Centrifugal Pump Manual

Instruction Manual
Centrifugal Pump
Demonstration Unit
FM50 ISSUE 10
November 2016 : PC0055743

Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual FM50
1 Introduction
This manual contains instructions for the correct use and maintenance of the FM50
manufactured by Armfield Limited.
The information contained in this manual is intended for the user who is required to read it
carefully and to ensure that he has fully understood it before operating the machine.
The user manual must be available for ready consultation at all times.
If the manual is lost or damaged contact the manufacturer for a replacement copy.
WARNING - The manufacturer is not liable for consequences resulting from an

improper use of the machine due to the user’s failure to read this manual or incomplete
reading of it.
The manual is an integral part of each piece of equipment and consequently must be kept
throughout the entire service life of the machine and accompany it at all times, even if
transferred to another user.
This manual contains instructions required for the safety, receiving, installation, storage,
correct operation and maintenance of the FM50.
WARNING - Armfield Limited reserves the right to modify the specifications referred to
in this manual or the characteristics of each machine. Some of the illustrations in this manual
may include parts that are slightly different to those mounted on your machine.
WARNING - All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local
regulations which must be followed at all times.
2 EC Conformity
Each machine is accompanied by an EC Declaration of Conformity signed by the

representative of Armfield Limited.
The declaration of conformity states the model and serial number.
The equipment has been constructed in compliance with the essential health and safety
requirements laid down in the following applicable directives:
2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive
2004/108/EC The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive
2006/42/EC The Machinery Directive
PC-0055743 2 Issue 10 November 2016

The following harmonised standards were also consulted for the design and construction of
the equipment:
BS EN 61010-1:2010 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for

measurement, control, and laboratory use
BS EN 61000-6-1:2007 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards.

Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial
environments
BS EN 61000-6-3:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards.

Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-
industrial environments
WARNING - This declaration is only valid if the Equipment is installed, used and
maintained in compliance with the above mentioned directives and instructions and with the
instructions and equipment described in this manual.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2
2 EC Conformity ............................................................................................................... 2
3 Disclaimer ...................................................................................................................... 6
4 Copyright and trademarks .............................................................................................. 6
5 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 7
6 Safety ............................................................................................................................ 8
6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards .................................................................. 8
6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance ...................................................................... 8
6.3 Intended conditions of use ...................................................................................... 9
6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly work .............. 9
6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts............................................ 9
6.6 Noise .................................................................................................................... 10
6.7 Chemical Safety .................................................................................................... 10
6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances......................................................................... 10
6.9 Water Borne Hazards ........................................................................................... 12
6.10 Hot/Cold Surfaces ................................................................................................. 12
6.11 Hot/Cold Liquids ................................................................................................... 13
6.12 Protective clothing................................................................................................. 13
6.13 Machine maintenance ........................................................................................... 14
7 General Overview ........................................................................................................ 15
8 Equipment Diagrams ................................................................................................... 16
9 Description ................................................................................................................... 18
9.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 18
9.2 Baseplate .............................................................................................................. 18
9.3 Reservoir .............................................................................................................. 18
9.4 Pump .................................................................................................................... 18
9.5 Impellers ............................................................................................................... 19
9.6 Inlet Valve ............................................................................................................. 19
9.7 Outlet Valve .......................................................................................................... 19
9.8 Flow Sensor .......................................................................................................... 19
9.9 Pressure Sensors ................................................................................................. 19
9.10 System drain valve................................................................................................ 19
9.11 Pump drain valve .................................................................................................. 20
9.12 Temperature Sensor ............................................................................................. 20
10 Installation.................................................................................................................... 21
10.1 Advisory ................................................................................................................ 21
10.2 Electrical Supply ................................................................................................... 21
10.3 Water Supply ........................................................................................................ 21
10.4 Connection to Drain .............................................................................................. 21
10.5 Installing the Software ........................................................................................... 21
10.6 Installing the Equipment ........................................................................................ 21
10.7 Electrical Wiring Diagram ...................................................................................... 27
11 Operation ..................................................................................................................... 28
11.1 Operating the Software ......................................................................................... 28
11.2 Operating the Equipment ...................................................................................... 28
11.2.1 Filling the Reservoir ....................................................................................... 28
11.2.2 Operating the Pump ....................................................................................... 28
11.2.3 Controlling the flow rate using the outlet valve ............................................... 28

11.2.4 Controlling inlet (suction) pressure ................................................................. 28

11.2.5 Measuring sensor outputs .............................................................................. 28
11.2.6 Draining the pump, pipework and reservoir .................................................... 29
11.2.7 Changing the Impeller .................................................................................... 29
12 Equipment Specifications ............................................................................................. 30
12.1 Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................... 30
12.2 USB Channel Numbers ......................................................................................... 30
12.3 Environmental Conditions ..................................................................................... 31
13 Routine Maintenance ................................................................................................... 32
13.1 Responsibility........................................................................................................ 32
13.2 General ................................................................................................................. 32
13.3 Cleaning the Exterior ............................................................................................ 32
13.4 Cleaning the Reservoir ......................................................................................... 32
14 Laboratory Teaching Exercises .................................................................................... 33
14.1 Index to Exercises................................................................................................. 33
14.2 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................... 34
14.3 Introduction to Fluid Pumps .................................................................................. 36
14.3.1 Fluid Pumps Overview ................................................................................... 36
14.3.2 Description of a centrifugal pump ................................................................... 36
14.3.3 Theoretical Equations .................................................................................... 36
15 Exercise A - Introduction to Pump Characteristics........................................................ 38
16 Exercise B - Pump Characteristic Curves..................................................................... 43
17 Exercise C - Introduction to Scaling ............................................................................. 46
18 Exercise D - Effect of Inlet Head .................................................................................. 51
19 Exercise E - System Characteristic Analysis (Duty Point) ............................................ 54
20 Project Work ................................................................................................................ 59
21 Typical Results Exercise A ........................................................................................... 60
22 Contact Details for Further Information ........................................................................ 61

3 Disclaimer
This document and all the information contained within it are proprietary to Armfield Limited.
This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied and
its contents must not be reproduced, modified, adapted, published, translated or disclosed to
any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Armfield Limited.
Should you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer Support
helpdesk (Monday to Thursday: 0830 - 1730 and Friday: 0830 - 1300 UK time). Contact
details are as follows:
United Kingdom International
(0) 1425 478781 +44 (0) 1425 478781

(calls charged at local rate) (international rates apply)
Email: support@armfield.co.uk
Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916
4 Copyright and trademarks
Copyright © 2016 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.
Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright work of
Armfield Limited and wholly owned by Armfield Limited.
Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.

5 Symbols
General warning indicating the potential risk of personal injury
Danger warning Caution: Explosion Risk
Electrical hazard Cold Burn hazard
High Voltage hazard Caution: Flammable
Rotating parts hazard Caution: Biohazard
Caution: corrosive material
Do not remove safety guards from Do not repair or oil machine whilst in
rotating parts motion
This symbol draws your attention to the Wear protective gloves

information
Wear eye protection Wear ear protection
Wear safety shoes Wear breathing protection

6 Safety
6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards
Failure to comply with the safety standards described in this manual and those relating
to common sense can cause danger to people and the environment and damage the
Equipment.
Specifically, such non-observance can cause:
 inability of machine and/or plant to perform key functions;
 damage to the machine and /or plant;
 electrical, mechanical and/or chemical danger to persons;
 environmental danger due to leakage of hazardous substances.
Failure to observe and comply with these safety standards will invalidate the warranty.
Keep these instructions and all related documents together, ensure that they are legible and
easily accessible to all employees.
Do not remove any safety equipment before operating the Equipment or during its
operation. Make sure that there is no evident danger before powering up the Equipment. The
system must be inspected regularly to check for damage and to ensure that all safety
devices are in good working order.
The Equipment contains moving parts. Do not insert limbs or materials other than the
processing material while the Equipment is functioning. In the event of malfunction, danger
or lack of appropriate safety systems, shut down the Equipment immediately and inform the
qualified personnel.
6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance
The customer is required to verify the suitability of the Equipment for his specific needs, to
provide the necessary processing data for a correct selection of the Equipment type and the
accessories needed to guarantee the safety of the Equipment. If the user notices that any
accessories he considers useful or essential are missing in the order confirmation, it is the
customer’s responsibility to contact the manufacturer and request that the accessory or
accessories be applied to the Equipment.

