CORRECTION ANG 101

UNIT1
1. a. We’ll have to consider using another company if they can’t provide the
software we need.

b. The company has invested a considerable sum of money in ergonomic

workstations.

c. The CEO has submitted this proposal for your consideration.

d. This computer is considerably faster than the old one.

2. a. We have interviewed five applicants for the new position.

b. The last part of the form is not applicable to foreign students.

c. My student is thinking of applying for a government grant to continue his

research.

d. The new book uses business applications to teach computer studies.

3. a. The package includes an explanatory booklet.

b. The instructions are very clear and do not require any further explanation.

c. It will only take a couple of minutes to explain how the program works.

d. If you are new to this system, almost everything will have to be explained.

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4. a. The company has supplied us dependably for over ten years.

b. We have to reduce our dependence on imports.

c. This is very dependable equipment. We have never had a serious breakdown.

5. a. Connectivity is an important concept in global communications.

b. He only got that contract because he is connected in the government.

c. Make sure the connector is not loose before you call a service technician.

d. Once the new telephone lines are connected, our system should be more
efficient.

1. Watch out! That judge is coming.

- The present continuous tense "is coming" is used to describe an action that is
happening at the moment of speaking or is planned to happen in the near
future. In this case, the judge's arrival is imminent or scheduled, so "is coming"
is the correct choice.

2. Dansou sued the man for burglary last Easter.

- The past simple tense "sued" is used to describe an action that happened and
was completed in the past. Since the action of suing the man for burglary
occurred in the past, "sued" is the correct choice.

3. We have been learning legal English for three months. We haven’t yet
finished.

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- The present perfect continuous tense "have been learning" is used to describe
an action that started in the past and is still ongoing at the present moment.
Since the sentence mentions that the learning of legal English has been ongoing
for three months and is not yet finished, "have been learning" is the correct
choice.

4. Alex does not usually complain before people.

- The simple present tense "does not usually complain" is used to describe a
habitual action or a general truth. Since the sentence is referring to Alex's
general behavior of not complaining before people, "does not usually
complain" is the correct choice.

5. Our legal lecturer said that water boils at 100°C.

- The simple present tense "boils" is used to describe a general truth or a

scientific fact. Since the sentence is referring to the boiling point of water as a
general fact, "boils" is the correct choice.

6. The judgment is continuing all day. I wonder when it will stop.

- The present continuous tense "is continuing" is used to describe an action

that is happening at the moment of speaking or is planned to continue in the
future. In this case, the judgment is currently ongoing, so "is continuing" is the
correct choice.

7. They have been painting the house for three hours.

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- The present perfect continuous tense "have been painting" is used to describe
an action that started in the past, is still ongoing at the present moment, and
may continue into the future. Since the sentence mentions that they have been
painting the house for three hours and the action is not yet finished, "have
been painting" is the correct choice.

8. My solicitor will ring for the work next week.

- The future simple tense "will ring" is used to describe an action that will
happen in the future. In this case, the action of the solicitor ringing for the work
is planned for next week, so "will ring" is the correct choice.

9. Before James went to the legal practitioner, he had written to me.

- The past simple tense "went" is used to describe an action that happened and
was completed in the past. The past perfect tense "had written" is used to
describe an action that happened before another past action. In this case,
James wrote to me before going to the legal practitioner, so "went" and "had
written" are the correct choices.

10. I felt a little sad after I heard her imprisonment.

- The past simple tense "heard" is used to describe an action that happened
and was completed in the past. Since the feeling of sadness occurred after
hearing about her imprisonment, "heard" is the correct choice.

11. When the bank was robbed, two women and a man were standing in line.

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- The past continuous tense "were standing" is used to describe an ongoing
action that was happening at a specific time in the past. In this case, when the
bank was robbed, the two women and a man were in the process of standing in
line, so "were standing" is the correct choice.

