick limestone, dolomite or chalk.

- The rock should be hard and well jointed.

- The climate should be hot and humid.

- The water table should be deep below the surface. Max

3mks

SECTION B

6. (a) (i) Give longitudinal extent of area covered by the map. (2mks)

- 35º 00’ E to 35º 15’ E

(ii) Identify the settlement patterns found on the Northern area covered by the map
(3mks)

- Nucleated. - Linear. - Scattered.

Max 3mks

(b) (i) Measure the distance of the Kitale municipality boundary.

Give your answer in kilometres. (2mks)

8.2 km + 0.1 km

(ii) What is the bearing of the air photo principal point on the grid square 2912 from

the air photo principal point on grid square 3516. (2mks)

- 223º + 1º.
 (iii) Calculate the area to the east of the district boundary and to the South of

Northing 23. (2mks)

Full squares -4
12
−6
Half squares - 2

10km² (2mks)

(d) (i) Identify two types of vegetation found in the area covered by the map.
(2mks)

- Forest.

- Woodland

- Scrub

- Papyrus swamp.

- Tree swamp

- Riverine trees. max

5mks

(ii) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5mks)

- There are Swamp.

- There are seasonal swamps.

- There are permanent rivers.

 - There are many permanent rivers.

- Short rivers.

- The main rivers are Kapolet and Noigameget.

- Dams present. Max 5 = 1 x 5 = 5mks

7. (a) What is a rock?

Any naturally occuring aggregate of mineral particles of the earth’s crust. 2mks

(b) (i) Classify rocks according to their mode of formation.

- Igneous.

- Sedimentary.

- Metamorphic. 3mks

(ii) Identify three examples of rocks mentioned in b (i) above that is formed
from the already existing rock materials.

- Limestone

- Coal

- Diatomite.

- Iron stone. Any 3 x 1 =

3mks

(iii) List two characteristics of rock.

- Colour.

- Stratification.

- Chemical composition.

- Crystalline.

- Resistance (hardness / softness. Any 2 x 1 =

2mks

(c) (i) List two main types of rocks dominant in Kenya.

- Sedimentary.

- Volcanic. (2mks)

(ii) Explain the importance of studying rocks.

- Helps to tell the nature of surface relief

 - Helps us to understand how soils are formed.

- Helps us to determine the availability of minerals in an area.

- Helps us to determine water resources in an area. Any 3 x 2 =

6mks

(d) Explain four benefits of rocks to the economy of a country. 8mks

- Some rocks tourist - earning country foreign exchange.

- Rock weather down to form fertile soils which support agricultural activity.

- Some rocks contain minerals which are exploited and exported and bring huge

income to the country’s economy.

- Some rocks are used as raw materials in building and construction industry.

- Some rocks contain mineral salts (Nitrate etc) which are used for domestic / industrial

purpose such as making dyes / fertilisers / medicine.

- Some rocks act as underground water reservoirs.

- Some rocks e.g. soap stone is used for sculpturing.

- Rocks are a source of employment to many people therefore generates income for
them.

Any 4 x 2 =
8mks

8. (a) (i) What is mass movement? 2mks

Downwards movement of weathered material under the influence of gravity.

(ii) List the two broad categories of mass wasting.

- Slow movement. 1mk

- Rapid movement. 1mk Total 2mks

(b) (i) What is soil creep?

Downward movement of fine particles on a gentle slope. 1mk

(ii) List the factors that cause soil creep.

- Heating and cooling of soil.

- Alternate drying and wetting of the soil.

 - Trampling or burrowing of animals.

- Shaken by earthquakes or heavy trucks.

- Ploughing down hill. 2mks

(iii) Differentiate between rockslide and soil creep.

- Rock slide involves movement of large masses of rocks soil creep involves movement

of soil / fine materials. 2mks

- Rock slide occurs on a very steep slope. Soil creep on a gentle slope.  2mks

- Rock slide fast speed. Soil creep has a very slow speed.  2mks

- Rock slide has surface rocks sliding over slip surface. Soil creep has heating and

cooling of soil as ideal conditions.  2mks

- Rock slide is a localized movement. Soil creep is an intermittent movement.  2mks

Any 3 x 2 = 6mks

(d) Explain the negative effects of mass wasting or physical and human environments. 8mks

- Mass wasting is causes rock fall or rock slide which leads to loss of life. 2mks

- Mass wasting such as landslide or rock fall destroys propertysuch as transport,

communication lines and other buildings. 2mks

- Mass wasting facilitates soil erosion by removing soil / vegetation cover, which make

it unsuitable for agricultural activities. 2mks

- Mass wasting leads to permanent scars on the landscape making it physically

unsuitable

for human  settlement. 2mks Any 4 x 2 = 8mks

9. (a) Differentiate between an ocean and a sea.

- An ocean is a vast body of salty water on the earth’s surface that surrounds the land

or continents. 1mk

- A sea is a large salty water body surrounded by land. 1mk

(b) (i) Identify the main cause of water movement in the oceans.
 - Wind. 1mk

(ii) Identify the two main water movements in the oceans.

- Horizontal 1mk

- Vertical1mk Total 2mks

(c) List three processes through which erosion occurs along the Coasts.

- Solution / corrosion 1mk

- Hydraulic corrasion. 1mk

- Corrosion / Abrasion. 1mk

- Attrition. 1mk Any 3 x 1 = 3mks

(c) Using a well labelled diagram, describe the formation of a spit. 5mks.

(1mk)
Long shore drift moves materials in this direction

Hook of a split (Land protecting

Shore

Land attached to Split (1mk)

mainland (1½)

- Forms on shallow waters / swamps in coastline.

- Long shore drift checked by angle of change in coastline.

- This leads to deposition of sand and shingle by the long shore drift.

Deposition continues and materials accumulate seawards forming an elongated

 feature with one end attached to the mainland and other projecting into the sea.

Diagram - 3mks

Explanation - 2mks (Total 5mks)

(d) Describe briefly the three of the coasts.

- Submerged - type of coast which is drowned - meaning part of coast lies under sea
water.

- Emerged coast - type of coast where part of land which was formerly under water

becomes permanently exposed.

- Coral coast - type of coast that compose of coral rocks. 1mk Total 2mks

Mention type of describe it. (6mks total)

(e) Explain how the ocean currents influence climate of the surroundings. 6mks

- When wind from the ocean blow over a cold ocean current adjacent land cool and

dry. (2mks)

- When wind from the ocean blow over a warm ocean current - the adjacent land receive

heavy rainfall. (2mks)

- Sea/land breezes affect adjacent land by warming the land during winter (2mks)

and cooling of the adjacent land during summer. (2mks) Any 3 x 2 = 6mks
(total)

10. (a) (i) What is ice?

Ice is the solid water formed by freezing and condensation of atmospheric

vapour or compaction of snow. 1mk

(ii) Differentiate between glacier and Avalanche. 1mk

- Gracier is a mass of limited width of moving outward from an area of

concentration

- Avalanche is a mass of ice falling heavily and rapidly through gravity down the

mountain. 1mk 2mks

 (b) (i) Identify the two main glacier erosion processes.

- Plucking / weight of the ice - should be thicker and heavier to exert pressure

on rock debris for effective scrapping. 2mks

- Abrasion of debris - material embedded in ice such as sand, gravel / sand act

as tools for scrapping/ scouring the surface through abrasion.

- Nature of underlying rock - jointed /faulted/soft rock which allow passage

of water into the rock leading to erosion by plucking. 2 mks

- Speed of glacier - should fast moving to provide energy required for erosion.

Any 3 x 2 = 6mks

(c) Explain four effects of glaciation on human activity.

- Glacier tills provides fertile soil suitable for arable farming.

- Melt water from glacier - are source of rivers useful in irrigation / domestic and

industrial purposes.

- Graciation creates fjords - which are well sheltered grounds - good for fish breeding /

attracting fishing activity.

- Snow fall provide a natural refrigeration for food conservation.

- Erosion by ice sheets reduces the depth of land - exposing mineral - makes mining
easier.

- Glacial features such as kame / eskers compose of clean sand / gravels - which
provides

raw material to the construction and building industry.

- Hanging valleys are ideal sites for constructing H.E.P generators useful for domestic /

industrial activities.

- Glacier created lakes are used as natural water ways - facilitates transport and

communication systems.

- Glaciation produces features that attract tourist who bring foreign exchange to the
country.
 - Boulder clay deposits can interfere with drainage creating a marshy landscape not
suitable

for settlement or agriculture.

- Some outwash plain contain infertile sands which give rise to wasteland not suitable for

agriculture.

- Leads to ruggedness of terrain which makes transport difficult.

- Leads to fjords which are not easily accessible from the mainland - this obstructs

transport and communication.

- It turns some land into numerous lakes which reduces the amount of land available

for agriculture. Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks

(d) Students from Neive School are planning to carry out a field study of a glaciated
area.
(i) State two objectives of their study.
- To

(ii) State two ways they would prepare for the study.
- Familiarization trip.
- Seeking for permission from relevant authorities.
- Reading Literature/books on glaciation.
- Assembling the required apparatus and equipment.
- Setting objectives and hypothesis. Any 2 – (2mks)

(iii) Give two methods they would use to collect information .

- Observation.
- Measurement
- Photographing. Any 2 – (2mks)

KIRINYAGA CENTRAL DISTRICT JOINT EXAMINATION -

312/2 – GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME PAPER 2
 SECTION A

1. (a) Apart from tse-tse fly control, mention two other methods which are used to
reclaim

land in Kenya.

- Draining of swamps.

- Irrigating dry lands.

- Growing drought resistant crops.

- Controlling soil erosion.

- Afforestation / reafforestation. 2 x 1 = 2mks

(b) State three control measures applied to eliminate tse tse flies in Kenya. 3mks

- Bush clearing -It kills both the adult flies and pupae and destroy their breading grounds.

- Insecticide application by spraying using low flying aircraft.

- Sterilization by introducing sterility in the insect population.

- Use of traps i.e. insecticide - impregnated traps with baits the flies into the traps where

they are killed by the insecticides.

2. (a) Name two types of coal. 2mks

- Anthracite.

- Bituminous / black coal.

- Lignite /brown coal.

- Peat. 2 x 1 = 2mks

(b) State three factors that have contributed to the declining use of coal. 3mks

- Exhaustion of old mines.

- Thermal plants built to use oil for generation of electricity cannot use coal unless

they are replaced.

 - High production costs in extracting of coal.

- Coal has low colonic value compared to other fuels e.g. oil.

- Coal is black and dusty leaks dirt on any surface it touches. 3 x 1 = 3mks

3. (a) State two disadvantages of using rail transport in Kenya.

- Competition from other forms of transport, roads or pipeline which are faster, flexible

and cheaper.

- High cost of rail network maintenance and expansion.

- Inadequate servicing of rail equipment leading to frequent accidental derailments.

- Mismanagement of rail services leading to poor services. 2 x 1 = 2mks

(b) Give three reasons why road transport is used more than air transport in East
Africa.

- Its cheaper than air transport.

- Its flexible.

- Provides door to door services.

- Readily available.

- Road network is highly developed. 3mks

4. (a) Define the following terms.

(i) Sanctuary.

It is an area that has been set aside within a national park or game reserve where

endangered species are confined for special care and treatment. 1mk

(ii) Game ranch.

It is an area where wild animals are reared privately.

1mk

(b) Name one sanctuary in Kenya.1mk

- Nakuru

- Meru

- Aberdare

- Ngulia

- Mwaluganje. 1 x 1 = 1mk
 (c) List down two factors that favour wildlife conservation.

- Establishment of game reserves, national parks and game sanctuaries.

- Ban on game hunting.

- Establishing game ranching.

- Creating anti-poaching units.

- Protecting endangered species.

- N.G..O initiatives. (e.g. tree planting) Any 2 – 2mks

5. (a) Name three functional zones of a town. 3mks

- Central business district.

- Industrial zone.

- Residential zone. 3 x 1 = 3mks

(b) State two benefit of urbanization. 2mks

- Encourages national unity as people of different nationalities or ethic groups

come together.

- Create employment opportunities through establishment of industrial and

commercial activities..

- It attracts a large population that provide labour for manufacturing industries.

- It provide market for agricultural and industrial goods produced in the country.

- It promotes links between countries as transport and communication network tends

to focus on urban centres. 2 x 1 = 2mks

SECTION B

6. (a) (i) Briefly describe the population structure represented by the age-sex

pyramid above.

- Has a narrow base showing the birth rate is low.

- The broad apex indicating there more older people hence have a high life expectancy.

- A large part of the population is the working population with few defendants
hence

a high standard of living. (between 20 - 50 yrs).

- The fertility rate is also low as shown by the slow rise in population. 2 x 2 = 4mks
 (ii) State any two advantages of the method of data representation shown
above.

- It gives a clear picture of the proportion of males and females in each group,

giving a clear picture of the characteristics of a given population.

- Summarises the population composition of a country.

- Can be used to compare the age-sex structure of a country.

- Variety of information is shown on the same graph - age, sex and number of
people.

- It can be used to compare population structure of different countries. 2x1=

2mks

(iii) List any three methods that could have been used to acquire the data above. 3mks

- Census.

- Sample surveys.

- Birth registration and death registration records.

- Migration - records. 3 x 1 = 3mks

(iv) State two implications of such structure to the country. 2mks.

- There is a high per capita income since the defendants are few leading to more

investments hence high economic growth.

- There is a shortage of manpower hence the cost of hiring labourers is high

(sometimes imported)

- The population mainly lives in urban centre hence a very low population in the rural
areas.

- The small population leads to low revenue collection.

- There is under utilisation of some resources e.g. schools. 2 x 1 = 2mks

(b) (i) What is population explosion? 1mk

- The rapid increase in the size of population caused by factors such as sudden

decline in infant mortality or an increase in life expectancy. 1mk

(ii) Explain three effects of rural-urban migration in East Africa. 6mks

- It causes shortage of social amenities thus congestion in school, hospitals,

transport facilities in urban centres.

- High rate of unemployment in urban areas increases high rate of crime.

- Causes shortage of labour force in the rural areas leading to reduced agricultural

productivity.

- Leads to growth of slums due to shortage of housing facilities in urban areas.

- Age-sex ratio imbalance in the rural areas as men move to urban centres in

search of employment.

- Depopulation in the rural areas.

- Slow rate of economic development in the rural areas as the able population

moves to urban centres. 3 x 2 = 6mks

(iii) List three factors that influence population distribution in Kenya.

- Climate

- Relief

- Soils

- Drainage.

- Government policies.

- Pests and diseases.

- Historical factors.

- Civil strife.

- Transport and communication.

- Urbanization. 3 x 1 = 3mks

(iv) State four factors leading to the reduction of fertility rate in Kenya. 4mks

- The cost of bringing up children has gone up forcing parents to limit the

number of children.

- Increased use of birth control measures limits birth.

- Modern career opportunities have limiting influence on women’s fertility rate.

- Increased number of women opting to remain single thus reducing fertility rate.
 - More girls are attending school and pursuing higher education limiting their

child bearing age. 4 x 1 = 4mks

7. (a) (i) State three characteristics of intensive farming. 3mks

- Requires much labour.

- Requires a lot of capital.

- Use of fertilizers, plant and animal manure.

- Carefully planned crop rotation.

- Specially selected seeds.

- Specialised and scientific breeding and feeding of animals. 3 x 1 = 3mks

(ii) Outline four factors that have led Kenya to change from subsistence
farming to commercial farming.

- Introduction of modern scientific methods of farming.

- Need to feed increased population as opposed to low population in the past.

- Need to have increased trade.

- Need of higher standards of living as a result of the economy.

- Cash crop introduction.

- Capital availability e.g. loans.

- Land settlement is fixed hence on can only use their own portion of land.

- Due to more research. 4 x 1 = 4mks

(b) (i) Name three districts in Kenya where maize is grown on a large scale. 3mks.

- Uasin Gishu, Nakuru.