While the Equipment is being used the safety devices provided must be
present and correctly installed. Do not carry out any operation on the safety devices while
the Equipment is operating.
6.3 Intended conditions of use
The FM50 Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit is designed to give students an

appreciation of the construction, design and operational characteristics of a small centrifugal
pump. A PC is used to operate the pump and record appropriate data from it allowing typical
operating curves to be obtained. Water is used as the operating fluid for safe demonstration
of the pump characteristics.
The Equipment must always observe the operating limitations for which it was
constructed and those stated in the order confirmation: observe the temperature, pressure,
capacity, viscosity and speed limits. Unless otherwise stated in the order, the Equipment
must not be used in environments subject to the formation of potentially explosive
atmospheres.
6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly

work
The user must ensure that all maintenance, inspection and assembly operations
related to the Equipment are carried out by qualified technicians.
Technicians must carefully read this instruction manual before acting on the Equipment.
Only authorised and trained personnel are permitted to work on the Equipment.
6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts
Changes or modifications to the machine, within the limits that do not go beyond
extraordinary maintenance, are only permitted if agreed on beforehand with the
manufacturer.
Only original spare parts or parts specifically declared as compatible by Armfield Limited
must be used for regular maintenance operations.
These parts have been designed specifically for the system. There is no guarantee that non-
original parts can withstand the loads, and function correctly and safely.
The use of non-original parts voids the warranty.

6.6 Noise
The A-weighted sound power level emitted by the machine does not exceed 85dB(A).
This value is guaranteed if the Equipment is installed correctly, that is, in stable conditions
with appropriate fastenings and measured at a distance of 1 metre from the Equipment.
6.7 Chemical Safety
The unit is designed to use clean water during normal operation, but cleaning should
be carried out regularly as described in the maintenance section of this manual which may
involve the use of detergents/chemicals. In addition, under certain conditions causing algal
growth, it may be necessary to use disinfectants or biocides to avoid the possibility of water-
borne infections as described above.
6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
The COSHH regulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and others from
substances used at work which may be hazardous to health.
COSHH covers substances that are hazardous to health. Substances can take many forms
and include:
 chemicals
 products containing chemicals
 fumes
 dusts
 vapours
 mists
 nanotechnology
 gases and asphyxiating gases and
 biological agents (germs). If the packaging has any of the hazard symbols, then it is
classed as a hazardous substance.
 germs that cause diseases such as leptospirosis or legionnaires disease and germs
used in laboratories.

The regulations require you to assess all operations which are liable to expose any person to
these hazards. You are also required to introduce suitable procedures for handling these
substances and keep appropriate records.
Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances which
can be hazardous (for example, cleaning fluids used for maintenance or chemicals used for
particular demonstrations) it is essential that the responsible person in authority implements
the COSHH regulations or local equivalent.
Safety data sheets
The regulations also ensure that the relevant Health and Safety Data Sheets must be
available for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory.
Products you use may be ‘dangerous for supply’. If so, they will have a label that has one or
more hazard symbols. These products include common substances in everyday use such as
paint, bleach, solvent or fillers. When a product is ‘dangerous for supply’, by law, the supplier
must provide you with a safety data sheet.
Note: medicines, pesticides and cosmetic products have different legislation and don’t have
a safety data sheet. Ask the supplier how the product can be used safely.
Any person using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:
 Physical data about the substance.
 Any hazard from fire or explosion.
 Any hazard to health.
 Appropriate First Aid treatment.
 Any hazard from reaction with other substances.
 How to clean/dispose of spillage.
 Appropriate protective measures.
 Appropriate storage and handling.
Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly

recommended that a similar approach is adopted for the protection of the users operating
the equipment. Local regulations must also be considered.
More information can be found on http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/index.htm
Any such chemicals used must be stored, handled, prepared and used in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions and with all applicable local regulations. Protective
clothing (e.g. gloves, eye protection) should be worn when appropriate, and users should be
supplied with any relevant safety information (e.g. the correct procedure in the event of
contact with skin or eyes, the correct procedure in the event of a spill, etc.).

6.9 Water Borne Hazards
The equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water/fluid,
which under certain conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful micro-
organisms.
For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on any
scale, rust, algae or sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of water is
between 20 and 45°C. Any water containing this bacterium which is sprayed or splashed
creating air-borne droplets can produce a form of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease
which is potentially fatal.
Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water, but it serves as a
useful example of the need for cleanliness.
Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:
 Any water/fluid contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, i.e. the
water must be changed regularly.
 Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be
removed regularly, i.e. the equipment must be cleaned regularly.
 Where practicable the water/fluid should be maintained at a temperature below 20°C

or the water should be disinfected. In the FM50 this may not be practicable so the
equipment should be drained after use and filled with fresh water for each run. Note
that other hazards may exist in the handling of biocides if these are used to disinfect
the water.
 After use the water system should be filled and run with water containing a mild
disinfectant such as ‘Milton’ to kill any micro-organisms or algal growth then flushed
with clean water and left empty.
 A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all of
the actions listed above.
Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication “The Control of
Legionellosis including Legionnaires Disease” - Health and Safety Series booklet HS (G) 70.
6.10 Hot/Cold Surfaces
This unit contains components that that operate with a maximum temperature
of 50°C and minimum temperature of 5°C.
Do not touch any surfaces close to ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning labels, any of the interconnecting
tubing or components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a safe temperature.

6.11 Hot/Cold Liquids
This unit is designed to operate with a maximum liquid temperature of 50°C and
minimum liquid temperature of 5°C.
If the pump is left operating for extended periods with the flow control valve fully closed, then
the temperature of the water and the motor will become excessive.
Before disconnecting any of the pipes or tubing:
 Stop the liquid pump.
 Leave time for the equipment to return to room temperature.
 Check that the temperature of the Equipment and liquid is at a safe level
Do not touch any surfaces close to ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning labels, any of the interconnecting
tubing or components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a safe temperature.
6.12 Protective clothing
Wear appropriate protective clothing to protect body parts.
Safety gloves
Wear suitable gloves to protect your hands from various types of possible hazards:
mechanical, electrical, chemical and high/low temperatures.
Clothing
Wear appropriate clothing to protect your body from chemical hazards.
Footware
Wear safety footwear to protect your feet from falling objects.
Eye Protection
Wear suitable eye protection to protect your eyes from various types of possible hazards:
mechanical debris, chemicals and hot water/steam.
Ear Protection
Wear suitable ear protection to protect your ears from excessive noise.