UNIT2

a. A lawyer who deals with clients who are in trouble with the police is a
specialist in criminal law.

b. Last year my bank merged with a big German bank and they are now called
EuropBank. I think they are the biggest bank in Europe now!

c. A lawyer who deals with clients who create new inventions such as
medicines, machines or new artistic works such as books or music, is a
specialist in intellectual property law.

d. I spent three hours this morning drafting a contract for my new client. I think
the contract is ready for him to read and sign now.

e. I want to put some of my money into a fund for the benefit of my

grandchildren, which they will have when they reach the age of 18. I need to
see a lawyer who is a specialist in the law of equity and trusts.

f. Well, I am from London but I am based in Amsterdam at the moment

because I am working for a Dutch company.

g. A lawyer who deals with clients who are divorcing or who have problems
over the care of their children is a specialist in family law.

h. The company delivers goods all over the United States by rail and by truck.

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i. A lawyer who deals with people who breach their civil duty of care is a
specialist in the law of tort.

j. That contract is not valid because your client has not signed it.

UNIT3

As an AI language model, I don't have real-time information about specific

countries or their current practices. However, I can provide you with a general
understanding of procedural law as it is commonly practiced in many legal
systems.

Procedural law refers to the set of rules and guidelines that govern the process
and conduct of legal proceedings. It ensures fairness, consistency, and
efficiency in the administration of justice. While specific procedural laws can
vary between countries, there are several common elements found in many
legal systems.

1. Court Structure: Procedural law establishes the hierarchical structure of

courts, ranging from trial courts to appellate courts and, in some cases, a
supreme court. Each court has its jurisdiction and handles specific types of
cases.

2. Jurisdiction and Venue: Procedural law defines the jurisdiction and venue,
determining which court has the authority to hear and decide a particular case.
Jurisdiction can be based on factors such as subject matter, territorial
boundaries, or the parties involved.

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3. Pleadings: Procedural law governs the process of initiating a lawsuit through
formal written documents called pleadings. These include the complaint filed
by the plaintiff and the response filed by the defendant. Pleadings outline the
claims, defenses, and factual allegations of each party.

4. Discovery: Procedural law provides mechanisms for parties to gather and

exchange information relevant to the case through processes such as
interrogatories, depositions, requests for documents, and expert reports.
Discovery aims to ensure a fair and transparent presentation of evidence
during trial.

5. Pre-trial Motions: Procedural law allows parties to file pre-trial motions to

resolve legal issues before trial. Examples of pre-trial motions include motions
to dismiss, motions for summary judgment, or motions to suppress evidence.

6. Trial: Procedural law governs the conduct of trials, including the presentation
of evidence, examination and cross-examination of witnesses, and arguments
by the attorneys. It also ensures the right to a fair and impartial trial, including
the selection of jurors and the role of the judge in overseeing the proceedings.

7. Appeals: Procedural law provides the framework for parties dissatisfied with
a trial court's decision to seek review through the appellate process. Appellate
courts review the trial court's proceedings for errors of law or procedure,
rather than reevaluating the evidence itself.

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8. Enforcement of Judgments: Procedural law includes mechanisms for
enforcing court judgments and orders, such as the issuance of writs,
garnishment, or property liens. It also establishes procedures for post-trial
motions, such as motions for a new trial or motions to set aside judgments.

It's important to note that procedural law can differ significantly between
countries and legal systems. Each jurisdiction may have its own specific rules
and practices that govern the administration of justice. Therefore, it's advisable
to consult the procedural laws of a particular country to understand how
procedural law is practiced in that jurisdiction.

Minutes of the first meeting of the board of directors of Maplink Limited (‘the
company’) held at 44 Princess Diana Walk, South Kensington, London, W2 3SL
on 15 May 2006 at 10.00 a.m.

Present:

Thomas Shapiro

James John

In Attendance:

Gisela Wirth

1. Thomas Shapiro and James John accepted office as directors of the company.
It was resolved that Thomas Shapiro be appointed Chairman of the board.

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2. It was [b]resolved[/b] that [A] be appointed solicitor to the company.

3. It was [b]resolved[/b] that Gisela Wirth be [b]appointed[/b] secretary of the

company.

4. It was [b]resolved[/b] that the [c]official[/c] office be at 44 Princess Diana

Walk, South Kensington, London, W2 3SL.

5. It was [b]resolved[/b] that the quorum necessary for the transaction of the
business of the directors should be two directors personally present.

6. A draft notice of an extraordinary general meeting of the company was

[d]presented[/d] to the meeting and approved. It was further resolved that
such meeting be [a]convened[/a] and that notice of this be [b]provided[/b]
forthwith to the shareholders.