- Tran Nzoia, Nandi 3 x 1 = 3mks

(ii) State four physical requirements for growing maize in Kenya. 4mks

- Existence of high temperatures ranging between 18ºC - 27ºC / High

temperature.

- Availability of moderate to high rainfall of between 650 mm - 1450 mm.

- Presence of deep, fertile and well drained soils.

- Existence of low to high altitude ranging between 0 - 2200 m above sea level.

- Existence of low lying lands suitable for mechanised farming.

 - Availability of large tracts of land.

- Presence of a dry spell to allow ripening and harvesting of crops. 4 x 1 = 4mks

(iii) Explain four problems facing maize farming in Kenya. 8mks

- Low prices in the local market which discourage farmers.

- Lack of market during bumper harvest which leads to looses, hence discouraging
farmers.

- Attacks of grains by pests such as weevils which destroy stored grains leading to
losses.

- Attack of crops by diseases such as maize streak resulting in low production.

- Stiff competition from cheap imported maize which discourages farmers and leads to

lack of market locally.

- Inadequate capital to buy farm inputs leading to low yields.

- Delayed payments by national cereals and product board which discourages farmers.

- Adverse weather conditions which leads to reduced maize yields.

- Inadequate storage facilities force farmers to sell their maize at throw away prices

or risk the attack of maize grains by weevils. 4 x 2 = 8mks

(iv) State three ways in which maize contributes to the economy of Kenya. (3mks)

- It is used as food by many communities in Kenya hence saving in the purchasing

of other food stuffs.

- Led to creation of employment opportunities on the farms and in the flour – milling

industries.

- Led to establishment of industries to manufacture corn oil and farm imputs.

- Kenya saves foreign exchange because of being self-sufficient in maize production.

- Maize farmers earn income from the sale of maize, therefore improving their

standards of living.

- Maize is used in the production of animal’s feeds. The maize stalks, leaves and

cobs are also used as cattle feeds.

8. (a) Define the following.

(i) Internal trade. 1mk

 - Is the trade that involves the exchange of goods and services within a country. 1 x 1 =
1mk

(ii) International trade. 1mk

- Is the trade that involves the exchange of goods and services on global

scale/between many countries of the world. 1 x 1 = 1mk

(b) State three problems faced by Kenya in International Trade. 3mks

- Fluctuation of prices in the world market leads to low earnings.

- Kenya produces goods similar to those manufactured in other African states and

this limits the market.

- Kenya imports manufactured goods which are very expensive hence unfavourable

balance of trade.

- The quarter system limits the amount of goods Kenya can export.

- Goods produced in Kenya are priced by developed countries which gave them low

price hence low returns. Any 3 x 1 =

3mks

(c) (i) Identify three major exports from Kenya. 3mks.

- Tea

- Coffee

- Soda ash

- Fluorspar.

- Flowers.

- Cement

- Canned pineapple. Any 3 x 1 =

3mks.

(ii) Give three reasons why Kenya should protect her local industries. 3mks.

- In order to develop home and infant industries.

- To promote trade in home made goods.

- To correct the balance of trade.

- To promote exports hence increase her earnings.

- In order to raise the level of employment.

 - In order to prevent dumping of inferior goods. Any 3 x 1 =
3mks

(d) (i) What is unfavourable balance of trade? 2mks

- Is when the value of imports exceeds the value of exports in a country’s foreign
trade. 1 x 2 = 2mks

(ii) Explain three reasons why Kenya experiences unfavourable balance of

trade.

- Kenya exports agricultural product such as tea, coffee which fetch low prices.

- She imports manufactured goods such as crude oil, pharmaceuticals,

heavy machinery which are very expensive.

- Goods exported from Kenya face stiff competition in the world market lead

to low earnings.

- Quotas imposed on Kenya goods by some countries limits the amount of

products

that can be exported leading to reduced sales and earnings.

- Some goods exported from Kenya are of very low quality earning very little.

Any 3 x 2 =
6mks

(iii) Explain three measures taken by the Kenya government to reduce her

unfavourable balance of trade. 6mks

- Kenya has developed other sources of energy such as HEP, solar and
geothermal

to reduce the importation of crude oil.

- Encouraging the masses to conserve imported oil to reduce the amount

consumed.

- Establishing import substitution industries to reduce import of goods.

- Kenya has restriction on importation of luxury goods.

- Kenya has encouraged local assembling of motor vehicles and heavy machinery

instead of importing complete units.

- Diversifying exports both agriculture and manufacturing to increase export

earnings.

- Promoting tourism in order to increase the number of tourists into the country

which would increase foreign exchange.

 - Finding new market for exports inorder to have more goods getting into the
market.

- Increasing invisible trade such as shipping inorder to increase foreign exchange.

Any 3 x 2 =
6mks

9. (a) (i) Apart from flood, name two other natural hazards experience in Kenya.
2mks

- Diseases and pests.

- Drought

- Lightning

- Earthquakes.

- Windstorms

- Volcanicity. Any 2 x 1 =
2mks

(ii) Give three areas in Kenya where flooding is common. 3mks

- Lower Tana

- Kano plains

- Bundalangi 3 x 1 = 3mks

(b) (i) Identify three ways through which water is polluted. 3mks

- Disposal of domestic waste into water bodies .

- By natural causes e.g soil erosion / terrestrial dust.

- Abuse of water bodies by human beings e.g through washing clothes,

bathing and animals.

- Discharge of agricultural chemical into rivers and lakes by rain water.

Any 3 x 1 =
3mks

(ii) Explain three effects of air pollution on the environment. 6mks

- Smoke / dust / smog reduces visibility which may lead to motor vehicle
accidents.

- Gases emitted from the factories contain substances which corrode roofs of
houses

/ metal structure.

- Inhilation of smoke and soot particles / bad smell lead to discomfort / irritation
 of the respirations system.

- Gases emitted from the factories may contain poisonous substances which can
lead

to poor health.

- Gases emitted from the factories dissolve in water to form acidic rain which

affect the plants / kill animals /corrode roofs.

- Excessive carbon dioxide increases the temperatures affecting the climate

of the affected areas. Any 3 x 2 = 6mks

(c) (i) Define desertification. 2mks

- It is the spread of arid conditions / deserts

. (ii) Explain three causes of desertification. 6mks

- Climate change / increasing temperature without rain / low rainfall which leads

to drying of vegetation.

- Deforestation / destruction of vegetation exposes land to erosion.

- Ovestocking / overgrazing leads to destruction of ground cover exposing it to

erosion.

- Poor cultivation methods e.g. uphill / across the contour ploughing makes the
land

to be prune to soil erosion.

- Population pressure which leads to opening up of virgin lands exposing them

to erosion. Any 3 x 2 = 6mks

(iii) State three effects of desertification. 3mks

- It leads to food shortages due to frequent crop failure.

- It leads to low standard of living / poverty.

- Leads to stagnation of agro-based economy.

- Frequent shortage of water for domestic / industrial use leads to water rationing.

- It leads to decline in hydro-electric power production due to shortage of

water in rivers.

10. (a) (i) What is industrial inertia? 2mks

- It is the ability of the industry to maintain its activities in a place even when

the factors / reasons for its establishment no longer exist.

 (ii) List three factors that influences industrial location in Kenya. 3mks

- Availability of raw material.

- Availability of water for domestic and industrial use.

- Well developed means of transport and communication for the faster movement

of good and raw material.

- Availability of cheap skilled manpower.

- Government policy of decentralization of industries to the rural areas to curb

rural - urban migration.

- Availability of land for establishing the industry. Any 3 x 1 =

3mks

(b) (i) Name two non-agriculturing industries in Kenya. 2mks

- Cement manufacturing industry.

- Oil refinery.

- Metal product manufacturing industry.

- Steel rolling industry.

- Glass making industry.

- Assembling industries. Any 2 x 1 =

2mks

(ii) Give three examples of cottage industries in Kenya. 3mks

- Pot making.

- Basket making / weaving.

- Wood carving.

- Scarp metal work.

- Boat making Any 3 x 1 =

3mks

(iii) Explain four reasons why Kenya government encourages the development
of Jua Kali industries. (8mks)

- Jua Kali industries require less capital to establish since it is made up of small
units.
 - It produces mainly for the local market thus the country saves foreign exchange.

- It creates employment for growing labour force / raises the standards of living.

- Some items e.g. ‘ciondo’ are exported and earns the country foreign exchange

which is used in development of other sectors of the economy.

- Jua kali requires less expensive machinery since production is manual.

- It facilitates decentralization of industries since it spread easily thus checking

rural - urban migration.

- It produces relatively cheap products that are affordable by many thus improving

the quality of their life.

- It uses locally available raw materials / scrap metal / rejected raw materials thus

reducing the cost of import /conserve the environment.

- It imitate the products that are already in the market thus spreading
technological

skills / innovation.

- It operates at grass root level thus uses locally available skills.

- It empowers the people to initiate projects thus reducing reliance on the

government / donor i.e. brings self sufficiency. Any 4 x 2 = 8mks

(c) (i) Apart from industry name three other pillars of the vision 2030. 3mks.

- Agriculture.

- Education.

- Tourism.

- Transport and communication. Any 3 x 1 =

3mks

(ii) Explain two ways through which industries will contribute to the achievement

of the vision 2030.

- More industries will create more employment opportunities to people of Kenya who
will earn income to better their living standards.
 - The government will be able to export more manufactured goods which will earn more

foreign exchange which can be used to better other sectors of the economy.

- More industrial goods will help, reduce / importation of similar goods hence save

foreign exchange.

- More industries will provide more revenue to the government of Kenya through taxation.

- More industries will provide more market for agricultural raw materials hence farmers

are able to improve their standards of living. Any 2 x 2 = 4mks

NANDI CENTRAL
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.)
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
TIME: 2¾ HOURS

SECTION A
Answer ALL Questions.
1. (a) Define the term Equinox. (2mks)
(b) What is the longitude whose local time is 5.00p.m. when the local time at
longitude 00 is 8.00p.m. (3mks)
2. (a) Name the instrument used to measure sunshine. (1mk)
(b) State four factors that determine the amount of solar radiation reaching the
Earth’s surface. (4mks)
3. (a) State three ways in which faulting can influence drainage system. (3mks)
(b) Name any two block mountains in Kenya. (2mks)
4. (a) Distinguish between plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks. (2mks)
(b) State three types of rock metamorphism. (3mks)
5. (a) State two ways through which rivers transport its load. (2mks)
(b) The diagram below represents a river capture.

Name the features marked A, B and C. (3mks)

SECTION B
 Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section
6. Study the map of Kitale (1:50,000) sheet 75/3 provided and answer the following questions:
(a) (i) Name the relief feature found in grid square 2823. (1mk)
(ii) Determine the distance of road B 10/2 from Knight’s corner junction with
Road C637 to Kitale. (2mks)
(iii) Find the area of Kiptaberr Forest. (2mks)
(iv) Give the approximate position of Morkwijit village North of Dalgany Farm by
latitude and longitude. (2mks)
(b) (i) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 50m draw a cross section from 310210 to
380210 and on the cross section mark and label: (5mks)
i. The swamp
ii. Road and
iii. Settlement (3mks)
(ii) Giving evidence, state three factors which have influenced dense settlement in
the area East of Easting 40. (3mks)
(c) Citing evidence from the map; identify three factors which have influenced the
growth of forests in Kitale area. (3mks)
(d) State four functions of Kitale town. (4mks)

7. (a) (i) Define Karst scenery. (2mks)

(ii) State two characteristics of the Karst scenery. (2mks)
(b) With the aid of a diagram, describe the formation of a Polje. (6mks)
(c) Draw a well labeled diagram showing the following underground features of a Karst
scenery. (6mks)
- Stalactite
- Stalagmite
- Limestone pillar / rock pillar -Cavern
(d) You are supposed to carry out a field study of an area eroded by water.
(i) Give three reasons why you would conduct a reconnaissance. (3mks)
(ii) Name three surface features that you are likely to identify during the field study.
(3mks)
(iii) State three recommendations that you would make from your study so as to
assist the local community to rehabilitate the area. (3mks)

8. (a) (i) Define the term Vulcanicity. (2mks)

(ii) Name two features resulting from fissure eruptions. (2mks)
(b) With the aid of a diagram, describe the formation of the following intrusive
features:
i. Sill (3mks)
ii. Dyke (3mks)
iii. Batholith (3mks)
(c) Explain three positive effects of vulcanicity to human activities. (6mks)
(d) You have been asked to carry out a field study in Mount Kenya on Vulcanicity.
(i) Name three follow-up activities you will undertake. (3mks)
(ii) State three methods you could use to collect your data. (3mks)
(e) Explain three problems limiting the growth of softwood forest in Canada. (6mks)
9. (a) Name three types of desert surfaces. (3mks)
(b) Explain the following process of wind erosion.
 (i) Abrassion. (2mks)
(ii) Deflation. (2mks)
(iii) Attrition. (2mks)
(c) With the aid of a diagram, describe how Rock pedestal is formed. (6mks)
(d) Draw a clear diagram of overhead view of a desert basin. On it mark and name the
following features resulting from water action: (5mks)
(i) Alluvial fan
(ii) Pediment
(iii) Player
(iv) Bajada
(e) State five positive significance of desert features. (5mks)
10. (a) Define the following terms:
(i) Coastline (2mks)
(ii) Shore (2mks)
(b) (i) Label the diagram shown below. (4mks)

Sea level

A, B, C and D
(ii) Explain three factors which affect horizontal movement of ocean waters.
(6mks)
(c) Explain three factors that affect wave deposition. (6mks)
(d) Name two causes of ocean tides. (2mks)
(e) Your class visited the Kenyan Coast for a geographical field study on oceans.
State three objectives of your study. (3mks

NANDI CENTRAL
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.)
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2¾ HOURS

SECTION A
Answer ALL Questions.
1. (a) Differentiate between Land reclamation and Land rehabilitation. (2mks)
(b) Below is a map showing distribution of irrigation schemes in Kenya.
Name the irrigation schemes marked A, B and C. (3mks)
2. (a) Name one Lake of St. Lawrence Seaway in North America. (1mk)
(b) State two reasons why it is difficult to transport goods from Lagos to
Mombasa by road. (2mks)
(c) State two disadvantages of using pipelines as a means of transporting oil. (2mks)

3. (a) (i) Give the source of nuclear. (1mk)

(ii) Name a country in Africa where nuclear power is produced. (1mk)
(b) State three methods that can be used to conserve energy in Kenya. (3mks)

4. (a) State three reasons why there is an imbalance of trade between Kenya and other
countries. (3mks)
(b) Identify two forms of international trade. (2mks)

5. (a) Name two tourist attractions found in the Rift Valley of Kenya. (2mks)
(b) State three problems experienced by the Kenya government in its effort to
conserve wildlife. (3mks)

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section
6. Study the table below which shows production of minerals in tonnes in Kenya between 1999
to 2001.
Mineral 1999 2000 2001
Soda Ash 245,680 128,190 297,780
Flouspar 93,602 80,102 118,850
Salt 44,886 8,359 5,664
Limestone products 32,000 16,000 32,000
Others 106,850 5,323 13,552
TOTAL 426,850 237,974 467,876
 Use the table above to answer question (a).
(a) (i) Using a scale of 1cm rep. 200, calculate the radii to be used in drawing
proportional circles for production in 2000 and 2001. (2mks)
(ii) Draw proportional divided circles for the two years. Show your calculations.
. (8mks)
(iii) State two conclusions that can be drawn from the proportional divided circles
drawn. (2mks)
(iv) What percentage of the total production was contributed by flouspar
over the years. (2mks)
(b) What is meant by:
iv. Renewable natural resources? (2mks)
v. Non Renewable natural resources? (2mks)
(c) Why is mining regarded as a “Rubber industry?” (2mks)
(d) Explain five ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economic
development of South Africa. (5mks)

7. (a) Define the term horticulture. (2mks)

(e) Give the similarities and differences between practice of horticulture in Kenya and the
Netherlands. (6mks)
(f) (i) Give five reasons why Kenya should strive to be self-sufficient in food
production. (5mks)
(ii) State five factors that have been an obstacle to Kenya Government effort to produce
enough food for her citizens. (5mks)