Breathing Protection
Wear suitable breathing protection to protect your respiratory system from fumes.
6.13 Machine maintenance
Do not disassemble the Equipment before emptying the contents/fluids (if

applicable). Even if the tubes are all empty, some liquid could remain in the unit. The fluid(s)
can be hazardous to human health and the environment, and can be very hot/cold.
All maintenance work must be carried out with the machine isolated from the power
supply.
Before beginning maintenance on the Equipment remember to isolate the power

supply. All the devices must be secured against automatic or accidental restart. (Where
possible turn the main switch to OFF and disconnect the electrical supply from the IFD7). In
particular situations where you need to run the Equipment while servicing at least 2 persons
must be present so that in the event of danger one person will be able to disconnect the
power supply or raise the alarm. Once maintenance has been completed remember to
restore the safety devices and check that they are in good working order.
To give increased operator protection, the IFD7 used to operate the FM50
incorporates a Residual Current Device (RCD), alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker, as an integral part of this equipment. If through misuse or accident the equipment
becomes electrically compromised, the RCD will switch off the electrical supply and reduce
the severity of any electric shock received by an operator to a level which, under normal
circumstances, will not cause injury to that person.
At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing
the TEST button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to trip
means that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired
by a competent electrician before it is used.

7 General Overview
This manual describes the operation of the Armfield FM50 Centrifugal Pump demonstration
unit.
The apparatus consists of a tank and pipework which delivers water to and from a small
centrifugal pump. The unit is fitted with electronic sensors which measure the process
variables. Signals from these sensors are sent to a computer via an interface device, and the
unit is supplied with data logging software as standard.
Pump speed and outlet pressure may be varied to allow the collection of performance data
over a range of parameters. The inlet (suction) head pressure may be adjusted to investigate
the onset of cavitation. An alternative impeller is also supplied so that the effect of impeller
design may be studied.
FM50 Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit

8 Equipment Diagrams
Figure 1: Front View of FM50 Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit

Figure 2: Top View of FM50 Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit

9 Description
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section 8.
9.1 Overview
The equipment comprises a centrifugal water pump driven by an electric motor, which is
mounted on a support plinth together with a clear acrylic reservoir and associated pipework
for continuous circulation. The flow of water through the centrifugal pump is regulated by a
flow control valve on the discharge side of the pump. A valve in the inlet pipework of the
pump allows the effect of suction losses to be investigated.
Appropriate sensors are incorporated to allow analysis of pump performance. The pump
operating parameters are controlled using the supplied Armfield software on a suitable
computer, via an Armfield interface device (IFD). The software also allows all sensor outputs
to be logged, and performs the required calculations for the investigations presented here.
9.2 Baseplate
The baseplate (8) supports the other components of the system.
9.3 Reservoir
The reservoir (1) is formed of clear acrylic and is mounted on the baseplate. The reservoir
may be filled through the open top. Flow exits the reservoir from the lower front pipe
connection, is drawn through the pump, and re-enters the reservoir from the upper rear pipe
connection. A central baffle encourages mixing in the tank. A drain (10) in the base allows
the reservoir to be drained after use.
9.4 Pump
The pump (4) is a motor-driven centrifugal pump. The speed of the motor may be adjusted
using the Armfield FM50 software. The pump body and cover plate are made from clear
acrylic, allowing the impeller to be observed. The cover plate is secured with six
thumbscrews and sealed using an ‘O’-ring, and may be removed to allow the pump impeller
to be changed. Changing the impeller is described in the Operation section.
Warning: Always ensure the acrylic cover plate is fastened in position on the pump
when the pump is powered. The pump must always be switched off and the system
drained before removing the plate. The plate must always be secured in place and the
system prepared for use before the pump is operated.

9.5 Impellers
Two interchangeable impellers are supplied, allowing the investigation of different impeller
designs. A storage position (11) is provided for the impeller that is not in use. Changing the
impeller is described in the Operation section.
9.6 Inlet Valve
A manual ball-type inlet valve (6) controls the inlet (suction) head supplied to the pump. This
valve should be fully open except when investigating the effect of inlet pressure on pump
performance and cavitation formation. The valve is operated by turning the handle on the
top. The valve is fully open when the handle is in line with the pipework, and is fully closed
when the handle is at right angles to the pipework.
9.7 Outlet Valve
A manual gate-type outlet valve (2) controls the flow rate through the pump. The valve is
operated by turning the knob on the top. The valve is fully open (maximum flow) when the
knob is fully anticlockwise (when viewed looking down at the top of the valve), and is fully
closed (no flow) when the knob is fully clockwise.
9.8 Flow Sensor
A turbine-type flow sensor (3) is situated in the outlet pipework to measure the flow rate
through the pump. The output from the sensor is displayed on the Armfield computer
software.
9.9 Pressure Sensors
Two electronic pressure sensors (5) and (13) are fitted to the equipment, one in the pump
inlet and one at the pump outlet. Outputs from the pressure sensors are displayed on the
Armfield software.
9.10 System drain valve
A drain valve (9) beneath the baseplate controls flow from the reservoir drain. The valve
should be closed while the equipment is in use.

9.11 Pump drain valve
A drain valve (12) in the side of the pump casing allows the pump to be drained after use.
The valve should be closed while the equipment is in use.
9.12 Temperature Sensor
A temperature sensor (7) is situated at the outlet from the reservoir, to measure the
temperature of the fluid within the system.

10 Installation
10.1 Advisory
Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and installed as described
in the steps that follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on following the correct
installation procedure.
10.2 Electrical Supply
The unit must be powered using the IFD7 Interface device. Please see the instruction
manual supplied with your IFD7 for details of the electrical supply requirements.
10.3 Water Supply
The unit is self-contained but requires filling with cold, clean water before use.
10.4 Connection to Drain
The unit is self-contained but should be drained for storage and cleaning. Drainage requires
connection to a cold water drain.
10.5 Installing the Software
Please refer to the software installation instructions on the Armsoft CD ROM or data stick
supplied with FM50.
10.6 Installing the Equipment



Note: A warning message will be displayed if the IFD7 has not been configured to match the
product in use. Refer to the Instruction Manual for further information if the IFD7 needs to be
configured.



The basic operation of the FM50 Centrifugal Pump apparatus has been confirmed. Refer to
the Operation section for further information.
10.7 Electrical Wiring Diagram
Please see the following wiring diagrams attached at the rear of this manual. If you are
viewing this manual electronically, please see accompanying pdf.
Wiring Diagram ACM31249

11 Operation
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section 8.
11.1 Operating the Software
Please refer to the software operating instructions supplied with the Armsoft data stick or by
clicking ‘Help’ in the top menu bar when the software is running.
11.2 Operating the Equipment
11.2.1 Filling the Reservoir

Ensure the equipment is switched off before filling the reservoir (1). Ensure that the drain
valve at the base of the reservoir (9) is closed. The reservoir must be filled with clean water
at less than 30°C. The reservoir is filled through the open top, either through a hose
connected to a suitable water supply, or using a suitable container. Fill the reservoir to within
approximately 10 cm of the upper rim, and remove any hose end from the reservoir after
filling.
11.2.2 Operating the Pump

The pump (4) is driven via an inverter, which allows the speed of the pump to be adjusted.
The speed is set from the FM50 software using the control box. The required setting may be
typed directly into the box. Alternatively, the up and down arrows to the right of the box may
be used to adjust the setting to a higher or lower value. The speed may be set from 0% to
100%, with the design speed of the pump being 80% of the maximum.
11.2.3 Controlling the flow rate using the outlet valve

The flow rate through the pump can be controlled using the manual gate valve (2). This
alters the back pressure on the pump, and hence the head against which the pump must do
work. The valve is fully open (maximum flow) when the valve knob is turned fully
anticlockwise. The valve is fully closed (no flow) when the knob is turned fully clockwise.
When adjusting the flow rate, turn the valve knob smoothly and steadily and observe the
result of the change on the software screen. The system will require a few moments to
respond to any changes, so allow time for the sensor readings to settle and re-adjust the
valve if necessary before taking a data sample.
11.2.4 Controlling inlet (suction) pressure

The inlet head pressure is controlled using the manual inlet valve (6). This valve is used to
investigate the effect of changes in inlet pressure. Flow rate should always be controlled
using the outlet valve (2), not the inlet valve. The valve is fully open (maximum inlet head)
when the valve handle is in line with the pipework and the body of the pump. The valve is
fully closed (no inlet head) when the handle is at right-angles (perpendicular) to the pipework
and to the body of the pump. The inlet valve should not be left closed for a long period when
the pump is running.
11.2.5 Measuring sensor outputs

Signals from the temperature, pressure and flow rate sensors are sent to the Armfield
software via the IFD7 interface device, and are displayed on the mimic diagram screen.