7. The meeting thereupon adjourned. Upon resumption, it was reported that

the [b]proposals[/b] set out in the notice of the extraordinary general meeting
had been passed respectively as ordinary and special [d]resolutions[/d] of the
company.

8. Upon there being no further competent business, the meeting was then
[c]declared[/c] closed by the Chairman.

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UNIT4
1. Disclosure - the process by which a claimant may look at written evidence
held by the defense.

2. Counterclaim - the document in which the defendant makes a claim against

the claimant.

3. Defense and Counterclaim - the document in which the defendant agrees to

the claim made by the claimant.

4. Claim Form - the document starting a claim proceedings.

5. Disclosure of Documents - the process by which the claimant is required to

inform the defendant of documents they hold relevant to the claim.

6. Witness Statement - the document giving evidence by someone who saw or

heard something critical to the case.

7. Directions Order - the instructions given by a judge on how procedures

should be carried out in a case.

1. How does a claim proceeding start?

- A claim is filed.

2. What must a defendant do when he or she has been served with a claim?

- The defendant must reply to the claim.

3. If both parties want time to try to settle the dispute out of court, what
should they ask the court to do?

- They should ask the court to stay the proceedings.

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4. What is the purpose of a case management conference?

- The purpose of a case management conference is to review and issue a

timetable for the proceedings.

5. If a defendant is ordered to pay a claimant’s costs but does not, what action
can the claimant take?

- The claimant can enforce the judgment.

Define or explain briefly the words or expressions in italics in the passage

below:

Trial: A formal process in a court of law where evidence is presented, and a

decision or verdict is reached.

Judge: An official in a court of law who presides over the trial, ensures proper
application of the law, and makes decisions on legal matters.

Defendant: The person or party being accused or sued in a legal case.

Pleads: To formally state one's response to a charge or accusation, either

admitting guilt (pleads guilty) or denying the allegations (pleads not guilty).

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Attorneys: Legal professionals who represent the plaintiff (the party bringing
the case) and the defendant (the party being accused or sued) in a trial.

Plaintiff: The person or party who brings a legal action or files a lawsuit against
another party, seeking a legal remedy or compensation.

Evidence: Facts, documents, or materials presented in court to support or

prove the claims made by the parties involved.

Witnesses: Individuals who have relevant information or knowledge about the

case and provide testimony under oath during the trial.

Cross-examine: The process of questioning a witness by the opposing party's

attorney after they have been examined by the attorney who called them as a
witness.

Deliberate: The process in which the jury discusses and considers the evidence
and arguments presented during the trial to reach a verdict.

Verdict: The decision or judgment reached by the jury or judge at the end of a
trial, determining whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.

Sentence: The punishment or penalty imposed on the defendant by the judge

after a guilty verdict is delivered.

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Appeal: The process of requesting a higher court to review and reconsider a
decision made by a lower court.

Request: To formally ask for something, usually through a written or verbal

communication. In legal context, it refers to making a formal appeal or
application to the court for a specific action or relief.

New trial: A subsequent trial conducted after the appeal, often granted when
errors or irregularities are identified in the previous trial, and the judgment or
verdict is challenged.

UNIT5

1. False - Common law and civil law are different legal systems. Common law
refers to the legal system derived from court decisions and judicial precedents,
while civil law is a legal system based on codified laws and statutes.

2. True - In the context of the text, "recorded" means that judges' decisions
were written down in law reports.

3. False - Only judges in higher courts have the authority to create binding
precedents. Judges in lower courts, often called courts of first instance, do not
typically create binding precedents.

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4. False - Only the ratio decidendi, which is the legal reasoning behind the
decision, forms part of the binding precedent. The judge's other statements,
known as obiter dictum, are not binding.

5. True - A judge may determine that a precedent suggested by a lawyer is not

relevant to the case at hand. In such a situation, the judge can disregard the
suggested precedent.

UNIT6

1. False - Acts of Parliament concerning contract law can affect businesses and
are designed to protect both the public and businesses by providing legal
guidelines and regulations for contracts.

2. True - If a contract is void, it will not be enforceable by a court. Void means

that the contract is not recognized as valid and has no legal effect.

3. True - If you sign a contract after consuming a significant amount of alcohol

or being under the influence of drugs, it may affect your capacity to contract. In
such cases, the contract may be considered invalid if it can be proven that you
were unable to give proper consent due to your impaired state.