(g) Outline seven benefits of irrigation schemes in Kenya. (7mks)

8. (a) (i) What is population census? (2mks)

(ii) State three factors which have made population census unreliable in Kenya.
(3mks)
(b) (i) Give three types of information which can be derived from population
pyramid. (3mks)
(ii) State three characteristics of the first phase / stage of demographic transition.
(3mks)
(c) Explain four cultural factors that lead to Kenya’s high fertility rates. (8mks)
(f) Compare population of Kenya and Sweden under the following sub-headings:
(iii) Population density. (2mks)
(iv) Life expectancy. (2mks)
(v) Dependency ratio. (2mks)

9. (a) Define the following terms:

(i) Industrialization (2mks)
(ii) Industrial inertia (2mks)

(b) (i) State three major steps currently undertaken by the government of Kenya to
promote industrial growth and development. (3mks)
(ii) Name the main industry located in the following towns in Kenya: (2mks)
1) Webuye
2) Mombasa
 (iii) Attrition. (2mks)
(c) (i) Apart from iron and steel industry, name two other industries located in the
Ruhr region of Germany. (2mks)
(ii) Explain four factors that have led to development of iron and steel industry in
Ruhr region of Germany. (8mks)

(d) Explain three problems experienced in Kenya as a result of industrial

development. (6mks)

10. (a) (i) Define fish farming. (2mks)

(ii) State three reasons why the government is encouraging fish farming in many
parts of the country. (3mks)
(b) Explain four factors that favour the fishing industry in Japan. (8mks)

(c) Describe line fishing as a method of fishing. (4mks)

(d) (i) Name two types of fish in Lake Victoria. (2mks)
(ii) Explain three problems facing fishing in Lake Victoria. (6mks)
NANDI CENTRAL

312/1 - GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 - MARKING SCHEME

1. (a) An equinox is a period when the sun is overhead along the equator on 21st March√1
and 23rd September. (Both dates must be mentioned to score)(1x 2 = 2mks)

(b) The time difference between 5pm and 8pm = 3 hours. √1

1. 1 hour = 150
2. Therefore 3 hours = 3 x 15 = 450W√√2 (Direction must be indicated to score) (3 x 1 = 3mks)
2. (a) The instrument used to measure sunshine is called Campbell stokes sunshine
recorder. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
(b) - The transparency of the atmosphere / the amount of cloud cover. √1
- The intensity of the sun’s radiation in the space and the earth’s average
distance from the sun. √1
- Position of the earth on its orbit which produces different seasons. √1
- The angle of the surface on which the sun rays fall. √1
- The area and nature of the surface on which the sun’s rays fall. √1 (4x1 = 4mks)

3. (a) - Faulting across a river valley may make it disappear into it or change direction.
1. Vertical faulting leads to formation of water falls.
2. Rift faulting may cause an enclosed basin into which rivers form to form lakes.
3. Block mountains may cause a reverse of the drainage system e.g. Kagera river
now flows eastwards while it used to flow westwards into the Congo basin. √1 (4 x 1 = 4mks)

(b) - Mathew Ranges

- Ndoto and Nyiru Hills (2 x 1 = 2mks)

4. (a) – Plutonic rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies within the crust
while volcanic rocks are formed when lava cools and solidifies on the earth’s surface.
(1 x 2 = 2mks)

(b) - Dynamic metamorphism – caused by action of pressure.

- Thermal metamorphism – caused by action of heat.
- Regional metamorphism caused by action of both heat and pressure. (3 x 1 = 3mks)
5. (a)
- Solution – Dissolved materials are carried in solution form.
- Suspension – very light insoluble materials are carried as they float on the surface of the water.
- Saltation – fairly heavy materials are momentarily lifted by the water turbulence in a series
of hops and jumps.
- Traction – heavy materials are dragged on the river beds. (any 2x1 =
2mks)

(b) A – Elbow of capture.

B – Wind gap / dry river valley.
C – Pirate River (3 x 1 = 3mks)
6. (a) (i) Hill (1 x 1 = 1mk)
(ii) 9.8 + 0.1km (1 x 2 = 2mks)
(iii) No of full squares + ½ (unfull square)
= 47km2 (1 x 2 = 2mks)
(iv) Latitude 10101 North
 Longitude 350051 East or (10101N, 350051E) (1 x 2 = 2mks)

(b) (i) Cross-section from 310210 to 380210

Vertical scale: 1cm rep. 50m

Title - 1mk Correct position of features

Start point - 1mk Road - 1mk
End point - 1mk Swamp - 1mk
Trend - 1mk Settlement - 1mk
y-axis - 1mk TOTAL- 3mks
TOTAL- 5mks

(ii) - Gentle terrain – relatively spaced contours.

- High rainfall – forest / permanent rivers.
- Good transport network – several roads are present.
- Small farms – few estates, plantations.
- Social amenities – many build up areas, schools.
(c) – Heavy rainfall – presence of rivers.
- Fertile soils – presence of plantation and fertile slopes.
- High altitude – Between (1820 – 2362)m A.S.L.
- Steep slopes – closely packed contours, shows the area is not suitable for agricultural
activities. (any
3x1 = 3mks)
 (d) - Administrative centre – presence of DC office.
- Recreational centre – presence of sports clubs.
- Social & Religious centre – presence of church.
- Commercial centre – presence of shops and markets.

7. (a) (i) Karst scenery refers to a type of landscape found in Limestone areas with
outstanding unique features. (1 x 2 = 2mks)
(ii) - There is no surface drainage.
- Outcrop of bare rugged limestone rocks.
- There exists subterranean streams.
- Network of cases and caverns. (any 2x1 =
2mks)

(b) - This is the largest depression formed by solutia in limestone areas.

- The broadening of the depression is attributed to water action and partly to tectonic forces
which cause it to sink, the floor is flat.
- The polje can be a temporary lake.

Text - 5mks
Limestone Diag. - 1mk
Rock Total - 6mks

Through solution process, dolines / small depressions are found. Two or more dolines may
merge
or widen to form Uvalas. Uvalas may broaden or merge to forma wide elongated depression
called
a polje. Alternatively underground caves may form that the limestone surface may collapse to
form the elongated depression called a polje.

(c) Underground features of a karst scenery.

Limestone rock√1

√1Stalactite Rock Pillar√1

√1Cavern Stalagmite√1
 (1mk for complete well labeled diagram)

(i) To assess the suitability of the area of study.

To estimate the time and cost of study before actual field work.
To families yourself with the authority.

(ii) Grikes and clints, swallow holes, pulse gorges and dry valleys. (3 x 1 = 3mks)
(iii) Plant trees to make the place beautiful and enclose area to act as tours attraction.
- Planting grass for grazing. (3 x 1 = 3mks)

8. (a) (i) Is the process where volcanic material (gaseous, liquid and solid) are forced
into the earth’s surface and formation beneath the crust of features on the surface of the
earth and beneath. (1 x 2 =
2mks)

(ii) - Lava plateau√1

- Tuff plateau√1
- Geysers
- Hot springs
- Fumeroles (any 2x1 =
2mks)

(b) (i) Sill is formed when magma intrude into the crustal rocks along the bedding
plane where it cools and solidify to form sill. (text 2mks, diagram 1mk – total
3mks)

(ii) Dyke is formed when magma is intruded into the crustal rocks across the bedding plane
where it cools and solidify to form a dyke. (text 2mks, diagram 1mk – total
3mks)

(iii) Batholith is deep intrusion of magma in large√1 masses deep in the crustal
rocks where its rood is deep seated. √1 (text 2mks, diagram 1mk = 3mks)

(c) - Formation of fertile soils. Volcanic lava especially basalt rocks upon
weathering result in formation of fertile soils. √√
 - Valuable minerals during volcanic process rock can undergo metamorphosis to form
valuable minerals e.g. Diamond at Mwadui that promotes mining. √√

- Source of geothermal power. Geysers like Olkaria in Kenya can be harnessed for
geothermal electricity. √√

- Tourist attraction sites: features formed through volcanicity such as; snow-capped
mountains, geysers, hot springs, fumaroles on crater attract tourist earning foreign
exchange. √√

- Hot water from hot springs is pumped through pipes into houses for heating especially
during winter in New Zealand and Iceland. √√
-
- Many varieties of igneous rocks are useful economically e.g. Phonolite Irachytes, welded
tuff are used in building. √√ (any 3x2 = 6mks)

(d) (i) - Presenting the information / representing.

1. Analyzing the information.
2. Giging a lecture.
3. Further discussion. (any 3x1 = 3mks)
(ii)
4. Taking photographs.
5. Conducting interviews
6. Administering questionnaires.
7. Collecting samples. (any 3x1 = 3mks)
(e) (i)
8. To identify relief features on the ocean floor.
9. To find out the importance / significance of oceans to human activities.
10. To investigate the formation of ocean tides. (3 x 1 = 3mks)
(ii)

9. (a) - Sand desert

1. Stony desert
2. Rocky desert (3 x 1 = 3mks)
(b)
(i) Abrasion – This is the mechanical erosion that is caused by the materials√1(load)
carried by wind through grinding, √1 scrapping and polishing of desert rock surface
(sandblast action of wind) (2x 2 = 2mks)

(ii) Deflation – This is blowing away or any dry unconsolidated material like dust and find
sand particles√1 by rolling them on√1 the ground and lifting them up.
- wind eddies (2 x 1 = 2mks)

(iii) Attrition – This is the wearing away of the wind borne√1 materials since they are in
constant movement – from one region to another as materials are being moved, they
rub against each other reducing √1in size. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

(c) - These are tower like rock structure formed by wind erosion in the desert.
3. Made of heterogeneous rocks i.e. rock with differing degrees of hardness i.e. hard / soft layers
that are laid horizontally.
4. Rock lies vertically in the path of moving wind.
 5. Strong wind laden with sand material used as erosive tool.
6. The rock is therefore acted on by wind abrasion and weathering.
7. The soft rock are worn out more rapidly than the resistant ones.
8. Through wind abrasion resulting in an irregular mass of rock.
9. The base of the pedestal is intensively worn out by abrasion. Abrasion is more efficient within
a height of 2m hence the base is very narrow.
10. Exposure of the vertical rock to prevailing wind for a long time.
(Text – 4mks, Diagram – 2mks, Total 6mks)

(d)

(Labeling – 4mks, diagram 1mk – total 5mks)

(e)
11. In the Loess region people have caved dwelling in the rocks which are warm during winter.
12. Loess have rich fertile alluvial soils which are used for cultivation.
13. Desert feature such as rock pedestals are tourist attraction.
14. Some deflation hollows contain oases which are used as sources of water by nomadic
communities.
15. Desert landscapes provide good sites for testing military weapons.
16. Site are used for testing grounds for car and jet engines.
 17. Salty flats are economically used for salt production especially in North Africa. (any 5x1 =
5mks)

10. (a)

(i) Coastline
- A line where the highest storm / wave reach the land. (1x 2 = 2mks)
(ii) Shore
- The area between the lowest water level and the highest water level reached by waves /
storms. (1x2 = 2mks)

(b) (i)
A – Trench / ocean deep
B – Oceanic Island
C – Continental shelf
D – Continental slope
(4 x 1 = 4mks)
(ii)
i. Earth’s rotation in the northern hemisphere, the ocean currents are deflected to the
right while in the southern hemisphere they are deflected to the left.

ii. Winds: winds direction determine the direction of ocean currents.

As winds blow, they encounter friction with ocean surface water causing the water to
move in the direction of the winds.
iii. Shape of land masses
Where a current flows through a constricted area between land masses like Florida
and Cuba its velocity increases on leaving the area constricted. Water follows the
alignment .
Sometimes a current of the cost is split into two currents.
iv. Temperature and water density – the warmer, less dense water in the tropics tend to
move pole wards. (2 x 3 = 6mks)
(c) - Influence of the moon and the sun.
1. Earth’s rotation.
2. Depth of the water: deposition takes place in shallow water. This is where the cyclic motion of
the wave is broken as ice wave comes in contact with the flow. (any 2x1 =
2mks)
(d) - Nature of the wave (constructive wave) for deposition to take place, the breaking waves must
be strong swash and a weak backwash.
3. Gradient of the shore – gentle gradient reduces the velocity of the backwash thus causing
deposition.
4. Configuration of coastline: deposition take place if the shore is shallow and well indented.
(2 x 3 = 6mks)
MARANDA BUNYORE
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
11.
12.
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEMES
ALLIANCE GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
 SUNSHINE PANGANI
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
312/1
Geography
Paper 1

SECTION A
Answer All Questions
1. (a) Define Geography (2 marks)
(b) Give two reasons to explain why the interior of the earth is hot (2 marks)
(c) Distinguish between meteors and meteorites (2 marks)
2. (a) Identify the types of folds shown (2 marks)

(b) State three negative effects of folding on human activities (3 marks)

3. (a) State two causes of soil creep (2 marks)
(b) The diagram below shows rock creep. Name the parts marked P,Q,R (3 marks)
4. (a) Identify the features C, D, &E shown in the diagram (3 marks)

(b) State two causes of river rejuvenation (2 marks)

5. (a) State two physical factors that contribute to the development of Sahara Desert. (2 marks)
(b) Draw a well labeled diagram to show a Zeugen. (2 marks)

6. Study the map of Kitale scale 1:50,000(sheet 75/3) provided and answer the questions that
follow.

(a) (i) Give the bearing of the trigonometrical station secondary at grid 2823 from the water
hole
at grid 3127 (2 marks)

(ii) Give the magnetic variation of the area covered by the map extract (1 mark)

(b) Name three types of settlement patterns found on the map extract (3 marks)

(c) (i) Draw a cross section from the grid reference 340280 to Kaipos trigonometrical station at
grid square 3932. (Use a scale of 1cm rep. 40 m) (2 marks)

On your cross section, mark and label the following:

(a) Dam (1 mark)

(b) River Saiwa (1 mark)

(c) Forest boundary (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the gradient between the dam and the starting point (2 marks)
(d) (i) Explain 3 factors that favour the growing of wattle in the area covered by the map.
(6 marks)
(ii) Give two evidences showing why the area has a wet climate (2 marks)
(e) Draw a rectangle 7.2 cm to 10 cm representing the a area West of Eastings 30 and South
of
Northing 20 (1 mark)
On it mark and label the following
(a) Kitale municipality (1 mark)

(b) All weather roads loose surface (1 mark)

(c) Koitobos river (1 mark)

7. (a) (i) Differentiate between vulcanicity & volcanicity. (2 marks)

(ii) Draw the map of Kenya. (1 mark)

On it locate and name:
M-mau escarpment. (1 mark)
O-lake Magadi (1 mark)
Y – Yatta plateau (1 mark)

(b) With the aid of a well labeled diagram describe how the following features are formed:
(i) Lava plateau. (5 marks)
(ii) sill (3 marks)

(c) (i) Give two characteristics of the Gregory rift valley. (2 marks)

(ii) You have been asked to carry out a field study on faulting in the Rift Valley, design a
working schedule to use during the study. (3 marks)

(d) Explain three negative influences of vulcanicity and associated features on human
activities in Kenya. (6 marks)

8. (a) (i) Differentiate between a barrier reef and a fringing reef (2 marks)
(ii) Give three causes of oceans currents (3 marks)

(b) The diagram below shows Coastal features. Use it to answer questions b (i).
 (i) Name the coastal features marked H,J,K,L (4 marks)
(c) With the aid of diagrams describe how a wave – cut platform is formed (6 marks)
(d) Explain how the following factors influence development of coasts
(i) Climate (2 marks)
(ii) Gradient of the Coast (2 marks)
(e) Your class intends to carry out a field study on the features along the coast of Kenya.
(i) Why would they need to carry out reconnaissance (3 marks)

(ii) Give three disadvantages of using observation to collect data (3 marks)

9. (a) Distinguish between glacial till and fluvio-glacial deposits (2 marks)

(b) Explain three factors that determine the rate at which ice moves. (6 marks)

(c) The diagram below shows depositional features in lowlands

 (i) Name the features marked J, K,L and M. (4 marks)

(ii) Describe how the following features are formed:

- moraine dammed lake (4 marks)

- outwash plain (4 marks)

(d) Students from Meru high school intend to carry out a field study on features of
glaciations
on Mt Kenya
(i) Identify two methods they will use to collect data. (2 marks)

(ii) State one negative effect they are likely to identify (1 marks)

(iii) State two follow up activities they are likely to engage in (2 marks)

10. (a) (i) State three characteristics of ITCZ (3 marks)

(ii) Describe the following factors influence climate

 configuration of the coastline (2 marks)

 Distance from the sea (2 marks)

(b) Study the world map provided and use it the answer the questions below.