11.2.6 Draining the pump, pipework and reservoir

To drain the system, fully open both the inlet ball valve and the outlet gate valve. Ensure the
system drain valve (9) and pump drain valve (13) are connected to a suitable drain then fully
open both drain valves.
11.2.7 Changing the Impeller

The system must be drained before changing the impeller (See Draining the pump, pipework
and reservoir).
Unscrew the thumbnuts holding the clear pump cover plate in position. Place the nuts in a
convenient location. Undo the union connector in the inlet pipe and remove the cover plate.
Undo the thumbscrew and slide the pump impeller from its axle. Remove the second
impeller from the storage point (11), slide this onto the axle and replace the thumbscrew.
Place the first impeller into position on the storage point. Replace the cover plate of the
pump, sliding the inlet pipe back into position at the inlet valve. Ensure that the rubber ‘O’-
ring seal is correctly positioned in the groove. Secure the cover plate with the thumbnuts.

12 Equipment Specifications
12.1 Overall Dimensions
Height - 645 mm
Length - 880 mm
Width - 512 mm
Additional height will be required for filling the reservoir before use, sufficient for the filling
method used (See Filling the Reservoir section 11.2.1). Some additional width will be
required at the left side of the equipment if a drain tube or hose is to be attached to the drain
valve.
12.2 USB Channel Numbers
The channel numbers for the USB port are listed below for information:
Channel No Signal Function
Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc exported from socket)
Ch 0 Signal
Ch 0 Return
Ch 1 Signal Inlet pressure (-5 – 5 V DC = -103.4 – +103.4 kPa)
Ch 1 Return
Ch 2 Signal Outlet pressure (0 – 5 V DC = 0 – 103.4 kPa)
Ch 2 Return
Ch 3 Signal
Ch 3 Return
Ch 4 Signal
Ch 4 Return
Ch 5 Signal
Ch 5 Return
Ch 6 Signal Water temperature (0 – 5 V DC = 0 – 102.4°C)

Ch 6 Return
Ch 7 Signal Torque (0 – 5 V DC = 0 – 2.092 Nm)
Ch 7 Return
Ch 32 (Pulse
Flow rate (0 – 5V DC = 0 – 4 l/min)
Counter)
Analog Inputs (0-5V dc input from socket)
Ch 0 Pump Setting (0 – 4.99 V DC = 0 – 100%)
Digital Outputs (0-5V dc)
Ch 0 Pump On/Standby
Digital Inputs (0-5V dc)
Ch 6 Watchdog Enabled
12.3 Environmental Conditions
This equipment has been designed for operation in the following environmental conditions.
Operation outside of these conditions may result reduced performance, damage to the
equipment or hazard to the operator.
a. Indoor use;
b. Altitude up to 2000 m;
c. Temperature 5 °C to 40 °C;
d. Maximum relative humidity 80 % for temperatures up to 31 °C, decreasing linearly to

50 % relative humidity at 40 °C;
e. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to ±10% of the nominal voltage;
f. Transient over-voltages typically present on the MAINS supply;
Note: The normal level of transient over-voltages is impulse withstand (over-voltage)

category II of IEC 60364-4-443;
g. Pollution degree 2.
Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs.
Temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected.
Typical of an office or laboratory environment.

13 Routine Maintenance
13.1 Responsibility
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who understand
the operation of the equipment.
13.2 General
The equipment should be disconnected from the electrical supply when not in use.
Water should be drained from the equipment when not in use.
13.3 Cleaning the Exterior
The exterior of the equipment should be periodically cleaned using a soft, damp, non-lint
cloth. A mild detergent may be used if required. Avoid the use of solvents, abrasives and
bleach.
13.4 Cleaning the Reservoir
The reservoir should be periodically cleaned to remove debris and deposits on the walls. A
mild de-scaler may be used if required. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when
handling any cleaning/descaling chemicals. Avoid the use of solvents, abrasives and bleach.

14 Laboratory Teaching Exercises
14.1 Index to Exercises
Exercise A - Introduction to Pump Characteristics
Exercise B - Pump Characteristic Curves
Exercise C - Introduction to Scaling
Exercise D - Effect of Inlet Head
Exercise E - System Characteristic Analysis (Duty Point)

14.2 Nomenclature
Name Symbol Unit Definition
Pump Setting S % Measured
Pump Speed
n rpm Measured
(rotational)
Water Temperature T °C Measured
Inlet Pressure Pin kPa Measured
Outlet Pressure Pout kPa Measured
Motor Torque t Nm Measured
Volume Flow Rate Q dm³/s Measured
Dependent on temperature of water,

Density of Water  kg/m³ obtained from reference tables or
automatically calculated by the software.
Diameter of inlet pipe

Inlet Diameter din m
din = 0.0235
Diameter of outlet pipe

Outlet Diameter dout m
dout = 0.0175
Cross-sectional area of inlet pipe
Inlet Area Ain m²
Cross-sectional area of outlet pipe
Outlet Area Aout m²
Inlet Velocity Vin m/s
Outlet Velocity Vout m/s

Change in Static
Hs m
Head
Change in Velocity
Hv m
Head
Change in Elevation Vertical distance between inlet and outlet

He m
Head He = 0.075m
Change in Total
Ht m Ht = Hs + Hv + He
Head
Ph = Ht.Q..g
Hydraulic Power Ph W
(Q in m³/s)
Mechanical Power Pm W Pm = 2..n.t/60
Pump Efficiency E %

14.3 Introduction to Fluid Pumps
14.3.1 Fluid Pumps Overview

Pumps fall into two main categories: positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps.
In a positive displacement pump, a fixed volume of fluid is forced from one chamber into
another. One of the oldest and most familiar designs is the reciprocating engine, utilising a
piston moving inside a cylinder. Steam pumps, the ‘nodding donkey’, stirrup pumps and
hydraulic rams are all this type. Animal hearts are also positive displacement pumps, which
use volume reduction of one chamber to force flow into another chamber.
The FM50 pump is, by contrast, a rotodynamic machine. Rotodynamic (or simply dynamic)
pumps impart momentum to a fluid, which then causes the fluid to move into the delivery
chamber or outlet. Turbines and centrifugal pumps all fall into this category.
The FM50 provides an example of a Centrifugal Pump. Centrifugal pumps are widely used in
industrial and domestic situations. Due to the characteristics of this type of pump, the most
suitable applications are those where the process liquid is free of debris, where a relatively
small head change is required, and where a single operating capacity or a narrow range of
capacities is required. The general design is usually simple with few mechanical parts to fail,
however, and it is possible to operate a centrifugal pump outside ideal parameters while
maintaining good reliability.
14.3.2 Description of a centrifugal pump

