Data Analysis, Graphical

Visualization
& Interpretation
DOWNLOD YOUR MATERIALS HERE
 Graphical
Visualization
What is Statistics
• Statistics is a branch of mathematic that deals with the collection,
organizing, analysis, summarizing and presentation of information
that can be stated numerically.
(Daniel WW, 1999)

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Branches of Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Is the method of summarizing the pattern of data into informative and
understandable information.

• Inferential Statistic
• Is the technique used to infer of the sample (statistic) to population
(parameter).
• Allow researcher to make decision about population based on data obtained
from sample.

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 Branches of Statistics

Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
e.g: tables, e.g: hypothesis, testing: t-
graphs, charts, test, chi-square, etc
mean,
median, mode

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What is the Descriptive Statistics for ?
In any study, before going to answer the research questions,
we should introduce the characteristics (e.g. age, gender,
ethnicity, etc.) of the study respondents. Then, we use
descriptive statistics.

The purpose of descriptive statistic

• Described the research sample
• Understand the data
• Answer the research question
• Help in cleaning data
• Checking assumption for inferential statistic

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 What is variables?
We observe a characteristics i.e. variable
(e.g. age, ethnicity, income, etc)

1 case
1 case Each value is
called ‘an
observation’

One Variable

One Variable

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 Types of Variables

Categorical
Numeric (Quantitative)
(Qualitative)

Nominal Ordinal Discrete Continuous

Eg: education level,

Eg: Sex, race Eg: Temperature Eg: weight, height
BMI group
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Presentation or description of descriptive
statistics
Categorical Numerical variable
variable

Tabular form • Frequency • Measure of Central tendency

(statistic) • Percentage - Mean, Median, mode
• Measure of Dispersion
- Variance
- Standard deviation (SD)
- Interquartile range (IQR)
- Range (Maximum – Minimum)
Graphical form • Bar • Histogram
(chart/figure) • Pie • Frequency polygon
• Box plot and whisker plot
• Stem and leaf plot

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Categorical variable: Statistic & chart
presentation
Graphical form
Statistic or tabular form

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Material Used for Ear Cleaning
Materials Frequency Relative
Frequency
Cotton buds 2298 75.05
Ear wax scoop 467 15.25
Hair pin 88 2.87
Match stick 32 1.05
Key 4 0.13
Others 173 5.65
Total 3062 100.00%

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 Numerical Variables : Measures of
Central Tendency
❑Mean
• The sum of a series of observations divided by the number of observations in
the series
❑Median
• Middle value in a series of value.
• It is the observation that divides the sample into two sub-samples of the
same size
❑Mode
• The most frequent value of a variable

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Variance and standard
deviation
Measures how spread out the data are from the center of the data ( i.e. the mean)
Variance and standard deviations are more representative measures of variability
than the range because they use all the measurements in the dataset.
Formula #1 Formula #2
(Definitional formula) (Computational formula)


(  x ) 2

 i −
2
( x − x ) 2 x
S2 = S =
2 n
n −1 n −1

Since the variance uses the square of the deviations, the units of variance are
also squared. To avoid this, the square root of the variance known as the
standard deviation is taken.

S = Variance Notation: Population standard deviation= σ

Sample standard deviation = s
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Dummy tables

Analysis For Categorical Variable

• Basic types of tables:

1. Frequency distribution table

2. Cross-tabulation table
Dummy tables (Frequency Table)
Dummy tables (Cross Tabulation)
PIVOT & LOOK UP
Data set: Dataset Clean _Ready To Analyze
Function Excel :Vlookup
VLOOKUP([value], [range], [column number], [false or true])

Look Up Table
Function Excel : Pivot
Step 1 – Highlight All Column Step 2 – Insert – Pivot Table - OK
Step 3 Step 4
Step 5 :Nilai bilangan Step 6 :Nilai peratusan

Percentage
Step 8 – Final Outcome
Dummy tables (Cross Tabulation)
Step 10

Lokaliti Pendapatan Bulanan n %

Bandar Kurang dari 500 12 57%
RM5000-RM1000 4 19%
RM 1001 & keatas 5 24%
Luar Bandar Kurang dari 500 1 4%
RM5000-RM1000 23 96%
RM 1001 & keatas - -
Step 11

Lokaliti Pendapatan Bulanan n %

Bandar Kurang dari 500 12 57%
RM5000-RM1000 4 19%
RM 1001 & keatas 5 24%
Luar Bandar Kurang dari 500 1 4%
RM5000-RM1000 23 96%
RM 1001 & keatas - -
Step 11

Analysis For Continuous Variable

Which variable suitable for continuous analysis such as mean,

SD, Median?

▪ Income
▪ Age
▪ Weight
▪ Height

Variable Purata(Mean) SD
Age 57.36 22.64
Income 724.00 293.74
Weight 50.44 1.62
Height 1.97 0.04
Final Table
Graphical Visualization
OUTCOME

How To Visualize
In Graphical
DERIVE FROM OUTCOME TABLE PIE CHART

KATEGORI UMUR
20 tahun ke bawah 21-40 tahun

11%

13%

76%
KATEGORI UMUR

11%
76%
13%

Kategori Umur 20 tahun ke

bawah
21-40 tahun

11% 41 tahun &

keatas
13% 20 tahun ke bawah
21-40 tahun
41 tahun & keatas
76%
DERIVE FROM OUTCOME TABLE BAR CHART

KATEGORI UMUR KATEGORI UMUR

75.6%
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5 6
11.1% 13.3%
20 TAHUN KE 21-40 TAHUN 41 TAHUN &
BAWAH KEATAS 20 TAHUN KE BAWAH 21-40 TAHUN 41 TAHUN & KEATAS
DERIVE FROM OUTCOME TABLE CLUSTERED BAR CHART

Lokaliti Pendapatan Bulanan n %

Bandar Kurang dari 500 12 57% Pendapatan
RM5000-RM1000 4 19%
RM 1001 & keatas 5 24% 23
Luar Bandar Kurang dari 500 1 4%
RM5000-RM1000 23 96%
RM 1001 & keatas - -
12

5
1 4 0

KURANG DARI 500 RM500-RM1000 RM 1001 & KEATAS

Bandar Luar Bandar

Data Interpretation
INTREPRESTASI DATA
Socio –Demo Table
INTREPRESTASI DATA

• Data yang dilaporkan dikumpulkan dalam tempoh 18 bulan dari Jan

2009-Jun 2010. Sebanyak 45 responden berumur 18 tahun ke atas
dijemput mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Sampel secara rawak
dipilih di kalangan mereka yang layak. Purata umur responden ialah
57.3 (SD 22.4) dan kebanyakannya berbangsa melayu. Dianggarkan
80% mempunyai pendapatan di bawah RM 1000. (Jadual 1).Secara
keseluruhan 64% responden mengamalkan aktiviti senaman.
Graphical
Graf 1.1 Purata pendapatan megikut lokasi Graf 2.1 Tahap Pendidikan Responden Kajian X Y Z

31.63% 38.78%

29.59%

Carta pai 2.1 menunjukkan

sebanyak 31.6 % mempunyai
sekurang-kurangnya pendidikan
tahap kolej.
Carta palang diatas menunjukan
mereka yang mempunyai purata
pendapatan melebihi RM2000
adalah hampir sama di kawasan
bandar dan luar bandar.
Tq.