(i) Name the climatic regions A,B,C (3 marks)

(ii) Name the vegetation type marked H&J (2 marks)

(iii) Explain three ways in which coniferous forests have adapted to the climatic
conditions (6 marks)

(c) You carried out a field study in an marginal area experiencing encroachment of desert
conditions

(i) State two objectives for your study. (2 marks)

(ii) How would you record your findings during the study? (2 marks)

(iv) Describe three findings on the causes of the encroachment (3 marks)

SUNSHINE PANGANI
JOINT EVALUATION TEST)
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2
2 ¾ HOURS

SECTION A – Answer ALL Questions

1. a) Name two provinces in Canada where forestry is an

important activity. (2mks)

b) Identify two industries in Kenya associated with lumbering. (2mks)

2. a) State two factors that have led to the decline of coal as an industrial fuel
(2mks)

b) State three likely benefits of oil mining in Turkana County (3mks)

3. a) Identify two areas in Kenya where flooding is common. (2mks)

b) What are the benefits that resulted from the reclamation of
Yala Swamp? (2mks)

4. a) Define Transport. (1mk)

 b) Name
i) The river marked E, F and G (3mks)
ii) The human made lake marked H and J. (2mks)
5.a) State three environmental conditions which favour beef farming
in Kenya. (3mks)

b) Give three reasons why horticultural produce is exported by air. (3mks)

SECTION B
Answer questions six and two other questions from this section.
6. The table below shows four main cash crops produced in Perkeerra Irrigation
Scheme in the years 2002 and 2003. Use it to answer question (a)

Crop Amount in Kilograms

Year 2002 2003

Seed maize 250,000 300,000

Watermelons 230,000 350,000
Others 70,000 140,000
Pawpaw 100,000 60,000

i) Draw a divided rectangle 15cm to represent the data for 2003. (8mks)

ii) State two disadvantages of using divided rectangles to represent Data.

(2mks)
iii) Calculate the percentage decrease in pawpaw between years
2002 and 2003. (2mks)

a) i) State three problems that are experienced in Perkerra Irrigation Scheme.

(3mks)
ii) Describe the stages involved in coffee production in Kenya from
picking to processing. (6mks)
iii) Give three characteristics of horticulture farming in Kenya. (3mks)
7a) i) State three physical conditions that may discourage setting up of
 Game Reserves and Parks. (3mks)

ii) Name one Game Ranch in Kenya. (1mk)

b) State the significance of wildlife to Kenya. (5mks)

b) i) Differentiate between domestic and international tourism. (2mks)

ii) Explain four factors that hinder development of domestic

tourism in Kenya. (8mks)

iii) State four problems experienced by the Kenya government in

its efforts to conserve wildlife. (4mks)

iv) Explain three reasons why Switzerland receives more tourists

than Kenya. (6mks)

8.a) i) Name two types of fish reared in fish farms in Kenya. (2mks)

ii) State four efforts taken by the Kenyan government to

improve fish farming. (4mks)

iii) Differentiate pelagic fishing from demersal fishing. (2mks)

c) Describe purse seining method of fishing. (5mks)

d) Compare fishing in Kenya and Japan under the following headings:-

i) Nature of landscape (2mks)
ii) Market (2mks)
iii) Climate (2mks)
e) Explain the following problems of fishing in Kenya and suggest one
possible solution for each.

i) Pollution (3mks)
ii) Growth of weeds. (3mks)
9a) i) Give four reasons why Kenya should industrialize by the 2030. (4mks)
ii) Why are industries located near water resources? (3mks)

iii) Name two car manufacturing towns in Japan. (2mks)

b i) Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable

sources of energy. (2mks)

ii) Explain three physical factors that favoured the development of

Seven forks Dam Project. (6mks)

iii) State four effects of energy crisis. (4mks)

c) You intend to carry out a field study on Industries in Nairobi.
i) Name two sources of secondary information you will use for
the study. (2mks)

ii) Name two heavy industries you are likely to identify. (2mks)

10 a) i) Distinguish between immigration and emigration. (2mks)

ii) State two causes of urban - rural migration. (2mks)

iii) In 1999 the crude birth rate in Kenya was 41.3 while the crude death
rate 11.7. What was the population growth rate? (2mks)
b)

Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV

Use the diagram above that shows demographic trends to answer question b (i).

b) i) Describe the characteristics of stage II. (3mks)

c) Explain three problems of a country with an ageing population. (6mks)

d i) State 2 differences in the functions of New York and Nairobi Cities. (4mks)

ii) Explain three factors that lead to the growth of Mombasa as major
Port in East Africa. (6mks)
 SUNSHINE PANGANI
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A

1. (a) What is Geography ?

- It is the study of the distribution and interrelationship of physical and human phenomena
in relation to the earth surface.

(b) Give two reasons why the interior of the earth is hot?
- The weight of the overlying materials exert pressure on the interior hence generating
heat.
- During formation of the earth the outer part cooled faster than the interior thus retaining
the heat.
- Radioactivity in the mantle lead to release of energy which generates heat.(any 2 x 1 =
2mks)

(c) Distinguish between meters and meteorites

- Meteors are rocky metallic like matter entering into the earths atmosphere at a high
speed and burn up forming a streak of light while
- Meteorite are remnants of a meteors that fail to burn up in the atmosphere hence
fall/reach the earth s surface. (complete difference x 2 = 2mks)

2.(a) Identify the types if folds

(i) Isoclinal fold (1mk)
(ii) Overfold (1mk)

2. (b) State three negative effects of folding to human activities.

- Folding result in formation of rugged landscape which discourages settlement
&cultivation of crops.
- Cold winds descending over the slopes of the fold mountains destroy crops.
- Fold mountains act as barriers to transport and communication.
- The leeward slope s of the fold mountains discourage agriculture due to rainfall
- Folding may lead to burying of minerals deep in the crust making it difficult to exploit.
(any 3 x 1 =3mks)

3(a) State two causes of soil creep

- Heating and cooling of soil particles loosens them causing the particles to move.
- Alternating wetting and drying of soil particles cause the soil particles to expand slightly and
addition of weight hence move / Dry soil particles also move.
- Freezing of soil water lifts the soil particles at right angles to the slope and drops perpendicularly
to the horizontal plane.
- Rainwater percolating in the soil drags the soil particles / grains hence change position down
slope.
- Ploughing across a slope causes soil to be turned to the lower side thus shift downslope.
- Removal of soil down slope. / On the lower part of the slope triggers movement of soil from the
upper part.
- Grazing animals trample on soil loosening them hence soil p articles move downslope.
 - Burrowing animals break and loosen soil causing the particles to move/shift downslope

3. (b) Parts marked (3mks)

P – Rock joint / crack
Q – Layer of shale
R – Block of rock

4. (a) Features marked: (3mks)

C – elbow of capture
D – Windgap
E – Misfit stream

(b) State two courses of river rejuvenation (2mks)

- Drop in sea level.fal in sea level
- Regional or local uplift of the land.
- Unequal regional subsidience of the land
- Increase in river discharge.
- Change in rock resistance

5. (a)State two physical factors that contribute to the development of Sahara Desert
(2 marks)
- Insufficient rainfall
- High temperature
- Rain shadow effect by relief barriers
- Descending winds at high pressure belts.
- Dry planning winds/global winds
- Effect of cold oceans currents
- Influence of continentality

(b)Draw a well labeled diagram to show a Zeugen

6. (a) (i) bearing 2230  2 marks
(ii) magnetic variation – 20 23’ 1 mark

(b) 3 types of settlements patterns (3 marks)

- Linear – evidence 2614  / Kitale / 4213
- Dispersed – eastern part of the map extract
- nucleated – evidence – 3613 / 2919 / 3727

(c) (i) on the graph (5 mks)

 (ii) gradient (2 marks)

VI 1900−1880 20
= =
HE 3550 355 0

1
= 1:178 /
178

(d) (i) Explain 3 factors that favour the growing of wattle in the area covered.
(6 marks)
- presence of permanent rivers
- Presence of forests
- Growing wattle / plantation

(ii) Evidence for wet climate. (2 marks)

- Availability of rainfall as evidenced by permanent rivers. Forests for the growth

of wattle. 
- Well drained soils as evidenced by the spaced contours for the growing of
wattle. 
- Availability of labour as evidenced by many settlements which provides labour
for working in the plantations 
- Transportation as evidenced by the dry weather roads / all weather road loose
surface. For the transportation of wattle to the factory 
- Cool climate as evidenced by the high attitude evidenced by contour heights of
above 1800 m which favours the growth of wattle.
Any 3 x 2 = 6 marks
Explanation must be mentioned to score
(e)
7. (a) (i) Differentiate between vulcanicity and volcanicity (2 marks)
- Vulcanicity is the process by which solid liquid an gaseous material (molten rock)intrude
into the crystal rocks or extrude on to the earth surface while volcanicity is process
where igneous material extrude onto the earth surface and form volcanoes.

(ii) Draw a map of Kenya (1 mark)

on it locate and name
 key
M- Mau escarpment
O –Lake Magadi
Y – Yatta plateau

b) With the aid of a well labeled diagram describe how the following features are formed.
i) Lava plateau (5 marks)

ii) Sill (3 marks)

(i) Lava plateau
 Text (3mks) Diag (2mks)

- Earth movements causes fissures/cracks/vents in the crystal rock

- Hot molten ultra basic – basic magma rock intrudes into the crustal rocks through the
fissures and flaws on to the earth surface covering long distances.
- A series of subsequent flows through new fissures and accumulates on the pre-existing
layers covering the valleys and hills.
*This flat topped hill/mt bordered by steep slopes is called a lava plateau
*Must be mentioned to score M

(ii) Sill

- Earth movements causes vents, cracks in the crustal rocks

- basic magma intrudes into crustal rocks and solidifies along and in between the bedding
planes/solidifies in horizontal cracks between bedding planes.
*this tabular intrusion along the bedding planes is called a sill.

(c) (i) Give two characteristics of the Gregory rift valley.(2mks)

- The rift valley is wide in the North (100km) and narrow in the South (50km)
- The rift valley varies in height between (600-1800m)
- The rift valley floor has volcanic Mts
- The rift valley flour has lake depressions
 - There is grid faulting on the floor in the South
- Some areas like Kijabe have steep faults
- the valley is bordered by steep fault / tilt blocks / escarpments

(ii) Field study on faulting in the Rift valley design a working schedule to use
during the study
8.00 a.m –Collect and assemble the equipment
9.00 a.m –Depart for the field study
10.00am – Report to the authorities at the K.W.S office in the field.
10.15 a.m –Embark on data collection
3.00 p.m - Report back to the authorities
3.15p.m – Depart back to school.

(d) Explain three negative influences of vulcanicity and associated features on human
activities in Kenya (6 mark)

- Volcanic dust emitted into the atmosphere causes invisibility hence accidents and
climate change
- Volcanic mts create barriers to communicate and transport networks making them
difficult &expensive to construct due to the steep rugged landscape.
- Volcanic mts create rainshadows on the lee ward side that results into aridity which limits
cash crops farming
- Recent volcanic lava flows disintegrate into infertile soils that discourage cash crop
growing
- Poisonous gases such as C O 2& sulphur dioxide may eject into the atmosphere hence
causing air pollution that may endanger lives causing respiratory diseases and acid rain
which corrodes buildings and destroys vegetations /crops.

8. a (i) Differentiate between a barrier reef and a fringing reef (2mks)

- Barrier reef is fringing reef forms a long distance away form the shore with a wide deep
lagoon. While a fringing reef is a platform of coral build near the shore with a shallow
lagoon.

(ii) Causes of ocean currents (3mks)

- Winds
- Earth rotation
- Shape of the landmasses
- Differences in water temperatures Any 3 x 1 -= 3mks
b) On the diagram name the features marked H,J,K,L (4mks)

H- lagoon
J –Offshore bar
K – Tombolo
L -- Spit Any 4 x 1 = 4mks

(c) With the aid of diagrams describe how a wave – cut platform is formed. (6 marks)

Wave erosion attacks a steep sloping coast or cliff by hydraulic action, abrasion and
solution forming a notch between the high and low water tide. 
 Over time, continued wave erosion enlarges the notch into a deep cave as the land
above the cave forms an overhanging rock cliff. 

Weathering attacks the over-hanging rock cliff as the wave erosion continues to enlarge
the cave at the base of the rock face. 
The overhanging rock cliff collapses exposing a new cliff. As the cliff continues to retreat
a floor of the sea between the original cliff and the new cliff is exposed forming a fairly
rock platform called a wave-cut platform. 

(d) Explain how the following factors influence development of coasts

(i) Climate (2 marks)
- Warm conditions I the tropics provide conditions for the growth of polyps and
development of coral hence coral coasts.
- High temperatures results into melting / thawing of glaciers leading to a rise in the
sea level hence the development of submergent coasts.
- Low temperature results into freezing of water into glacier and the fall in sea level
hence the development of emergent coasts.
(ii) Gradient of the Coast (2 marks)
- A steep coast experience wave erosion hence erosional features.
- A gentle coast experiences wave deposition hence depositional features.
(e) Your class intends to carry out a field study on the features along the coast of
Kenya.
(i) Why would they need to carry out reconnaissance (3 marks)
- To formulate objectives / hypothesis
- To draw the route map
- To prepare a working schedule
- To identify methods of data collection / recording
- To identify the equipment for the study
- To seek permission from relevant authorities.

(ii) Give three disadvantages of using observation to collect data (3 marks)

 - Cannot be used by visually impaired students
- It is biased due to subjectivity by the observer
- Its expensive de to travelling
- It takes a long time in carrying out the observation
- May be difficult to use when the weather is bad e.g. fog or rain.
9. (a) Distinguish glacial till and fluvio-glacil till
- Glacial till: - the moraine/material directly deposited by ice on melting in an stratified manner
while fluvio glacial tillar materials that are deposited by the water from melting ice in a stratified
manner
(2mks)
(b) Factors that determine the rate office movement
- Gradient of the land – ice moves faster on steep slopes them on gentle ones.
- Season – movement of ice is faster during summer (thawing common) than in winter (thawing
rare)
- Friction – the centre parts of a glacier move faster than the sides and at the bottom
- Thickness & weight-thick mass exert great pressure beneath causing melting and therefore
faster movement unlike thin masses which remain frozen most of the time.
(Any 3 correct factors well explained 3 x 2 = 6 m)
(c) (i) Ref Diagram
J – till plain L –esker

K – Drumlins M-Kettle lake

(4 X 1 = 4mks)
(ii) moraine – damned lake
- widening of a valley through ice – erosion/melting at the snowline occurs
- Deposition of terminal moraine across the widened valley /at the snowline
- the glacier melts and retreats
*Accumulation of melt water behind the terminal moraine.
- continued melting of ice boosts the amount of melt water behind the terminal moraine to form a
moraine –damned lake.
*must be mentioned Max (4mks)

Outwash plain
- large ice sheets stagnate on a gently sloping landscape and start melting along the edges
- the sub- glacial melt water spreads out carrying fine materials.
- the fine materials deposited further down slope as ice retreats
- pre-existing valleys/depressions are buried by these fluvi-glacial materials
- the unconsolidated clay, silt, sand and gravel that is deposited enmass covers a wide area
forming an undulating plain called an outwash plain Max (4mks)

d. Field work
i) 2 methods of collecting data
- Observation
- Taking photography
- content analysis/reading secondary materials
(Any 2 correct 2 x 1 = 2mks)
ii) -ve effects
- Glaciated rugged landscape that would make it difficult for settlement /agriculture or constructing
transportation lines (1mk)

iii) Follow-up activities

 - Reading more on the topic
- Displaying photographs
- Writing reports
- Assessing the information against the hypothesis
(any two collect 2 x 1 = 2m)

10.(a) (i) State three characteristics of the ITCZ. (3mks)

1
- Found within latitudes 232 º N & S of the equator
- Experience high temperature
- A zone of low pressure and the doldrums
- Zone of the convergence of the S.E & N.E trade winds
- Associated with convectional rainfall and thunderstorms.
- Migrates to the North and South of the equator with the apparent movement of the
overhead.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)

ii) Describe how the following factors influence climate

Configuration of the coastline (2mks)
- This is the alignment of the coastline in relation to the prevailing onshore winds.
- An irregular/indented coastline will experience moist onshore wind thus resulting in high
rainfall.
- A regular /straight coastline experience low/very little rainfall because the winds blow
parallel to the coastline.