The centrifugal pump converts energy supplied from a motor or turbine, first into kinetic
energy and then into potential energy.
The motor driving the impeller imparts angular velocity to the impeller. The impeller vanes
then transfer this kinetic energy to the fluid passing into the centre of the impeller by spinning
the fluid, which travels outwards along the vanes to the impeller casing at increasing flow
rate.
This kinetic energy is then converted into potential energy (in the form of an increase in
head) by the impeller casing (a volute or a circular casing fitted with diffuser vanes) which
provides a resistance to the flow created by the impeller, and hence decelerates the fluid.
The fluid decelerates again in the outlet pipe. As the mass flow rate remains constant, this
decrease in velocity produces a corresponding increase in pressure as described by
Bernoulli’s equations.
14.3.3 Theoretical Equations

The general relationship between the various forms of energy, based on the 1st Law of
Thermodynamics applied to a unit mass of fluid flowing through a control volume (such as
the pump itself) is expressed as:
(1)
where –W S is the mechanical shaft work performed on the fluid, d(v²/2) is the change in
kinetic energy of the fluid, g.dz is the change in potential energy of the fluid, F is the frictional
energy loss as heat to the surroundings or in heating the fluid itself as it travels from inlet to
outlet and

is the change in pressure energy, where ‘vol’ is the volume per unit mass of the fluid.
For an incompressible fluid of constant density :
where Pout refers to the pump discharge outlet and Pin to the pump inlet. The first three
terms of the right hand side of equation 1 represent the useful work. i.e.
Wa = ((Vout2 - Vin2)/2) + g(zout - zin) + ((Pout - Pin)/) (2)
where subscript out refers to the pump outlet and subscript in to the inlet.
The term W a represents the actual work performed in changing the energy stages of a unit
mass of the fluid. This may alternatively be presented as the total dynamic head H of the
pump, by converting the units from work per unit mass to head expressed as a length:
H = ((Vout2 - Vin2)/2g) = (zout - zin) + ((Pout - Pin)/.g) (3)
It can be assumed for the purposes of the following practical experiments that the fluid is
incompressible (i.e.  is constant).

15 Exercise A - Introduction to Pump Characteristics
Objective
To obtain characteristic graphs of Total head, Static head, Motor Power, Motor Torque,
Pump Efficiency etc. for a centrifugal pump.
Method
By taking readings from a centrifugal pump and associated sensors across a range of flow
rates through the pump.
Equipment Required
IFD7 Armfield interface device
WindowsTM PC with Armfield FM50 software installed
Theory
The operating characteristics of a centrifugal pump may be described or illustrated by using
graphs of pump performance. The three most commonly used graphical representations of
pump performance are:
 Change in Total Head, Ht produced by the pump as the flow rate is varied
 Change in Power input, Pm to the pump as the flow rate is varied
 Change in Pump efficiency, E as the flow rate is varied
Graphs of Static Head, Motor Torque, Hydraulic Power etc. are also useful indicators of
pump performance.
Total Head
The change in Total Head produced because of the work done by pump can be calculated
as:
Ht = Change in static head + change in velocity head + change in elevation
= Hs + Hv + He
where
Hs = Change in static head
where Pin is the fluid pressure at inlet in Pa and Pout is the fluid pressure at outlet in Pa.
Hv = Change in velocity head
where Vin is the fluid velocity at inlet in m/s and Vout is the fluid velocity at outlet in m/s.
He = Change in elevation

the vertical distance between inlet and outlet, which is 0.075m for the FM50.
Power Input
The mechanical power input to the pump may be calculated as:
Pm = rotational force x angular distance
= 2..n.t/60
where n is the rotational speed of pump in revolutions per minute and t is the shaft torque in
Nm.
Pump efficiency
The efficiency of the pump may be calculated as
Where Ph is the hydraulic power imparted to fluid:
Ph = Ht.Q..g
Where Q is the volume flow rate in m³/s, ρ is the density of the fluid being pumped and g is
the gravitational constant.
Each of these parameters is measured at constant pump speed, and is plotted against the
volume flow rate, Q, through the pump. An example of this type of graphical representation
of pump performance is given in Figures A1 and A2.

Figure A1
The Ht-Q curve shows the relationship between Total head and Volume Flow rate. The Hs-Q
curve shows the relationship between Static head and Volume Flow rate. In both cases the
head decreases as the flow rate increases. The Total Head curve shows the sum of the
Static Head and the Dynamic Head associated with velocity of the fluid in the system.

Figure A2
The t-Q curve shows the relationship between the motor torque and the Volume Flow rate. In
the case of a centrifugal pump the minimum torque and therefore minimum motor power
occurs at zero volume flow rate rises as the flow increases. For this reason, a fixed speed
centrifugal pump should be started against closed valve (zero flowrate) so that the load on
the motor and therefore the starting current is minimum. When using variable speed control
and the speed is gradually increased from zero, as used on FM50, the control valve can
remain open because the motor is not subjected to high load at startup.
The E-Q curve shows the change in pump efficiency as the Volume flow rate varies. at
which the pump operates most efficiently. When selecting a pump for an application where
the typical operating capacity is known, a pump should be selected so that its optimum
efficiency is at or very near that capacity.
Equipment Setup
Ensure the drain valve is fully closed.
If necessary, fill the reservoir to within 20 cm of the top rim.
Ensure the inlet valve and outlet gate valve are both fully open.
Ensure the equipment is connected to the IFD7 and the IFD7 is connected to a suitable PC.
The red and green indicator lights on the IFD7 should both be illuminated.
Ensure the IFD7 is connected to an appropriate mains supply, and switch on the supply.
Run the FM50 software. Check there are values displayed in all the sensor display boxes on
the mimic diagram.

Procedure
Switch on the IFD7.
Switch on the FM50 pump within the software using the ‘Pump On’ button.
Using the software, set the speed to 80%. The inverter will increase the pump speed until it
reaches the required setting. Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the
system. Slightly closing and opening the inlet valve and gate valve a few times will help in
priming the system and eliminating any bubbles caught within the valve mechanism. Leave
the inlet valve fully open.
In the results table, rename the spreadsheet (Selects Format > Rename Sheet) to 80%.
Close the outlet gate valve to give a flow rate Q of 0. (Note that the pump will not run well
with the gate valve closed or nearly closed, as the back pressure produced is outside normal
operating parameters. The pump should begin to run more smoothly as the experiment
progresses).
Select the GO icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the results table of
the software.
Open a little to give a very low flow. Allow sufficient time for the sensor readings to stabilise
then select the GO icon to record the next set of data.
Increase the flow in small increments, allowing the sensor readings to stabilise then
recording the sensor and pump data each time.
Using the arrow buttons on the software display, reduce the pump speed to 0%. Select
‘Save’ or ‘Save As…’ from the ‘File’ menu and save the results with a suitable file name (e.g.
the date and the exercise).
Switch off the FM50 within the software using the ‘Pump On’ button.
If continuing directly on to Exercise B then create a new results sheet by selecting the Next+
icon in the software.
If not continuing on to Exercise B then switch off the IFD7 and close the FM50 software.
Results
Using the graph facility, plot a graph of Total Head and Static Head against Flow Rate. On
the secondary axis plot a graph of Efficiency against Flow Rate.
Replace the above parameters with Motor Power and Motor Torque on the two axes against
flow rate.
Alternatively, the results sheet may be exported to an alternative spreadsheet program (or
results may be manually plotted on graph paper) to produce a chart as shown in Figure A1.
Conclusion
Examine and describe the shapes of the graphs obtained, relating this to the changing
performance of the pump as the flow rate changes. Locate the point of maximum efficiency
and determine the maximum efficiency and the flow rate at which it occurs.
Compare the shapes of the curves obtained to the example presented in Figures A1 and A2.
Discuss any similarities and differences in pump performance between the example
presented and the pump on the FM50.