4. True - In certain special circumstances, such as when a contract is in the form

of a deed, one party may not need to provide consideration for the contract to

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be legally binding. For example, a promise of a gift or donation made in the
form of a deed can be a valid contract.

5. False - The injured party and the party in breach are not the same person.
The injured party is the one who suffers harm or loss as a result of the breach
of the contract, and they are known as the claimant. The party who fails to
fulfill their obligations under the contract is the party in breach, and they are
known as the defendant.

1. You are only 16 years old so you do not have capacity to contract.

2. A contract that is valid even though one of the parties has not provided
consideration usually takes the form of a contract under seal.

3. We made an oral contract and even though it involves a very large sum of
money, it does not need to be in writing to be valid.

4. There are various ways in which a contract can be discharged, including

performance of all duties or breach.

5. If a contract is binding, then it is enforceable by a court.

6. You did not fulfill your obligations under this contract, and as the injured
party, I have the right to sue you for breach.

7. Did you sign the contract voluntarily, or was it signed under duress?

8. One of the terms of this contract is contrary to the Sale of Goods Act, and
the term is therefore not valid.

9. If I promise to make a gift to a person or an organization, it is a legally

binding contract if the agreement takes the form of a deed.

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10. Any private agreement must comply with all relevant law, including Acts of
Parliament.

Match the following terms and their definitions:

1. client - 10. A person who pays a professional person for help and advice.

2. legal - 3. Allowed or made by law.

3. solicitor - 7. A person whose business is to advise people about laws and to

represent them in court.

4. lawyer - 1. A lawyer who has the right of speaking and arguing in the higher
courts of law.

5. judge - 11. A public official who has the power to decide questions brought
before a court of law.

6. barrister - 8. A person who speaks in defense of or in favor of another

person.

7. advocate - 2. A kind of lawyer who gives advice, appears in lower courts.

8. conveyancer - 9. A lawyer who prepares an official paper by which the right

to ownership of one's property is given by one person to another.

9. law - 6. A rule that is supported by the power of government and that

governs the behavior of members of a society.

10. case - 5. Questions to be decided in a court of law.

UNIT7

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1. Creative work is work that requires some imagination, such as a painting, a
book, or a song.

2. To have copyright in creative work, such as a book or a song, means to have

legal ownership of that work.

3. The writer who writes a piece of work such as a book or a song is usually
referred to in a contract as the author of that work.

4. To be a freelance worker means to be self-employed, usually in a creative

area of work such as design.

5. Sometimes large businesses commission freelance workers to do creative

work for them, such as designing a company logo.

6. A termination clause states the way in which a contract can come to an end.

7. Confidential information is information that is private and must be kept

secret.

8. The parties to a contract often agree not to disclose any confidential

information to any third party.

9. Another word for the duration of a contract is the term of the contract.

10. The expiration of a contract is the end of the contract.

11. A non-disclosure clause states that one party to the contract is allowed to
tell anyone certain confidential information concerning the other party.

12. An intellectual property clause states which of the parties to a contract has
copyright in creative work.

---

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1. code

2. code

3. legal

4. court

5. court

6. jury

7. codes

---

1. dismissed

2. file

3. heard

4. court

5. goes

6. includes

7. decide

8. awarded

9. issue

10. pay

11. incurred

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UNIT8

Word combinations:

1. Sick pay

2. Fixed term

3. Trade union

4. Employment tribunal

5. Particulars of employment

6. Collective bargaining

---

1. Sick pay – Salary paid when an employee cannot work because of illness.

2. Fixed term – Restricted period of employment set out in the contract.

3. Trade union – Organization which represents the workers, who are

members, in discussions of pay and working conditions with their employer.

4. Employment tribunal – Specialist court dealing with disputes between

employers and employees.

5. Particulars of employment – Written details of a position in a company.

6. Collective bargaining – Negotiations between an employer and a trade union

on terms and conditions of employment and work.