Distance from the sea

- Areas near the sea experience a cool sea breeze during the day which lowers the
temperature / areas further inland remain hot due to high temperature
- Areas near the sea experience a warm land breeze during the night which increases the
temperature / areas inland remain cold due to low temperatures.
- Areas close to the sea experience high humidity due to high rate of evaporation this
decreases inland.
- Areas close to the sea experience high convectional rainfall which decreases inland.

b. (i) Name the regions marked

A -Hot desert /tropical desert climate
B- Warm temperature eastern margin
C – Tundra climate (1 mark each – 3mks)

(ii) Name the vegetation types marked

H – Temperate Grasslands (pampas) (1mk)
J - Tropical rainforest (1mk)

iii) Explain three ways in which the coniferous forest have adapted to the climatic
conditions.
- Trees have needle like leaves to reduce the loss of water from trees in winter.
- Leaves have tough waxy skin to protect them from winter cold
- Trees are conical in shape & flexible branches to combat snow/snow to slide off easily
- Most trees are evergreen to allow maximum utilization of sunlight during
 - short growing season
- Tree trunks are flexible to enable them sway without breaking during strong water winds.
- Trees have widely spread shallow roots for utilization of moisture from the top soil.
(any 3 explained x 2 = 6mks)
(d) Field study in a marginal area experiencing desert encroachment
(i) State two objectives for your study
- To find out the cause of encroachment
- To establish the extent of the encroachment
- To determine the measures used to control the encroachment
(Any 2 x 1 + any other relevant = 2mks)

ii) How would you record your findings in the field

- Taking photographs /filming
- filling in questionnaires
- Drawing sketches
- taking notes

iii) Describe three findings on the cause of the encroachment.

- Insufficient rainfall experienced over along time
- High temperatures experienced consistently leading to high evaporation rates.
- Cold ocean currents causing dry conditions.
- Place is located far from onshore moist winds / continentality / distance from the sea
- Dry winds blowing the land
- Area is located at regions of divergence of winds hence absence of moisture.
- Cutting down of vegetation to create room for agriculture/charcoal.
- Overgrazing leading exposure of soil hence soil erosion.
- Fire out breaks due to honey harvesting thus destroy vegetation.
- Sand storms pushing sand dunes further into the marginal areas.
- Over cultivation, ploughing down the slope which has caused soil degeneration.
 SUNSHINE PANGANI
(JOINT EVALUATION TEST)
MARKING SCHEME GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
1 a) Name two provinces in Canada where forestry is an important activity. (2
mks)
British Columbia Prince Edward
Newfoundland Neva Scotia
Quebec New Brunswick
Ontario
(2x1mks)
b) Identify two industries in Kenya associated with lumbering.
- Furniture making industries
- Paper making industries
- Building industry. (2x1mks)

2 a)State two factors that have led to the decline of coal as an industrial fuel.
- Coal is very bulky. This makes its transportation very difficult and costly.
As a result it is usually used in the country where it is produce.
- Coal has a low calorific value compared to other fuels. It only produces 15%
of energy when it is burned.
- Coal is black and dusty and leaves dirty marks on whatever it comes into contact
with.
- When coal is burnt it produces a lot of soot and smoke which pollute the air.
This may lead to the formation of ‘smog’, a thick dark cloud that hangs over areas
with many heavy industries. This cloud may result in acid rain which is a health
hazard.
- The mining of coal leaves very large scars and heaps of waste on the land
surface thus destroying the beauty of the landscape. (2 x 1 mks)

b) State likely benefits of oil mining in Turkana country.

- Creation of employment opportunities which will ease the
standards of living.
- Provision of revenue to government through taxation.
- Growth of Turkana country Lodwar and Likitaung towns.
- Exportation of oil will bring foreign exchange which will be used
In the economic development of the country.
- Deveopment/Improvement of transport facilitates
e.g. Kitale – Lodwar Road. (3x1mks)

3 a) Identify two areas in Kenya where flooding is common.

Lower courses of: - River Nyando (Kano Plains)
- River Nzoia (Budalangi)
 - River Tana (Tana Delta)
(2x1mks)

b) What are the benefits that results resulted from the reclamation
of Yala Swamp.
- Flooding on the Yala and Nzoia plains controlled reducing the incidence
of diseases.
- Additional land (approximately 920 hectares has been made
- Available for agriculture, rice growing is the main agricultural activity.
- A well developed road network has been in place, hence higher standards of living.
- External funding and expertise has led to use of advanced cultivation methods,
including irrigation.

4a) Reference to map of Africa

i) Rivers marked
E Congo
F Zambezi
G Orange (3x1mks)

ii) Human made lake man – marked

H - Kainji
H - Nasser (2x1mks)

5 a) State three environmental conditions which favour beef farming.

- Presence of undulating landscape.
- Adequate water supply/rainfall.
- Large expensive tracts of land.
- Adequate pasture for the animals.
- Tsetse fly free areas. (Any 3mks)

b) Give three reasons why horticultural produce is exported by air.

- Horticultural crops are highly perishable thus necessity faster
means of transport.
- Are light in weight which makes easy/suitable to export by air.
- High demand for the produce thus the need to supply them urgently.
- High market prices are able to pay compensate for the air freight charge.
(3x1mks)
6a) Draw a dividend rectangle 15cm to represent data for 2003.

Rearrange data

Watermelon - 350,000
Seed maize - 300,000
Pawpaw - 60,000
Others - 140,000
850,000
i) Watermelons ii) Seed maize
300,000x15
850,000
17 =90
17

350,000 x15 =105 =6.18 =5.29

850000 17 =6.2cm =5.3cm
 iii) Pawpaw Other
60000 x15 =18 =1.05 140000x15
850000 17 850,000
17 1cm =2.47
=2.5cm
Diagram on graph paper

iv) State two disadvantages of using divided rectangle to represent data.

- It s difficult to determinate value of individual components at a glance.
- Consumes time because of calculations involved.
- Lacks to the appeal of a piechart. (2mks)
Calculate the percentage decrease in pawpaw between 2002 and 2003.
300,000- 250,000 = 50
100,000 - 60,000 =40,000 x100
100,000 =40% decline (2mks)
b) i) State three problems that are experienced in Perkerra irrigation.
Fluctuations in the water levels causing reduced acreage during dry season.
- The farmer is yet to be issued with title deeds.
- Livestock human conflict as at time the scheme is the only area with green
vegetation.
- Farmers lack morale as they don’t own the bid.
- High evaporation rates cause soil salinization.
- Growing of seed maize has led to abandonment of other
crops/monoculture.
- Inter-ethnic conflict between the Jemps and the Tugen.
- Financial constraints limit mechanization and land preparation on time.
- Farm inputs too costly for farmer. (3 x 1 marks)
ii) Describe the sages involved in coffee
- Coffee matures between 3-5 years depending on variety.
- Red berries are picked while green ones are left.
- The berries are put into bags or tins and taken to factory before 48hrs are
over.
- At factories barriers weighed and taken to the pulping machine.
- The outer shell or cover is removed to expose the beans.
- The coffee is fermented.
- After this the beans are dried in the sun for a week.
- After drying the beans are packed in sisal bags and taken to the miller where
the husk is removed.
- Beans are removed and graded.
- Beans are roasted at temperature of 990C
- The beans are packed in sacks ready for sale/export by CBK/KPCU
- They are ground to make various beverages.
 7 a) i)State three physical conditions that may discoverage setting up of Game
Reserve and Parks. (3 marks)
- Lack of sufficient vegetation
- Existence of very low temperatures
- Occurrence of snow fall
- Presence of very steep and rugged terrain 3x1=3mks)

ii) Name two Game ranches in Kenya

- Giraffe centre
- Bamburi Nature Trail
- Galana Game Ranch
- Ostrich farm
- Mamba village
- Kapkobei Ranch 2x1=2 mks
b) State the significance of wildlife to Kenya.
- Wildlife is a major tourist attraction which earns the country foreign exchange.
- Wildlife is confined to marginal lands making such areas economically useful.
- It stimulates the growth of other economic activities such as agriculture as
farmers grow food crops to supply to the lodges and hotels.
- Wildlife leads to the opening up of remote areas as hotels, lodges, roads and
airstrips are build in these regions.
- Some plants are of medicinal value and are used as herbal medicine or in
production of pharmaceuticals. 1x5=5mks
C i) Differentiate between domestic and international tourism.
- Domestic tourism is the practice of making a trip within ones country while
international tourism is the practice of taking a trip away from ones country
to a foreign one. (2mks)
ii) Explain four factors that hinder development of domestic tourism
in Kenya.
- High cost of accommodation and transport discourage many local tourists
many Kenyans are poor and therefore unable to afford the high costs
leading to low numbers of domestic tourist.
- Many roads to the national parks and reserves are very poor and some are
impassable during the rainy season. This discourages many locals from
visiting these areas.
- Many Kenyans are unaware of the beautiful and attractive features in their
own country. This is because very little campaign and advertisement on
tourist attractions is done. This leads to few Kenyans visiting the parks.
- Many Kenyans are familiar with the existing tourist attraction like wild
animals, plants and other attractive features in their own country. This is
 because very little campaign and advertisement on tourist attractions is
done. This is leads to few Kenyans visiting the parks.
- Many Kenyans are familiar with the existing tourist attraction like wild
animals, plants and other attractive features. As such many fail to
appreciate the beauty the country offers leading to low numbers of local
tourists.
- Many Kenyans have a negative attitude toward local tourism since they
consider it a waster of time and money. This limits the number of people
who engage in it.
- The frequent attacks of tourists in parks by poachers and bandits scare
away people leading to low turnout.
(Any 4x2=8mks)
iii) State four problems experienced by the Kenya government in its efforts to
conserve wildlife.
- Illegal hunting/poaching of wild game threatens the conservation efforts/leads
to extinction of some species of animals.
- Overstocking of some wild animals leads to destruction of natural environment
through over grazing.
- Frequent drought experienced in some of she national parks and reserves
leads to loss of animals through starvation and death.
- Straying wild animals from the parks to settlements leads to destruction
of crops/animals/people, hence high compensation by the government/high
cost of fencing.
- Inadequate capital limits the government conservation efforts/over relying on
foreign donors.
- Rapid human population growth leads to encroachment of game parks and
reserves.
- Pollution of the environment leads to death of wildlife.
- Fires which destroy wildlife. Any 4x1=4mks)

v) Explain three reasons why Switzerland receives more tourists than Kenya.
- It is centrally located in Europe which makes it easily accessible to tourists
from Europe while Kenya is far away from Europe.
- Some tourists attractions are found in both Switzerland and Kenya hence
tourists in Europe prefer existing Switzerland which is nearer.
- Switzerland is politically stable and enjoys a lot of peace which attracts many
tourists as opposed to Kenya where occasionally there is political instability
like tribal clashes which scare away tourists.
- Switzerland has an efficient well developed transport and communication
network which provides easy access to the tourists sites unlike in Kenya where
roads have many potholes or are impassable during he rainy season making
movement to sites uncomfortable.
- Switzerland has done more advertisement and promotion on tourism in the
world than Kenya. This has informed many people of what Switzerland has to
offer unlike in Kenya where very little promotion has been done.
- In Switzerland tourists are charged fairly for the services offered while in
Kenya the charges are high limiting the numbers visiting it.
 Any 3x2=6mks
8a) i) Name two types of fish reared in fish farms in Kenya.
- Tilapia
- Trout
- Mudfish Any 2x1=2mks

ii) State four efforts taken by the Kenya government to improve fish farming.
- Extension officers advise farmers on the need to set up ponds and to
introduce fish in their diet.
- Lake Basin authority has set up fish ponds and hatcheries as
demonstration farms e.g. at Kibos, Kabaru, Aruba, Homabay to provide
fingerlings to farmers.
- Fisheries department provides technical aid and offers financial assistance
to fish farmers.
- Public campaign by the government has made communities that previously
never ate fish to set up fish farms for subsistence and commercial
purposes. 4x1=4mks

vi) Differentiate pelagic fishing from demersal fishing.

Pelagic fishing involves the catching of fish that swim close to the water
Surface while demersal fishing involves the catching of fish at the bottom of deep
water bodies where the water is cool/at the bottom of the continental shelf.
b) Describe purse-seining method of fishing.
- It uses two boats, one large and one small.
- It uses large net.
- The net has floats on top and weights at the bottom to keep in a vertical position
while in water.
- The fishermen begin by locating a shoal/area which has fish.
- The string at the bottom of the net is pulled to close the net at the bottom and trap
the fish.
- The net is pulled out of the water and the fish hauled into a large boat for
preservation and transportation to the shore.
Any 5x1=5mks)
c) Compare fishing in Kenya and Japan under the following headings.
i) Nature of landscape
- Japan has rugged mountainous landscape which hinders agriculture; hence
most people turn to fishing as an alternative source of food while in Kenya
 most of the land favours agricultural activities so many people are engaged in
agriculture hence only a small number of people practice fishing.
(2mks)

ii) - Market
There is limited market for fish as most communities in Kenya do not have a fish
eating culture while in Japan the large population and surrounding nations provide
a ready market. Japan has an established fish eating culture.
(2mks)
iii) - Climate
Kenya is located with tropical latitudes leading to warm climates conditions which
limit the growth of plankton while Japan is within the temperate latitudes leading to
cool climatic conditions which are ideal for the growth of plankton.
d) Explain the following problems of fishing in Kenya and suggest one
possible solution for each.
i) Pollution
- Chemicals washed into rivers, lakes and seas as well as impurities produced by
manufacturing industries and domestic waste/pollute fishing grounds killing
fishing.
- Oil spills over the ocean pollutes the sea depriving the fish oxygen and most of them
die.
- Sewage disposal from many urban areas have destroyed fish habitats.
- Solution- proper legislation should be put in place to check the disposal of
industrial waster into the fishing grounds, inspection should be carried out to
regulate waster disposal.
iii) Growth of weeds
- Growth of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria chokes the fishing boats Lake
Naivasha has been affected by a weed known as Salvinia Molesta which
forms a thick barrier on the water surface hindering the penetration of sunlight
for the growth of plankton.
Solution: Mechanical and biological removal of the weeds.
9 a) Give four reasons why Kenya should industrialize by 2030.
- To diversify the economy
- To create more employment opportunity
 - For self-sufficient/reduce importation/save foreign exchange.
- To make maximum use of his resource/raw material.
- Uplift standard of living of her citizens.
- Improve balance of trade.
- To be able to increase the value/quality of her exports
ii) Why are industries located near water resources? (3mks)
- Water is used for cooling machines to avoid damage.
- Some industries use water as a medium to dispose their waste.
- Some industries like breweries use water as a raw material.
- Water is used in cleaning.
- Water provides cheap mean of transport
- Some industries are located near rivers which provide power
to drive machines.
- Water is used for grading of coffee beans. 3x1=2

iii) Name two car manufacturing towns in Japan. (2mks)

- Tokyo, Yokohama, Hitachi, Chiba,
- Osaka - Kobe, Akash
- Nagoya, Honda, Toyota, Okazaki.

b i) Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable

sources of energy. 2mks)

Renewable energy sources are those that have the ability to regenerate,
that is they don’t become exhaustible and so are used for along
time e.g. sum wind, water while non renewable sources of energy
are exhaustible if not well managed. 2mks

ii) Explain three physical factors that favoured the development of

Seven forks Dam. (6mks)
- Presence of large volume of water from the River Tana to provide water
to drive the turbines.
- Regular/constant supply of water to enable continuous supply
of electricity.
- Hard basement rock to provide a firm foundation for the construction
of dam.
- Presence of a deep valley/river gorge to save on cost of construction of the
dam/to provide space for the reservoirs.
- Non-porous/impervious rock to prevent seepage
- Presence of waterfalls/rapids/steep gradient to provide a big head needed to
turn turbines. (3x2=6mks)

iii) State four effects of energy crisis. (4mks)

- Increase in prices of crude oil or fuel leads to increased transport cost.
- High cost of fuel increases cost of production slowing down industries growth.
- Increase in oil prices leads to increase in the prices of farm inputs leading to
reduced agricultural production.
 - Increase in price of crude oil would lead to unfavourable balance of trade as
more foreign exchange will be used to buy oil.
- Energy crisis leads to scarcity of oil leading to shortage of raw material for
certain industries/high price of by products.
- Increase in oil prices would also affect the prices of other forms of energy e.g.
thermal power stations.
- Increased prices of oil would lead to prospecting of oil by non-producing
country.
- Increase in oil prices would lead to industries laying off workers due to
high costs of production

c) You intend to carry out a field study on Industries in Nairobi.

i) Name two sources of secondary information for the study. (2mks)
- Textbooks
- Maps
- Magazines/periodical/journals/pamphlets
- Class notes/handouts
- Internet/information recorded on CDS
- Photographs/picture/videos/films/slides
- Tape recorded information

ii) Name two heavy industries you are likely to identify. (2mks)
- Cement manufacture
- Steel rolling
- Motor vehicle assembling (GM)

10 a) i) Distinguish between immigration and emigration. (2mks)

- Immigration - movement of people into a country from other
Countries while
- Emigration - Movement of people from their native land. 2x1=2mks

ii) State two causes of urban - rural migration.