16 Exercise B - Pump Characteristic Curves
Objective
To create head, power and efficiency characteristic curves for a centrifugal pump.
Method
By taking readings from a centrifugal pump across a range of flow rates at a series of
different speeds. To determine lines of equal power and efficiency and to plot these lines on
representative graphs.
Equipment Required
Compatible PC with Armfield FM50 software installed
Theory
One way of illustrating pump characteristics is to construct contour lines of constant power or
efficiency on a graph of pump head plotted against pump discharge. These allow engineers
to see the maximum efficiency of a pump over a range of operating parameters, which can
assist in the selection of an appropriate pump to suit particular conditions. An example is
given in Figure B1.
Figure B1
Pump manufacturers typically publish information on the performance if their pumps in the
form of this type of chart. In addition to the use of these charts in initially selecting a pump,
the charts may also be used to compare actual pump performance with that expected. If the
pump performance deviates significantly then the system must be investigated for problems
and design flaws, and if the pump initially performs as expected but later displays a change
in performance then the pump should be investigated for faults.

Equipment Setup
This experiment may be undertaken directly following Experiment A, in which case the
equipment will already be prepared and need only be switched back out of standby mode.
If the equipment is not yet ready for use, proceed as follows:
Ensure the inlet valve and gate valve are both fully open.
the mimic diagram. If earlier results from Exercise A are available, load these by selecting
‘Open’ from the ‘File’ menu and locating the saved file.
Procedure
Switch on the IFD7.
In the software, rename the current (blank) results table to ‘50%’ (this will be the only table if
results from Exercise A are not available).
On the mimic diagram of the software, set the pump speed to 50%.
The interface will increase the pump speed until it reaches the required setting. Allow water
to circulate until all air has been flushed from the system. Partially closing and opening the
inlet and gate valves a few times will help in priming the system and eliminating any bubbles
caught within the valve mechanism. Leave the inlet valve fully open.
Close the gate valve to give a flow rate Q of 0. (Note that the pump may not run well with the
gate valve closed or nearly closed, as the back pressure produced is outside normal
operating parameters. The pump should begin to run more smoothly as the experiment
progresses).
the software.
Open the gate valve to allow a low flow rate. Allow sufficient time for the sensor readings to
stabilise then select the GO icon to record the next set of data.
Open the gate valve in small increments, allowing the sensor readings to stabilise then
Create a new results sheet by selecting the Next+ icon (you may also wish to save the
results at this time to avoid losing the data in the event of problems).
Close the gate valve.
Set the pump to 60%.

Select the GO icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the new results
table.
Repeat as before, opening the gate valve in small increments and allowing the sensor
readings to stabilise then recording the sensor and pump data each time.
Close the gate valve.
If results from Exercise A (i.e. at 80%) are available, repeat the procedure at 70%, 90% and
100% (if results are not available from Exercise A then also take a set of results at 80%).
Create a new results sheet for each setting (and save the results if desired- the same file
may be overwritten each time as more data is added). For convenience, rename each sheet
of results in the software with the pump setting.
Ensure the results are saved after taking the final set of results.
Switch the pump off. If not proceeding directly to another exercise then switch off the IFD7
and close the FM50 software. The results for this exercise may be used to perform all the
calculations required for Exercise C.
Results
On the same graph plot Total Head Ht against Flow Rate Q for each setting. Graphs may be
produced using the software graph facility, in which case the resulting graph with multiple
plots must be printed. Alternatively the results may be imported into a more sophisticated
spreadsheet program that allows the following procedure to be performed.
Select a value for efficiency, for example 40%. On each line plotted, mark the points at which
an efficiency of 40% is achieved (the data is unlikely to include recorded points at which the
efficiency is exactly 40%, so estimate the points based on the values obtained). Where the
pump performance at a particular setting does not ever correspond to the efficiency chosen,
note whether the efficiency would lie above the line or to the right of the pump performance
curve. Join the marked points to form a smooth curve.
Repeat for other efficiency values, for example 35%, 45% and 50%, to give a family of
efficiency curves.
Create and/or print a second head-flow rate graph for all pump frequencies. Using the same
procedure as for drawing contour lines of constant efficiency, produce curves for constant
mechanical power.
Conclusion
Examine and describe the shapes of the efficiency and power curves obtained. Are the
shapes consistent? How do they relate to the head-flow rate characteristic? How do the
efficiency and power curves relate to each other?
Compare the results to the example pump curves presented in the theory section. How does
the pump in the example compare to the pump on the FM50 in terms of capacity, power, and
efficiency?

17 Exercise C - Introduction to Scaling
Objective
To investigate the use of the affinity laws in predicting the head-flow characteristic for a
pump.
Method
By using the affinity equations to calculate the expected values for a second pump speed
from values measured experimentally at one speed, then comparing the results to data
taken experimentally at the second speed.
Equipment Required
Theory
When selecting a pump for a system, it is seldom practical to test the performance of every
size of pump in a manufacturer's range at all speeds at which it may be designed to run. It is
therefore useful to have a mathematical solution that allows assumptions can be made about
operating characteristics of a pump running at one speed, impeller size, etc. from
experimental results taken at another.
The multiple curves obtained from plotting measured pump characteristics on dimensional
axes can be reduced to a single curve if appropriate dimensionless groups are used.
Provided the effects of fluid viscosity on pump performance are small, and that cavitation is
not occurring, the characteristic of a given type and shape of pump may be represented by:
where n is the pump speed (rpm or Hz), and D is the impeller diameter (m)
For a single curve of the type suggested by this equation to represent more than one
operating condition of the particular type of pump, the criterion of dynamic similarity must be
fulfilled. That is, all fluid velocities at corresponding points within the machine are in the
same direction and proportional to impeller speed. When this is the case, as for a particular
pump operated at different speeds, a simple graph of data is formed, as depicted in Figure
C1:

Figure C1: Dimensionless head-discharge characteristic of a particular centrifugal pump operated at different speeds.
(“Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery”, S L Dixon, Pergamon 1966)
The dimensionless equation given previously is the basis from which the affinity laws are
derived. The affinity laws allow the performance of geometrically similar pumps of different
sizes or speeds to be predicted accurately enough for practical purposes.
The methods used for deriving the affinity laws will not be presented here, but the laws are
as follows:
These laws are most often used to calculate changes in flow rate, head and power of a
pump when the size, rotational speed or fluid density is changed. The following formulae are
derived from the above considerations, and allow calculation of total head Ht and power Pm
at one speed n1 to be deduced from those measured at another speed n2:

More generally, the relationship between two geometrically similar machines with
characteristic diameters D1 and D2 operating at rotational speeds n1 and n2 is shown in
Figure 4. For any two points at which values of (gH / n²D²) and (Q / nD³) are the same, it
follows that:
and
These are termed corresponding points.
The power coefficient and the resulting efficiency E can be compared in a similar
manner.
Figure C2: Relationship of performance characteristics for geometrically similar machines operating at different
speeds
Equipment Setup
If the results from Exercise B are available then no further data is required. Ensure you
understand the Theory section then proceed directly to the results.

This experiment may be undertaken directly following another experiment, in which case the
equipment will already be prepared and need only be switched back out of standby mode
again.
If the equipment is not yet ready for use, proceed as follows:
Ensure the inlet valve and the gate valves are both fully open.
the mimic diagram.
Procedure
The results from Exercise B may be used to perform the calculations and to create the
graphs for this exercise. Where these results are available, no further data is required.
Proceed directly to the Results section. If results are not available, proceed as follows:
Switch on the IFD7.
In the software, set the pump to 50%.
Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the system.
Close the gate valve to give a flow rate Q of 0.
the software.
Open the gate valve to give a very low flow rate. Allow sufficient time for the sensor readings
to stabilise then select the icon to record the next set of data.
Open the gate valve in small increments, allowing the sensor readings to stabilise then
Create a new results sheet by selecting the Next+ icon (you may also wish to save the
results at this time to avoid losing the data in the event of problems).
Close the inlet gate valve.
Select the GO icon to record the sensor readings and pump settings on the new results
table.
Open the gate valve to give a very low flow rate. Allow sufficient time for the sensor readings
to stabilise and then select the GO icon to record the next set of data.