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---

1. Peter James owns two shoe shops in Leicester.

2. Peter James employs a total of 12 staff.

3. There are two staff members who work in the office of the business.

4. The payroll shows Peter James who works for the business and what
remuneration each person receives each month.

5. Remuneration means payment or compensation.

6. Peter James's staff are paid monthly.

7. Peter James's full-time staff work for 35 hours a week.

UNIT9

1. What is a grievance? - h. It is a complaint.

2. What is a procedure? - d. It is the accepted, correct way of doing something.

3. What is an employment tribunal? - a. It is a special court. It hears

employment cases. It is less formal than a normal court but it has its own rules,
which people must obey.

4. What does discrimination mean? - c. It means treating someone in a

different way at work. It may be because that person is a woman or has a
disability, for example.

5. What does harassment mean? - g. It means behaving in a way that makes

someone feel very unhappy or uncomfortable.

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6. What does harassment mean? - g. It means behaving in a way that makes
someone feel very unhappy or uncomfortable.

7. What is unfair dismissal? - f. It is when an employer fires an employee, and

the employee thinks that there was not a good reason for it.

8. What is an appraisal? - e. It is a type of assessment of someone’s

performance, especially at work.

Match the words with the correct ending:

1. Non-contentious work is … - b. work that does not involve any kind of

dispute or argument between people.

2. Legislation is … - 6. rules that a person or a country must obey.

3. Regulations are … - 6. rules that a person or a country must obey.

4. A seminar is … - 1. a meeting where a group of people learn and talk a new

subject.

5. A duty of care is …. - 8. a duty to take care and not to harm anyone by your
actions.

6. Contentious work is …. - 7. work that a lawyer does that involves a dispute or

argument between people.

7. An allegation is …. - 3. a statement that someone has done something wrong.

However, it is proven.

8. To dock pay means …. - 4. to keep part of someone’s salary as a punishment

because that person did something wrong.

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9. To be fired on-the-spot means … - 9. that an employee is dismissed
immediately and without any warning. The more formal way of saying fired on-
the-spot is to say that the employer dismissed the employee ‘summarily’.

10. A trade union is …. - 5. an organisation of workers who unite for better pay
and working conditions.

11. A strike is …. - 10. a situation where a group of employees stop working for
a period of time because of a disagreement with an employer.

UNIT10

1. True - The law of tort aims to compensate people for different types of harm,
not just physical harm.

2. False - Under the law of tort, you do not need to have a contract with
someone to make a claim against that person.

3. False - The main purpose of the law of tort is to compensate people who
suffer harm, not to punish the people who caused the harm.

UNIT11

Summary: The text discusses the differences between a company and a

partnership in terms of legal entity status, liability, and ownership. It explains
that a company is a separate legal entity, distinct from its officers and
shareholders, and can own property, continue despite changes in ownership,
and provide insulation against personal liability. On the other hand, a
partnership is not considered a legal entity, and partners are personally liable
for the partnership's obligations. The formation of a company involves the

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issuance of a certificate of incorporation, consisting of a memorandum of
association and articles of association. The management roles within a
company include directors, managers, and company secretaries, each with
specific duties and responsibilities. Directors owe duties of care and fiduciary
duties to the company, and the state of a company's health is reflected in its
financial accounts.

Difficult words and their meanings:

- Perpetrate: commit (an illegal or harmful act)

- Ultra vires: beyond one's legal power or authority

- Constitution: the fundamental principles or established precedents according

to which an organization operates

- Fiduciary: involving trust, especially with regard to the relationship between a

trustee and a beneficiary

- Collateral: accompanying, but not central or primary

- Insolvency: inability to pay debts as they become due

Matching roles in company management:

1. auditor - E. person appointed by the company to examine the company's

accounts and report to the shareholders annually on the accounts.

2. company secretary - F. company's chief administrative officer, responsible

for accounting, finance, personnel administration, compliance, and more.

3. director - C. person elected by the shareholders to manage the company and

decide its general policy.

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4. liquidator - H. officer of the court who commonly acts as a liquidator of a
company being wound up by the court.

5. managing director - B. company director responsible for the day-to-day

operation of the company.

6. official receiver - J. person appointed by a court, the company, or its

creditors to wind up the company's affairs.

7. promoter - D. person engaged in developing or taking the initiative to form a

company.

8. proxy - A. person appointed by a shareholder to attend and vote at a

meeting in their place when unable to attend.

9. receiver - I. person appointed by creditors to oversee the repayment of

debts.

10. shareholder - G. member of the company by virtue of acquiring shares in a

company.

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