- The high cost of living in urban centres pushes people to rural areas
where living costs are very low.
- Decentralization of industries from urban centres to rural areas makes jobless
people move to these areas in search of jobs.
- Movement of retired people from urban areas to settle in rural areas.
- Others move from towns to escape from the noise, busy lives
,over crowding, high population, pollution, parking problems, the high crime
rates, poor sanitation and high unemployment rates. (2 x 1 = 2 mks)

iii) In 1999 the crude birth rate in Kenya was 41.3 while the crude death
rate 11.7 what was the population growth rate. (2mks)

ii) Crude birth rate - crude death rate x100

1000
= Population Growth rate
 = (41.3 -11.7) x100
1000
= 29.6x100 =2.96%

1000

ii) State two causes of urban – rural migration. (2mks)

Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV

Use the diagram above that shows demographic trends to answer b (i).

b) i) Describe the characteristics of stage II. (3mks)

- High birth rate
- Decline in death rate
- Generally a high population growth rate because of
- Improved food supplies and medical facilities.
- Cultural beliefs e.g. preference of boys, need of more
children, early marriages polygamy.
- Improved standards of living e.g. better social amenities like
water roads and schools causes a decline in death rate and
increase in population of growth rate. 3x1=3mks)

c) Explain three problems of a country with an aging population. (6mks)

- An aging population means a larger number of older people
due to a low death rate and high life expectancy
e.g. Sweden. This brings the following socio-economic problems.
- Increased dependency rates. The ld depend on the active group.
The working class have to be taxed heavily for the government to raise
funds for the security of the elderly i.e. the person bill will
 be high for he government .
- Increased cost of health care for the aged who are prone to ill-health
The old are prone to diseases like diabetes high blood pressure. These
diseases require special care in hospitals and old age homes.
- Older people may resist socio-economic and scientific changes
e.g. computer use may be unpopular for the aged.
Old people tend to be conservative so the country will suffer from lack of
innovation slowing down innovation.
If well explained. 2x3=6mks

d i) State 2 differences in the functions of New York and Nairobi Cities. (4mks)

New York Nairobi City

It’s one of the biggest sea port in the Is an highland dry port at Embakasi
world
Nairobi is an administrative centre
New York is just a Capital of state of with the Parliament and country head
New York qualities located there. Thus is a
national capital (Metropolis)
Its an International City
Nairobi is a national city
Commercial and financial centre
that is more superior Commercial and financial centre less
superior
Its an educational centre with
numerous universities, colleges, It is a recreational and cultural
schools and training institutions. centre. There are many modern
recreational facilities e.g. Moi
It handles the largest volume of International Sports Centre Ngong
import-export trade in North America Racecourse and gold courses.

It has a canal connecting it to the Its a leading industrial town in E.

Great Lake and the Hudson Bay. Africa with industries such as
It is connected to all parts of North brewing, flour-milling, pharmaceutical
America by air, roads and railways. and chemical industries
It has modern highways linking the
mainland and the islands.

(2 x 2 = 4 marks)

ii) Explain three factors that lead to the growth of Mombasa as major
Port in East Africa. (6mks)

- The site has a deep well sheltered harbour the Kilindini harbour, which
allows large ships to anchor. The harbour is well sheltered form strong winds
and waves. The harbour is also free from coral reefs that hinder navigation.
- The construction of the Kenya – Uganda railway line the Trans-Africa highway
and the international airport linking the port to other ports of the region has
encouraged swift movement of goods in and out of the port.
- Mombasa serves a very rich hinterland. This consists of all ports of Kenya, the
southern part of Sudan, Rwanda Northern part of Tanzania, Burundi and DRC.
The hinterland has such crops such as coffee, tea, pyrethrum, minerals such
as soda ash, fluorspar, limestone which are exported through the port. Also
the port handles imports destined for the interior. As such, Mombasa port has
become an entreport where goods
on transit are brought for temporary storage before they are re-exported trade,
leading to the growth of the port.
- These has been rapid industrial development in the town, which as been
favoured by cheap transportation of raw materials and finished good. This has
attracted large numbers of people to the town; leading to its growth some of
the industries include marine; engineering motor vehicle assembly, motor oil
refining.
- Tourism has contributed to many hotels which have attracted a large
population to the town. This is because the hotels have created jobs for many
people.
- Development of commercial activities has attracted many people into the town.
- Mombasa is an administration centre hence offers employment and attracts
many people.
- Mombasa is one of the early coastal trading centres. Areas traders visited the
own and this attracted early settlers, leading to the growth of the town.
- The port of Mombasa has modern handling facilities. It has 18 (several)
Berths which are fully equipped with modern cranes, quays, jetties and
wharves. All these facilities make loading off- loading of goods very efficient.
There is also a container deport.
- The location of the Kenya oil Refinery at the Mombasa mainland has had an
added advantage on the growth of Mombasa port. The port handles crude oil
from the Middle East fro refining at the refinery.

Award two marks for a well explained point. 3x2=6mks

 KASSU JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
312/1
Paper 1
GEOGRAPHY

SECTION A.
Answer all the questions in the section.

1. (a) State three characteristics of sial. (3 marks)

(b) Outline two characteristics of the troposphere. (3 marks)

2. (a) What is a longitude? (2 marks)

(b) What is the longitude of station X when it is 8.00 a.m. while in Nairobi at
longitude 370E the time is 12.00 noon? (2 marks)

3. (a) State three causes of earth movements. (3 marks)

(b) Name two main earthquake zones in the world. (2 marks)

4. (a) Name two features that are found on emerged highland coasts.
(2 marks)

(b) State three conditions necessary for the formation of a spit. (3 marks)

5. (a) The diagram below shows a barchan.

Q
P

Name;
(i) the feature marked P. (1 mark)

(ii) the wind marked Q. (1 mark)

(b) How is a deflation hollow formed? (3 marks)

 SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section

6. Study the map of Nkubu 1:50,000 (sheet 122/1) provided and answer the following
questions.

(a) (i) Give the latitudinal extent of the area covered by the map.
(1 mark)

(ii) What is the approximate height of Rurie swamp? (1 mark)

(iii) Calculate the area of the land covered by the forest to the south of
Northing 85. (Give your answer in square kilometres). (2 marks)

(iv) Measure the distance of the Dry Weather Road E778 from the road
junction at Kanyakine to Easting 60. (Give your answer in kilometres).
(1 mark)

(b) (i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 100 metres, draw a cross-
section from grid reference 380910 to grid reference 450910.
(3 marks)
(ii) On the cross-section, mark and name the following;
 A depression
 Loose surface road
 River
(3 marks)
(iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration (VE) of the section. (2 marks)

(c) Deacribe the relief of the area covered by the map. (4 marks)

(d) Citing evidence from the map explain two;

(i) physical factors that may have influenced the location of Nkubu town.
(4 marks)

(ii) factors that favour trading in the area covered by the map.
(4 marks)

7. (a) (i) Differentiate betweeen weather and climate. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain how the following factors influence climate.

 Warm ocean currents (4 marks)
 Latitude (4 marks)

(b) The graph below represents the climate for a station in Kenya.
 Describe the characteristics of climate represented by the graph. (5 marks)

(c) Explain how tropical savanna vegetation is adapted to the climatic

conditions. (6 marks)

(d) Form Four Geography students in your school are planning to carry out a
field study on forest vegetation around the school.

(i) Give two abjectives for their study. (2 marks)

(ii) Give two follow-up activities they would be involved in. (2 marks)

8. (a) (i) What is folding? (1 mark)

(ii) Apart from recumbent fold, name two other types of folds. (2 marks)

(iii) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe how a recumbent fold is
formed. (6 marks)
 (b) The map below shows some features in East Africa. Use it to answer question (i).

Name;

(i) the mountains marked Q and R. (2 marks)

(ii) the lake marked S. (1 mark)

(c) (i) Give two differences between a normal and a reverse fault.
(2 marks)

(ii) Describe how fault block is formed. (5 marks)

(d) Explain three negative effect of faulting on human activities. (6 marks)

9. (a) (i) Differentiate between a drainage basin and a watershed. (2 marks)

(ii) Identify two types of river erosion. (2 marks)

(b) Describe two processes through which a river transports its load. (4 marks)

(c) (i) Explain two causes of river rejuvenation. (4 marks)

(ii) Describe how an ox-bow lake is formed. (5 marks)

(d) (i) The diagram given shows a floodplain.

J
K
River
 Name the the features marked J and K. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain three posive effects of floodplains to human activities.

(6 marks)

10. (a) (i) State two conditions necessary for the formation of ice. (2 marks)

(ii) Name three processes of ice movement. (3 marks)

(b) Explain three factors which influence the rate glacial erosion. (6 marks)

(c) With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe how a corrie lake is formed.
(8 marks)

(d) Suppose students from your school were to carry out a field study on features
of glaciation in low lands areas.

(i) Name two depositional features they are likely to study. (2 marks)

(ii) State two problems they are likely to experience during the field
study. (2 marks)

(iii) State two methods that they will use to present data. (2 marks)
 KASSU JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
312/2
Paper 2
GEOGRAPHY

SECTION A

Answer all the questions in the section.

1. (a) Name one area where each of the following minerals are mined in Tanzania:
(i) Gold

(ii) Diamonds (2 marks)

(b) Give three processes which influence the occurrence of minerals. (3 marks)

2. Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a).

(a) Name:
(i) the national park marked P. (1 mark)
(ii) the game sanctuary marked Q. (1 mark)
(iii) the marine park marked R. (1 mark)

(b) Give three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages conservation of
wild life. (3 marks)

3. (a) List two social factors that influence agriculture in Kenya. (2 marks)

(b) State three physical factors which favour beef farming in Argentina.
(3 marks)
4. (a) Apart from water, give two other renewable sources of energy which are
utilised in Kenya. (3 marks)
 (b) State three advantages of using hydro-electric power over other forms of
energy. (3 marks)

5. Give four objectives for the formation of the Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA). (4 marks)
SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

6. (a) State the characteristics of simple subsistence farming. (5 marks)

(b) Study the photograph below and answer the following questions.

(i) Identify the type of photograph shown above. (1 mark)

(ii) Give one reason to support your answer in (i) above. (1 mark)

(iii) Draw a rectangle 15cm by 10cm to represent the area covered by the
photograph. (1 mark)

(iv) On the rectangle, sketch and label three main features. (3 marks)

(c) Describe the stages involved in Palm oil production from harvesting to
marketing. (8 marks)
 (d) Explain three problems facing oil palm farming in Nigeria. (6 marks)

7. Study the map of Ruhr region below and use it to answer question (a)

(a) (i) Name the following:

River X (1 mark)
Canal Y (1 mark)

(ii) Name the: (2 marks)

(a) town marked R.

(b) coalfield marked S.

(b) (i) Apart from iron and steel identify three other main industries found in the Ruhr
Region. (3 marks)

(ii) State three factors that favoured the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr
region. (3 marks)

(c) (i) Describe three characteristics of cottage industries in India. (3 marks)

(ii) Explain three measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve the Jua
Kali sector. (6 marks)

(d) Explain three problems that result from industrialization. (6 marks)

8. (a) (i) Identify two types of migration apart from urban-rural migration. (2 marks)
 (ii) State three causes of urban-rural migration. (3 marks)

(b) Explain three effects of population migration. (6 marks)

(c) (i) Define the term overpopulation. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain how the following factors influence population growth.

 Education (2 marks)

 Improved health care and nutrition (2 marks)

(d) (i) Describe the characteristics of the population structure shown by the pyramid
provided . (4 marks)

(ii) Compare the population in Kenya and Sweden under the following headings:
 distribution (2 marks)

 growth (2 marks)

9. Use the data below to answer the questions that follow:

 Quantity of fresh water fish landed in the year 2000 and 2001 in tones in Kenya.

Lake Year
2000 2001
Lake Baringo 4600 200
Lake Turkana 2000 3700
Fish farming 980 1000

(a) (i) Draw proportional divided circles to represent the statistical data on the two fresh
water fish landed between the years 2000 to 2001. (8 marks)

(ii) State two advantages of using this method for presenting this type of statistical
data. (2 marks)

(iii) State one possible reason as to why there has been a decline in fish catch in
Lake
Baringo. (2 marks)

(b) (i) What is fish farming? (1 mark)

(ii) Explain two significance of fish farming in Kenya. (4 marks)

(c) Describe Haul seining as a fishing method. (4 marks)

(d) Explain two reasons why fishing is more developed in Japan than in Kenya. (4 marks)

10. (a) (i) Distinguish Environmental Management and Environmental Conservation.

(2 marks)

(ii) Apart from air pollution name two other types of pollution that is common in
Kenya. (2 marks)

(iii) Explain three possible solutions to the air pollution. (6 marks)

(b) (i) Name two rivers in the Lake Region of Kenya which cause flooding.
(2 marks)

(ii) Explain three human activities that contribute to the occurrences of flooding in
Kenya. (6 marks)

(c) Describe the steps which are followed in reclaiming land for agricultural use in the
Netherlands. (7 marks)

MARKING SCHEMES
 KASSU JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
312/1
Paper 1
GEOGRAPHY

SECTION A.
Answer all the questions in the section.

1. (a) State three characteristics of sial.

- Forms the continental crust/upper crust
- Consists mainly of silica and aluminium
- Sial is made up of light rocks/2.7g/cc / floats on sima.
- Sial is made up of granitic/ sedimentary/ metamorphic rock
- Contains 75% of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere
- 90% of water vapour found in this layer.
- Sial is made up of rigid/brittle rocks (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Outline two characteristics of the troposphere.