Repeat, opening the gate valve in small increments and allowing the sensor readings to
stabilise, then recording the sensor and pump data each time.
Ensure the results are saved using ‘Save’ or ‘Save As…’ from the software File menu after
taking the final set of results.
Switch off the FM50 within the software using the ‘Pump On’ button.
Switch off the IFD7.
Results
The results taken at 70% will be used with the affinity laws to give predicted results at 50%.
This will then be compared to the actual results at 50%.
The software uses the affinity laws
to calculate the predicted values of Ht2 at predicted flow rates Q2 and 50% setting from the
measured values of Ht1 and Q1 and the values n1 = 70 and n2 = 50.
Plot a graph of Predicted Head against Predicted Flow Rate.
Plot the measured Total Head at 50% against measured Flow Rate at 50% (if the data is
exported into a dedicated spread sheet package or similar then it may be possible to plot
both graphs on the same axes).
Conclusion
Compare the predicted results at 50% with the measured results. How accurate were the
values obtained using the affinity laws? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this
technique for pump system design.

18 Exercise D - Effect of Inlet Head
Objective
To investigate the effect of changing inlet head on pump performance.
Method
By varying the pressure at the inlet to the pump using a manual valve to control the available
flow.
Equipment Required
Theory
In both the design and operation of a rotodynamic machine, careful attention has to be paid
to the fluid conditions on the suction side. In particular, it is important to check the minimum
pressure that can arise at any point to ensure that cavitation does not take place.
Cavitation
If the pressure at any point is less than the vapour pressure of the liquid at the temperature
at that point, vaporisation will occur. This is most likely to arise in the suction side where the
lowest pressures are experienced. The vaporised liquid appears as bubbles within the liquid,
and these subsequently collapse with such force that mechanical damage may be sustained.
This condition, known as cavitation, is accompanied by a marked increase in noise and
vibration in addition to the loss of head.
In addition to the potential for physical damage to the pump from cavitation, both from the
resulting vibration and from the explosive force of the collapsing bubbles of vapour, pumps
cannot pump vapour effectively. Hence if cavitation occurs then the pump may not be
capable of developing the suction head necessary to reach the required operating point.
Net Positive Suction Head Required

Manufacturers commonly specify a Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), based on pump test
results. The usual testing to determine the NPSH will involve running the pump with water at
different capacities, while throttling (reducing the flow in) the inlet (suction) side. The suction
pressures at which the first sign of vaporisation appear are noted for each capacity. These
are then converted into head values and are published on the pump characteristic curve as
the Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHr) or just NPSH. NPSH is the amount by
which the pressure at this point must exceed the vapour pressure of the liquid.
Net Positive Suction Head Available

The Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHa) depends on the system in which the
pump is used, and is calculated according to system conditions. The basic calculation for an
existing system using water as the working fluid may be approximated as:
where
Hatmos = Barometric (ambient) pressure expressed as a head of water
Hvapour = Vapour pressure of water at maximum expected temperature expressed as a

head of water

Hin = Gauge (sensor) pressure at inlet (note that value is relative to atmosphere, and
thus in some circumstances may be negative), expressed as a head of water in mm.
Hv = Velocity head
NPSH here is calculated in mm of water. In some pump datasheets it may be expressed in

inches of water. It may also be calculated as a pressure by summing the component
pressures. To convert velocity head to equivalent pressure, use
Pv = Pressure due to velocity head
Equipment Setup
Ensure the inlet valve and gate valve are both fully open.
the mimic diagram.
Procedure
Note: For all other experiments the gate valve is used to control the flow rate. In this
experiment only, the gate valve remains fully open and the inlet valve is operated.
Switch on the IFD7.
Allow water to circulate until all air has been flushed from the system.
Close the inlet valve to give a small but measurable reduction in flow rate.
the software.
Close the inlet valve a little more. Allow sufficient time for the sensor readings to stabilise,
then select the GO icon to record the next set of data.
Repeat, making small step changes in the setting of the inlet valve, allowing the sensor
readings to stabilise then recording the sensor and pump data each time.

As soon as the inlet valve is fully closed, take one final set of results using the GO icon then
fully open the inlet valve again.
Create a new results table using the Next+ icon.
Set the pump to 60% then repeat the procedure at this new pump setting.
Repeat for a setting of 100%, remembering to create a new results sheet for the data.
Bubbles will be noted around the impeller during the experiment, due to air coming out of
solution as a result of decreased fluid pressure. It is, however, unlikely that true cavitation
will occur within the normal operating conditions of the FM50 system. If it should occur,
cavitation can be readily recognised by a drop or fluctuation in the head developed by the
pump, and by the distinctive noise (variously described as sounding like crackling
cellophane, and sounding as if the pump were full of rocks or marbles). If cavitation should
begin to develop, use the ‘note’ facility to describe the observations made then take a set of
data to add that note to the sensor readings. As soon as a set of readings has been taken,
increase the suction head until cavitation ceases to avoid causing damage to the impeller.
If cavitation does occur, it is due to a combination of factors which may include high fluid
temperature, high fluid flow rate (high impeller speed), low ambient pressure and low inlet
head. If true cavitation is noted during the experiment, it is recommended that the impeller is
removed and carefully inspected for damage afterwards.
Fully open the inlet valve, set the pump to 0% and switch off the pump.
Select ‘Save’ or ‘Save As…’ from the ‘File’ menu and save the results with a suitable file
name (e.g. the date and the exercise).
Switch off the IFD7.
Results
Plot the Net Positive Suction Head Available against flow rate. On a second axis, plot the
pump efficiency.
In the event that cavitation was observed, print out the graph and mark on it any point at
which cavitation appeared.
Conclusion
Describe the effect of changing suction head on pump performance.
Discuss the use of NPSH charts in the design of a system and the choice of a suitable
pump.
If cavitation was observed, describe the conditions under which it appeared.

19 Exercise E - System Characteristic Analysis (Duty Point)
Objective
To obtain head - flow curves for the pump and the piping system through which the fluid is to
be pumped and to determine the operating point of the pump (the duty point) at different
settings of the flow control valve.
Method
By varying the outlet flow control valve at fixed pump speed (to obtain the pump head - flow
characteristic) and varying the pump speed at fixed valve setting (to obtain the system head
- flow characteristic) then comparing the curves to obtain the duty point.
Theory
System analysis for a pumping installation is conducted to select the most suitable pump for
a particular application by defining the operating point. System analysis involves calculating
head - flow curves for the system (frictional losses in valves, pipes, fittings etc.) and the use
of these curves with those of available pumps. The system curve is a graphic representation
of all possible duty points in so far that the total dynamic head (static lift plus kinetic energy
losses) is plotted against discharge flows from zero to the expected maximum, and a typical
set are shown in Figure E1 for different systems with the same static head but different
frictional losses.
Figure E1: Typical head - flow curves for a pumping installation (pipes, valves etc.)
As demonstrated in previous exercises, pump characteristic curves illustrate the relationship

between head, flow, power and efficiency over a wide range of possible operating
conditions, but they do not indicate at which point on the curves the pump will operate. The
operating point (or duty point) is found by plotting the pump head - flow curve with the
system head - flow curve, as shown in figure E2. The intersection of the two curves
represents the head and flow that the pump will produce if operated in the given piping
system. The position of the operating point will vary if the pump is changed for a similar