- Most weather phenomena occur in this layer
- Contains the weather making constituent/life supporting layer
- Temperature decreases with increase in altitude (positive lapse rate)/ rate
of 6.50C per 1000m.
- Pressure falls with increase in height
- Rises to about 15km above the surface of the earth.
- Contains most of the atmospheric water vapour, cloud, dust/pollutants
(hence unstable) (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

2. (a) What is a longitude?

- This is the angular distance showing how far a place is west or east of the
prime meridian/
- An imaginary line on the map/globe running from North pole to south
pole showing how far a place is west or east of the prime meridian.
(2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(b) What is the longitude of station X when it is 8.00 a.m. where in Nairobi at
longitude 370E is 12.00 noon?
Time difference = 12.00 – 8.00
= 4hrs = 4 x 15
= 600
Longitudinal difference = 60 - 37
= 130W (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

3. (a) State three causes of earth movements.

- Istatic adjustment.
- Gravitative pressure
 - Magma movement within the crust.
- Convectional currents in the mantle (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Name two main earthquake zones in the world.

- The curcum pacific belt
- The mid atlantic ridge
- Mediterranean - Himalayan belt
- Rift valley (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

4. (a) Name two features found on emerged high land coast.

- Raised cliffs, raised wave cut platform, raised beaches, raised caves, archs
stacks, stumps, blow-holes, geos. (2 x 1 = 2
marks)

(b) State three conditions necessary for the formation of a spit.

- The waves must carry large amount of load/ ample supply of sand being
transported.
- The long shore drift must be weak
- It must be a shallow shore/continental shelf
- Waves must have a strong swash and weak backwash/constructive waves.
(3 x 1 = 3 marks)
5. (a) The diagram below shows a barchan.

P Q

(i) Name the feature marked P. (1 mark)

P - Gentle slope

(ii) Name the wind marked Q. (1 mark)

Q - Eddy current

(b) How is a deflation hollow formed?

- Pre-existing depressions/localized fault is deepened by eddy action
- Gradually the depression is excavated through removal of the
unconsolidated materials by wind abrasion/by deflation
- The depression is deepened then eddy currents develop causing more
erosion
- The depression is a deflation hollow. (3 x 1 = 3 marks)
 SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section

6. Study the map of Nkubu 1:50,000 (sheet 122/1) provided and answer thefollowing
questions.

(a) (i) Give the latitudinal extent of the area covered by the map.
- 0°00'-0°15°/ 15' (1 mark)

(ii) What is the approximate height of Rurie swamp?

- 1320m (1 mark)

(iii) Calculate the area of the land covered by the forest to the south of
Northing 85. (Give your answer in square kilometres).
Complete squares- 14
Incomplete squares-20÷2=10
Total complete squares=14+10=24
Area = 24 square km (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(iv) Measure the distance of the Dry Weather Road E778 from the road
junction at Kanyakine to Easting 60. (Give your answer in kilometres).
- 8km (1 mark)
(b) (i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 100 metres, draw a cross-
section from grid reference 380910 to grid reference 450910. (3 marks)

(ii) On the cross-section, mark and name the following;

- A depression
- Loose surface road
- River (3 marks)
(iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration (VE) of the section.
VE = VS ÷ HS
VE = 1/10,000 ÷ 1/50,000
 = 1/10,000 ÷ 50,000/1
= 5times/5 (2 marks)

(c) Deacribe the relief of the area covered by the map.

- The lowest altitude is 940m/the highest altitude is 2640m above sea level.
- The land rises from the South East to the North West.
- The land is hilly/has many hills.
- There are many interlocking spurs.
- The landscape is dissected by many river valleys.
- There are many, narrow river valleys.
- There are numerous steep slopes in the South West/gentle slopes in the North
East.
- Some areas are flat e.g. Rurie swamp.
- There are some depressions e.g. on top of Kirui hill.
- There are ridges in the South West. (4×1=4marks)

(d) Citing evidence from the map explain two;

(i) physical factors that may have influenced the location of Nkubu town.
- Availability of water from the nearby rivers for domestic use.
- The high altitude (over1460m) which make the area experience cool
climate, which make the area ideal for settlement.
- Gently sloping terrain which is ideal for construction of roads/houses
shown by the contours being relatively far apart. (2×2=4marks)

(ii) factors that favour trading in the area covered by the map.
- The high density of settlements shows that there is market/high
demand for goods.
- High density of road network provides means of transportation for
goods thus encouraging trade.
- The variety of economic activities e.g. coffee growing/tea
growing/cattle rearing shows that the area is productive which
encourages trade. (2×2=4marks)

7. (a) (i) Differentiate betweeen weather and climate.

- Weather is the atmospheric conditions of a place over a short period of
time, usually 24 hours while climate is the average weather
conditions of a given place which have been observed and recorded
over a long period of time, usually 30-35 years. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain how the following factors influence climate.

Warm ocean currents

- When on-shore winds cross over a warm ocean current, the winds are
warmed and carry the warming effect of the sea onto the land causing
an increase in temperature on the adjacent coastal land.
 - On-shore winds crossing over a warm ocean current are warmed up
and pick moisture causing an increase in humidity on the adjacent
coastal land.
- On-shore winds crossing over a warm ocean current are marmed up,
pick moisture causing rainfall on the adjacent coastal land.
(2×2=4marks)
Latitude
- Latitude influences temperature over the surface of the earth. Areas
near the equator are warmer since the sun’s rays are more intense
within the tropics because the sun is almost overhead throughout the
year/high latitudes experience lower temperatures because the sun’s
rays strike the ground at a narrow angle and sread over a wide area.
- Latitude influences seasonal variation of rainfall. Some areas receive
maximum rainfall when the position of the sun is overhead.
- Latitude influences the intensity of sunshine. Places near the equator
receive more intense sunshine than those far away since the sun’s
rays are concentrated over a smaller area/the sun strikes the earth’s
surface at right angles/the sun’s rays travel over a shorter distance
thus less heat loss. (2×2=4marks)

(b) The graph below represents the climate for a station in Kenya.
Describe the characteristics of climate represented by the graph.
- The station has a high mean temperature of 26.30C.
- The station has a small range of temperature of 4ºC.
- The lowest temperature is 240C in August.
- The highest temperature is 280C in February, March and April.
- The station expiriences a high rainfall total of 1805 mm.
- The lowest rainfall is 25mm in December and January while the highest
rainfall is 440mm in June.
- The station receives two rainfall seasons/ double maximum of rainfall with
peaks in June and October.
- The station is hot and wet.
(5×1=5marks)
(c) Explain how tropical savanna vegetation is adapted to the climatic
conditions.
- In areas where rainfall exceeds 1000mm in a year, the trees and grass are tall
with woodland vegetation because of sufficient moisture.
- Trees have long roots to tap underground water.
- Where rainfall is low, trees are fewer, shorter and farther apart due to
insufficient moisture.
- The grass dries up in the dry season as a preservation measure against
drought and quickly sprouts at the onset of the rains.
- Trees are thorny to protect them from browsing animals.
- Trees have thin waxy leaves to reduce the rate of transpiration.
- Trees are umbrella shaped to provide shade on the ground and thus reduce
the rate of evaporation.
- Some trees such as baobab have thick stems to store water.
- Some trees shed their leaves during the dry season to reduce transpiration.
(3×2=6marks)
 (d) Form Four Geography students in your school are planning to carry out a
field study on forest vegetation around the school.
(i) Give two abjectives for their study.
- To find out the dominant tree species.
- To find out the uses of trees.
- To find out the effect of the forest on the climate of the area.
- To find out the factors which influence the growth of the trees/forest.
- To find out the influence of human activities on the forest.
(2×1=2marks)
(ii) Give two follow-up activities they would be involved in.
- Reading more on the topic.
- Displaying photographs/items collected.
- Asking/answering questions.
- Writing reports.
- Discussing the findings.
- Analysing/assessing the information collected against the hypothesis.
- Drawing diagrams/sketch maps.
(2×1=2marks)
8. (a) (i) What is folding?
- Folding is the process of crustal distortion which causes the bending
of the rocks of the earths crust. (1 mark)

(ii) Apart from recumbent fold, name two other types of folds.
- Assymetrical fold
- Simple symmetrical fold.
- Overfold
- Isoclinical fold
- Recumbent fold
- Anticlinorium and synclinorium complex (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(iii) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe how a recumbent fold is
formed.
- Layers of rocks of the earths crust are subjected to
compressional forces.
Compressional
forces
Layers of rocks of
the earth’s crust
- Intense folding result in the formation of an overfold.

Folded layers of
rocks/overfold

Compressional
force
Compressional
force
 - More increased compressional forces push the overfold over into near
horizontal position forming an recumbent fold.

Compressional Recumbent fold

force

Compressional
force
Diagram - 3
Text – 3 6 marks

(b) The map provided below shows some fault blocks in East Africa. Use it to
answer question (i).

Name;

(i) The mountains marked Q and R. (2 marks)

Q - Pare
R - Ruwenzori

(ii) The lake marked S.

S - Malawi
 (c) (i) Give two differences between a normal and a reverse fault.

- A normal fault is caused by tensional forces while a reverse fault

occurs due to compressional forces.
- In a normal fault part of the fault plane is exposed to form an
escarpment while in the reverse fault the fault plane is not exposed.
- In a normal fault the upthrow moves away from the downthrow while
in a reverse fault the upthrow rides over the downthrow.
(2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(ii) Describe how fault block is formed.
- Layers of rocks of the earth’s crust are subjected to compressional
forces.
- Parallel reversed faults develop
- The middle block is uplifted due compressional forces/are uplifted to
the higher level by vertical forces forming a raised upland (boardered
by fault scarps) known as fault block. (5 x 1 = 5 marks)

(c) Explain three negative effect of faulting on human activities.

- Faulting destroys and disrupts all forms of transport like roads, railways and
pipeline particularly in areas that are densely settled.
- Faulting leads to subsidence of land which causes damage to property
and loss of life if occurs in densly settled areas like in towns.
- Faulting may change the course of river as it disrupts their flow. This
disturbs human activities down stream.
- Faulting are points of weakness whereby they are centres of earthquakes that
causes loss to human life and destruction of property.
- Steep slopes of faultscarps discourage settlement. (6 x 1 = 6 marks)

9. (a) (i) Differentiate between drainage a basin and a watershed.

- A drainage basin is a unit of Land which is drained by a single river
system while a watershed is a boundary line seperating one drainage
basin from a neighbouring basin. (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(ii) Identify two types of river erosion.

- Headward erosion
- Vertical erosion
- Lateral erosion (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(b) Describe two processes through which a river transports its load.
- Suspension – Light insoluble minerals such as sand and silt grains are
carried and maintained within the water by river turbulence and transported
downstream.
- Solution process – the soluble minerals are dissolved in the river water and
carried away.
- Saltation – Large materials that cannot remain suspended in the water are
momentarily lifted and dropped by wateer turbulence, the series of heaps and
hops move the load down the river.
 - Traction river – the large and heavy loads of the river are dragged/ rolled
along the river bed by the force of the moving water.
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
(c) (i) Explain two causes of river rejuvenation.
- A fall in sea level which increase the velocity of the river thus
increasing the erosive power of the river.
- Regional uplift which increase the gradient along the rivers course
and makes the river renew its erosive activity.
- Vertical erosion by the river may expose resistant rock which creates a
knick point thus renewing the rivers erosive power.
- Increase in a rivers discharge due to increased precipitation/ river
capture causes the river to renew its erosive power.
- Unequal regional subsidence of the land along the river course
increase the gradient and thus the power of the river to erode.
- Presence of a lake along the river course leads to deposition of alluvial
in the lake as the river flows out of the lake, its erosive power increase.
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
(ii) Describe how an ox-bow lake is formed.
- A river slarts to meander on a flood plain.
- Lateral erosion occurs on the outer side of the bend while deposition
takes place on the inner bank.
- Lateral erosion results in the reduction of the neck of land between
adjacent bends
- The neck of land is eventually worn away.
- Deposition on the meander side especially during floods blocks off the
meander.
- The river abandons the meander and follows the news shortcut that
was the neck of the land.
- The abandoned meander with its water forms an ox-bow lake.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)

(d) (i) The diagram given shows a floodplain, identify the features marked J
and K. (2 marks)

J
K
River

J - Bluff
K - Natural level
 (ii) Explain three posive effects of floodplains to human activities.

- Some alluvial sediments deposited on the flood plains contain

valuable minerals e.g. gold and diamonds which are mined.
- Alluvium on the floodplains form fertile soils which are exploited for
agriculture.
- Some floodplains are source of bulding materials such as gravel,
pebbles and sand.
- Features found on floodplains attract tourists (6 x 1 = 6 marks)

10. (a) (i) State two conditions necessary for the formation of ice.
- Low temperature below 00C
- High amount of water vapour in the atmosphere
- High altitude above snowline (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(ii) Name three processes if ice movement.

- Extrusion flow
- Basal slip
- Plastic flowage
(3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) Explain three factors which influence the rate glacial erosion.
- Nature of underlying rock if the underlying rock are well jointed, glacial
erosion is effective than non-jointed rocks because joints provided water
passage into the rock thereby facilitating plucking.
- Softer rocks are easily eroded by abrasion than hard rocks.
- Thickness of weight of glacier – The thicker ice is heavier and hence the rock
debris beneath the ice is more effective in scrapping the ground by abrasion.
- The speed of the glacier – A fast moving glacier has more energy for erosion
- Availability of debris – The debris is a tool for abrasion erosion. The more the
debris embeded in the ice the greater the rate of ice erosion.
(6 x 1 = 6 marks)

(c) With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe how a corrie lake is formed.
- Snow accumulates in a depression on a mountain side.

Depression

Mountain

- The snow gets compacted into ice on the hallow

Arete

Ice
 - Alternate free-thaw action enlarges the hollows
- By process of abrasion at the bottom of the hollow deepens it.
- On the sides of the hollow plucking processes steapens the back wall.
- Eventually a deep armchair shaped depression known as a corrie/cirque is
formed.
- Melt-water/rain water fills the corrie forming a corrie lake.

Steep back
wall of cirque

Tarn/Corrie lake

(8 x 1 = 8 marks)

(d) Suppose students from your school were to carry out a field study on features
of glaciation in low lands areas.

(i) Name two depositional features they are likely to study. (2 marks)
- Erratics - Drumlins
- Boulder train - Eskers
- Boulder clay/till - Kame
- Outwash plain - Terminal morains

(ii) State two problems they are likely to experience during the field
study.
- Poor visibility
- Adverse weather changes e.g rainfall/fog
- Muddy and slippery ground
- Attack by wild animals.
- Inaccessibility (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(iii) State two methods that they will use to present the data.
- In form of a written report
- Playing the tapes
- Displaying the samples
- Displaying filled in questionnaire
- In form of diagram showing the area covered.
- Displaying photographs (2 x 1 = 2 marks)
 MARKING SCHEME
KASSU JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION Paper 2 GEOGRAPHY
SECTION A.
Answer all the questions in the section.

1. (a) Name one area where each of the following minerals are mined in Tanzania:
(i) Gold - Geita/Mpanda (1 mark)
(ii) Diamonds - Mwadui (1 mark)

(b) Give three processes which influence the occurrence of minerals.

- Vulcanicity
- Metamorphism
- Weathering
- Erosion
- Evaporation (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

2. Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a).

(a) Name:
(i) the national park marked P. (1 mark)
- Amboseli National Park
(ii) the game sanctuary marked Q. (1 mark)
- Lake Nakuru
(iii) the marine park marked R. (1 mark)
- Kisite / mpunguti

(b) Give three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages conservation
of wild life.
- To protect endangered animal/plant species/ regeneration
- To promote tourism
- To generate foreign exchange/revenue
- To keep them for posterity/future generation
- To sustain raw materials for supply of drugs.
 - For education/ research purposes.
- For aesthetic value/ beauty/ recreation (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

3. (a) List two social factors that influence agriculture in Kenya.

- Tradition/diet/ culture
- Land ownership and inheritance
- Religion
- Gender roles
- Technology
- Foreign influence (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(b) State three physical factors which favour beef farming in Argentina.
- Moderate rainfall/ 1000m ensure there is enough pasture
- Moderate temperature/100C (winter)240C (summer) ensure continuous
growth of grass throughout the year.
- Availability of water supplied using wind pumps for cattle.
- Availability of extensive rolling / vast lands for grazing.
(3 x 1 = 3 marks)
4. (a) Apart from water, give two other renewable sources of energy which are
utilised in Kenya.
- Geothermal steam
- Wind
- Solar/sun
- Biomass
- Wood (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(b) State three advantages of using hydro-electric power over other forms of
energy.
- It is non-exhaustible/renewable.
- It is clean to use/non-pollutant
- It is relatively cheap
- It is easy to transport using wires
- It is easy to use (switch on and off)
- It can be adjusted to any fraction of energy using transformers.
- It is convinient to use in a variety of ways. (3 x 1 = 3 marks)

5. Give four objectives for the formation of the Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA).
- To encourage member states to reduce duties charged on goods entering their
countries from COMESA member states.
- To promote trade among member states.
- To acquire greater economic strength/higher bargaining power with other
trading blocks of the world.
- To create political cooperation among member states.
- To establish a larger market for the goods produced in the region.
- To remove trade barriers among member states/create similar trade laws.
- To create specialization in order to improve the quality of goods.
- To create monetary/financial co-operation among member states.
 (4 x 1 = 4 marks)
SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

6. (a) State the characteristics of simple subsistence farming.

- The land to be cultivated is earmarked in a virgin forest on hill tops.
- Clearing of vegetation is done by setting on fire
- Trees which are unburnt are cut down or left to rot
- Use of simple tools (axes, hoes, digging sticks)
- Cultivating plots are small
- Utilises manual labour
- Food crops are mainly grown
- Planting is staggered throughout the year
- Little attention is given to the crops.
- Crop yields are low
- Once the crop yields decline, the plots are abondned and new ones identified.
- Old plots are left fallow for a long period of time. (5 x 1 = 5 marks)

(b) Study the photograph below and answer the following questions.

(i) Identify the type of photograph shown above. (1 mark)

- Ground close up/ ground particular view photograph.

(ii) Give one reason to support your answer in (i) above. (1 mark)
- The camera is focused on one specific object
- The object focused is larger and clearer than other features in the
photograph
- The object focused blocks out other features on the photograph
 (iii) Draw a rectangle 15cm by 10cm to represent the area covered by the
photograph. (1 mark)

- Oil palm leaves

- Man
- Shadow
- Oil palm fruit
- Knife / chisel

(iv) On the rectangle, sketch and label three main features. (3 marks)

(c) Describe the stages involved in Palm oil production from harvesting to
marketing.
- The ripe fruit is cut using curved knives/ pangas/ chisel/ hooks
- Fruits are carried in baskets or on poles to lorries for transportation to
the factory.
- Fruits are transported quickly to the processing factory.
- At the factory the fruits are weighed
- They are off-loaded into tube-like cages or trucks
 - Fruits are passed through hot steam to arrest acid development/ they are
sterilised.
- The fruits are stripped off the stalks and other unwanted materials.
- The fruits are put in digesters for further cooking to soften them into pulp.
- The pulp is separated from the kernel
- The pulp is passed through oil-extracting machines
- The kernels are crushed to remove shells and extract oil
(sequence must be followed.) (8 x 1 = 8 marks)

(d) Explain three problems facing oil palm farming in Nigeria.

- Attack by pests e.g. beetles, redpalm weevils, spindle bug, destroy the oil
palms leading to low yields.
- Attack by diseases e.g. Anthrac nose/ freckle/ Blast destroy the plants
leading to low yields.
- Competition for the use of land by food crops has led to shortage of land
for oil palm leading to decline in production (3 x 2 = 6 marks)

7. Study the map of Ruhr region below and use it to answer questions.

(e) (i) Name the following:

River X – River Rhine (1 mark)
Canal Y Rhine Herne canal (1 mark)

(ii) Name the town marked: (2 marks)

R – Duisberg
S - Exposed coalfield

(f) (i) Apart from iron and steel identify 3 other heavy industries found in the
Ruhr region. (3 marks)
 Oil refining
 Chemical industries / fertilizer / petrol chemicals
 Engineering

(ii) State three factors that favoured the location of iron and steel industry in
the Ruhr region. (3 marks)
  Availability of coal , iron, ore, limestone , provided raw materials for the
industry.
 Cheap water transport from navigable rivers like Rhine to transport bulky raw
materials and finished products.
 Presence of other industries in the region such as food & textile industries
provided industrial inertia.
 Rich merchants & companies provided the capital for the establishment of
industry e.g. Krupp family
 Coal / imported petroleum provided power required for the industry
 Availability of skilled labour from the local population who had acquired the
skills on iron working
 Availability of ready market from Western Europe. Local and other parts of the
world
 Availability of water from Rhine R/lipper provided water for cooling in the
industry.
 Its central location in Europe gives an easy access by water road, railway and
air.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(g) (i) Describe three characteristics of cottage industries in India. (3 marks)

 Cottage industries are owned by individuals
 Cottage industries are rural based
 Cottage industries depend on family depend on family labour.
 Cottage industries operates in small workshops / homes
 They use local available raw material
 They sell their products mainly to the local market though some is exported
 Middle men market their products.
 Middlemen provide / supply the industries with raw materials
 They require relatively small capital to start / small scale
 They are labour intensive / work is done manually
 They rely on simple tools or equipment.
 They are found almost throughout the country.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

(ii) Explain three measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve the
Jua Kali sector. (6 marks)
 Govt has provided loans & technical assistance to the artisans through KIE to
buy raw materials
 Sheds have also been built for the artisans for them to work comfortably
 Govt is also promoting it by marketing their products in other countries through
their trade emissaries & trade fairs.
 The govt also runs the Kenya industrial research & devt institute (KIRDI) to
improve the of quality items.
 A department has been set up in the ministry of trade & industry to promote
this sector.
 Local authorities have set aside land for use by the Jua Kali artisans.
 Jua kali artisans have been encouraged to form co-operatives to assist in
marketing of their products.(Any 3 x2 = 6 marks)
 (h) Explain three problems that result from industrialization. (6 marks)
 Production of industrial waste has led to air, land or water pollution – acid rain
destroys vegetation, kills aquatic etc.
 Erosion of traditional values due to mixing up of people of different cultures hence
loss of cultural values.
 Industries have taken over land leading to displacement.
 Had led to rural-urban migration depriving the rural areas of the able bodied persons
hence low agricultural production.
 Increased application of new technology leads to unemployment e.g. use of robot
 There is a tendency to neglect agriculture leading to low food production hence food
imports
 Concentration of infrastructure and services in the industrial centres has caused an
imbalance in economic development
 Shortage of housing due to increased population has led to emergence of slums.
 Industrialization will lead to depletion of natural resources to satisfy demand.
 Some companies (multinationals companies) repatriate most of their profits leaving
little money for investment in the country.
(Any 3 explained pts x 2 = 6 mks)

8. (a) (i) Identify two types of migration apart from urban-rural migration.(2 marks)
 Rural urban
 Rural rural
 Urban – urban
 Intra-urban migration (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

(ii) State three cases of urban-rural migration. (3 marks)

 High cost of living in urban centres causes people to move back to rural areas.
 Movement of retired people from urban areas to settle in rural areas
 Decentralization of industries from urban centres to rural areas makes people
jobless hence move to rural areas in search of jobs
 Insecurity in the towns may make people move back to rural areas.
 Others move from town to escape the noisy busy lives overcrowding.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)

(iii) Explain three effects of population migration on the place of origin. (6 marks)
 Migration from rural areas causes shortage of labour on the farms resulting
reduced food production hence food shortage.
 The place of origin may experience imbalance in female-male ratio since mostly
men, young adults move to urban areas. This may lead to break-up of families
and lowering social morals.
 Where a large number of aged people are left in the village, it may result in under-
development of the rural areas. (3 x 2= 6 marks)

(b) (i) Define the term over population. (2 marks)

This is a situation whereby a region or country has such a high population that it
 cannot be supported fully by the available resources. A situation whereby the
number of people in a country / region exceed available resources.
(ii) Explain how the following factors influence population growth.
 Level of education (2 marks)
- An increasing number of women and men are opting to remain single
resulting in slow populating growth.
- Many women have also focused on pursuing careers hence marrying late.
This results in low fertility rate thus slows down population growth.
- Young girls who drop out of school and opt to be married lengthen their
fertility period which leads to high population growth.
- Ignorance on importance of small families and birth control methods leads
to high population.

Improved health care and nutrition (2 marks)

 this makes fertility period start earlier than normal and also prolonged than
the expected period causing high population growth.
 Improved health care has lead to high population growth, since most
diseases have been controlled lowering mortality rate and increase in life
expectancy.
(d) (i) Describe the characteristics of the structure shown by the pyramid.(4
marks)
 The population may comprise of older generation
 There is a low birth rate
 There is high life expectancy
 There is moderate dependency ratio mainly of the older people
 The mortality rate is low. (Any 4 x 1 = 4
marks)
 (ii) Compare the population of Kenya and Sweden under the following
headings:
 Distribution (2 marks)
 In both countries the population distribution is uneven.
 In both countries there is low population settlement in forested areas.
 In both countries there over dense population in mining countries e.g.
Magadi in Kenya and Dennemora in Sweden.
 In both countries there in high population in Urban centres.

 Differences (2 marks)

 In Kenya, there is high population in the highlands due to cool and wet
condition while in Sweden, the mountainous areas have very; little / no
settlements.
 In Kenya the northern parts have sparse population due to dry conditions /
unfavourable climate while in Sweden, there is very little / no population in
the northern parts due to cold conditions.
 The average population densities in Kenya in 40 p/um2 while in Sweden the
population density is about17 p/km2.(Any 2 complete difference x 1 = 2
mks)

Growth
 Kenya experience high population growth rate of approximately 2.3 – 2.9%
whole in Sweden the population growth rate in very low, almost zero.
(1 x 2 = 2 mks)
9. Use the data below to answer the questions that follow:

Lake Year
2000 2001
Lake Baringo 4600 200
Lake Turkana 2000 3700
Fish farming 980 1000

Quantity of fresh water fish landed in the year 200 to 2001 in tones in Kenya.

(a) (i) Radius of each circles

Year 2000

Total 7,580 = 87.063

Lake Baringo 4600 x 360 = 218.460

7580

Lake Turkana 2000 x 360 = 94.980

7530

Fish farming 980 x 360 = 46.540

 7580

Year 2001

Total 4,900 = 70

Lake Baringo 200 x 360 = 14.490

4900

Lake Turkana 3700 x 360 = 271.80

4900

Fish farming 1000 x 360 = 73.460

4900
(a) (i) Draw proportional divided circles to represent the statistical data on the two
fresh water fish landed between the years 2000 to 2001. (8 marks)
 (ii) State two advantages of using method is suitable for presenting this type of
statistical data. (2 marks)
 They create a good visual impression.
 They are easy to construct.
 Easy to interpret
 Suitable easy for data comparison
 Many commodities can be shown. Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

(iii) State one possible reason as to why there has been a decline in fish catch
in
Lake Baringo. (2 marks)
  Over fishing
 Low demand

(b) (i) What is fish farming? (1 mark)

Fish farming is the rearing of fish in artificial water bodies or ponds.

(ii) Explain two significance of fish farming in Kenya. (4 marks)

 Fish farming crease employment opportunities like in the construction of ponds
thereby raising living standards.
 Fish farming leads to development of related industries as some are used as
raw materials in making fertilizers and shoes, boat and ne making.
 Fish farming provided protein and vitamins thus crating a healthy population.
 Some fish species like tout are exported hence bring in Kenya foreign
exchange that is invested in development of infrastructures.
 Fish farming is free from inter territorial conflicts and disputes as its within the
state.
 Fish farming leads to utilization of wastes because fish feed on food remains.
 Fish farming occupies little space as compared to livestock husbandry.
(Any 2 x 2 = 4 marks)

(c) Describe Haul seining as a fishing method. (4 marks)

 Haul seine nets have weights at the bottom to keep them stretched.
 It also has corks to keep them floating stretched.
 The nets are stretched by two boats to surround the shoal of fish
 The net is pulled from both ends by the two ends by two boats towards the shore.
 At the shore the fish are removed from the nets to the container.
 In shallow waters at the coast one end is pulled by fishermen and the other by small
boats.

(d) Explain two reasons why fishing is more developed in Japan than in Kenya.
(4 marks)
 Japan is made up of islands hence they have a long fishing tradition which has made
them develop efficient fishing technology whole Kenya is the mainland with little sea
tradition.
 Japan is mountainous with thin permafrost soil which inhibit agriculture so the
Japanese have turned to fishing as the main occupation while Kenya is an
agriculturally oriented population hence little attention to fishing.
 Japanese have done extensive research on fishing while Kenya has little research on
fishing.
 Japan’s large population provides ready market for fish while Kenya has relatively
few people who eat fish.
 Japan use well developed and advanced fishing methods, vessels and fleets while
Kenya use traditional fishing methods and vessels e.g. canoes.
 Japan has indented coastline with many natural harbours while Kenya has a regular
coastline hence has poor fishing ports and villages.
  Japan has extensive continental shelf which is shallow coupled with cold and warm
ocean current hence rich in plankton which attract abundant fish while Kenya has
narrow continental shelf resulting in few plankton to attract abundant fish.
 Japanese with strong fishing vessels can verger into deep off Shore Sea fishing while
Kenya can only operate a few kilometers off the shore.
(any 2 x 2 = 4 mks)

10. (a) (i) Distinguish the difference between Environmental Management and
Environmental Conservation. (2 marks)

Environmental management is the measures and controls that are directed at the
exploitation and the improvement of resources within a given environment while
Environmental conservation is the preservation from destruction waster or loss of
natural resources by careful use.

(ii) Apart from air pollution name two other types of pollution that is common in
Kenya. (2 marks)
 Land pollution
 Water pollution
 Noise pollution
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

(iii) Explain three possible solutions to the air pollution. (6 marks)

 Old vehicles plus the ones which emits a lot of exhaust fume should be
removed from the roads as well as prosecuting their owners.
 Legislation can be made for the factories to use smokeless fuel.
 Industrial zone should be located far away from human residential areas to
reduce the effects of industrial pollution on human beings.
 Sprays used in farms and domestic gases should be manufactured and used
in a way that they do not cause damage to the zone layer.
 Use of other forms of energy which do not pollute the environment.

(b) (i) Name two rivers in the Lake Region of Kenya which cause flooding.
(2 marks)
 River Nyando
 River Nzoia
 River Yala
 River Kuja
 River Sondu Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

(ii) Explain three human activities that contribute to the occurrences of floods
in Kenya. (6 marks)
 Indiscriminate felling of trees exposed the land leaching to increase in run-off
thereby causing the flash flood.
 Further deforestation exposes the soil to the agent of erosion and at the same
time reduces water percolation rate resulting in surface run-off which carries
 the silt to river channel thus making them too shallow to accommodate its
water resulting in spilling water over bank.
 Poor urban planning like constructing building too close makes drainage
system either poor or non-existence leading to floods
 Cultivation along river banks exposes the soil to water erosion and hence
when it rains heavily the soil sis carried and deposited in river channel making
it too shallow to accommodate its water which then spills over banks.
 When dams collapses excess water enter into the lower river channel resulting
into floods.
(any 3 x 2 = 6 mks)

(c) Describe the steps which are followed in reclaiming land for Agricultural use in the
Netherlands. (7 marks)
 Construction of the dyke to enclose the area to be reclaimed
 Construction of ring canals
 Construction of ditches within each polder which lead water to a pumping station
 Water is pumped out into the canals
 Desalination of soil is done by flushing fresh water and planting of hard plants on
additional soil
 The polder land is sub-divided into economic units.
 Infrastructure are constructed
 People are settled in villages
 Farming activities begin.