model with different characteristics or if the system is changed to include different pipe
fitting, pipe lengths etc. For efficient operation the operating point and the maximum pump
efficiency should occur at the same flowrate.
By varying the outlet flow control valve at fixed pump speed (to obtain the pump head - flow
characteristic) and varying the pump speed at fixed valve setting (to obtain the system head
- flow characteristic) then comparing the curves to obtain the duty point.
The head - flow curve for the pump is obtained by monitoring the pressure at the outlet of
pump 1 while varying the outlet flow control valve operating (speed of the pump fixed).
The head - flow curve for the system is obtained by monitoring the pressure at the outlet of
pump 1 while varying the operating speed of the pump (outlet flow control valve fixed at
some intermediate setting).
Figure E2: Determining the pump operating point (duty point)
Equipment Set- Up
Ensure the drain valves are fully closed.
The red and green indicator lights on the IFD7 should both be illuminated. Ensure the IFD7
is connected to an appropriate mains supply, and switch on the supply.
the mimic diagram.
Ensure that the inlet valve is fully open.

Switch on the pump in the software, set pump speed to 100% then fully open the outlet flow
control valve to allow the pump and pipework to prime.
The exercise will be conducted in two parts; Part 1 measures the pump head-flow
characteristic, Part 2 measures the system head-flow characteristic allowing the two
characteristics to be compared on the same graph.
Procedure - Part 1 (Determining the Pump Characteristics):

Ensure that the pump speed is set to 100%, the flow control valve is fully open and the
readings in the software are stable.
the software.
Observe the maximum flowrate reading obtained then divide this by 10 to give suitable
increments when adjusting the flow control valve.
Gradually close the flow control valve to achieve 90% of the maximum flow, allow the
readings to stabilise then select the GO icon again.
Repeat while reducing the flowrate in 10% steps, recording a data sample at each step, with
a final set of data taken at 0% flowrate (flow control valve fully closed).
Procedure - Part 2 (Determining the System Characteristics):

Flow through the pump will be changed by varying the speed setting using the PC rather
than by varying the outlet flow control valve as in the previous set of measurements.
Select the Next+ icon to create a new results sheet.
Ensure that the pump speed is set to 100%.
Select a position for the outlet flow control valve (gate valve) such that it is partly closed and
forming a significant resistance to flow e.g. approximately 40% of the maximum available
flowrate. This setting will be maintained throughout this part of the exercise.
Allow the readings in the software to stabilise then select the GO icon to record the sensor
readings and pump settings on the results table of the software.
Set the pump to 90%, allow the readings to stabilise then select the GO icon again.
Repeat while reducing the pump speed setting in 10% steps, recording a data sample at
each step, with a final set of data taken at 0% pump speed. These measurements will
produce the ‘system’ head-flow curve, as described in the Theory section.
Note: Readings can be taken at low settings of pump speed but prolonged operation at low
speed should be avoided to prevent overheating of the motor. After taking readings at low
speed return the pump speed to 100% to allow the fan on the motor to operate.
Select the Next+ icon to create a new results sheet.
Ensure that the pump speed is set to 100%.
Readjust the position of the outlet flow control valve to give approximately 70% of the
maximum available flowrate.

Allow the readings in the software to stabilise then select the GO icon to record the sensor
readings and pump settings on the results table of the software.
Set the pump to 90%, allow the readings to stabilise then select the GO icon again.
Repeat this while reducing the pump speed in 10% steps, recording a data sample at each
step, with a final set of data taken at 0% pump speed. These measurements will produce a
different ‘system’ head-flow curve.
Select ‘Save’ or ‘Save As…’ from the ‘File’ menu and save the results with a suitable file
name (e.g. your name and the name of the exercise).
Note: Readings can be taken at low settings of pump speed but prolonged operation at low
speed should be avoided to prevent overheating of the motor. After taking readings at low
speed return the pump speed to 100% to allow the fan on the motor to operate. After several
minutes switch off the pump and switch off the IFD7.
Results
Plot a graph of flow rate (x-axis) against:
y-axis 1:
Run 1, Pump 1 Total Head (The pump head-flow characteristic)
Run 2, Pump 1 Total Head (The system characteristic at one valve setting)
Run 3, Pump 1 Total Head (The system characteristic a different valve setting)
y-axis 2 (different scale):
Run 1, Pump 1 Efficiency (The pump efficiency-flow characteristic)
Observe the points on the graph at which the pump head curve intersects the two system
head curves to obtain the duty points of the pump with two different system requirements.
Observe the flowrate at which these duty points occur compared with the corresponding
flowrate for maximum pump efficiency and comment on the optimum system resistance
curve to suit the pump.
If time permits repeat the above exercise to obtain a system resistance curve where the duty
point of the pump coincides with the maximum pump efficiency.
Conclusion
Compare the graph obtained with the example given in the theory.
The duty point of a centrifugal pump occurs where the pump head-flow curve intersects the
system head-flow curve.
For maximum pump efficiency, essential when operating a large pump that requires a
significant power input, the duty point should be close to the point of maximum efficiency.
Where a pump produces too much flow for a particular system, a restrictor or valve can be
used to reduce the flow but this is inefficient and wastes energy.
In a practical application the system resistance curve is calculated by adding the head loss
due to the pipe friction and the head loss due to the fittings at different flowrates (different

velocities through the pipe). This curve is then compared with the manufacturer’s head-flow
curve for different pumps to determine the optimum combination.

20 Project Work
Additional experiments may be devised to further investigate the characteristics of the

system and the pumps, for example:
Investigation of alternative impellers

Two types of impeller are provided with this equipment. Any of the experiments may be
performed twice, using a different impeller design. The difference in performance of the two
designs may then be investigated by comparing the two sets of results.
As an additional exercise, students may design, produce and test their own impeller using
the dimensions of the supplied impellers as a guide. However, great care must be taken to
ensure that students’ own designs will not damage the equipment as a result of poor fit,
excess flexibility of the impeller, or breakage of the impeller as a result of incorrect material
choice.
Effect of ambient conditions

Where notably different ambient conditions are available, it is possible to study the effect of
this on pump performance. For example, in some areas it may be possible to compare
results taken during a hot, dry summer against those taken during a cold, damp winter.
If there is any intention to investigate the effect of ambient conditions then it is recommended
that measurements of local ambient temperature, barometric pressure and humidity be taken
and recorded with the experimental data each time a laboratory session is undertaken. It is
also essential to ensure that the equipment is well maintained, to minimise changes in pump
performance resulting from scaling, corrosion, wear and damage.

21 Typical Results Exercise A
A plot of Total Head and Efficiency against Flowrate obtained at maximum speed should be
like the graph shown below (both y axes adjusted to show 0m).
A plot of Torque and Efficiency against Flowrate obtained at maximum speed should be like
the graph shown below (y axes adjusted to show 0 Nm and 0%).
Note that tolerances in manufacture of the equipment will result in variations in the numerical
values obtained.

22 Contact Details for Further Information
Main Office: Armfield Limited

Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY
Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781
Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916
Email: sales@armfield.co.uk
support@armfield.co.uk
Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk
US Office: Armfield Inc.

9 Trenton - Lakewood Road
Clarksburg, NJ 085
Tel: (609) 208 2800
Email: info@armfieldinc.com

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Instruction Manual

November 2016 : PC0055743

WARNING - The manufacturer is not liable for consequences resulting from an

Each machine is accompanied by an EC Declaration of Conformity signed by the

The declaration of conformity states the model and serial number.

2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive

2004/108/EC The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

2006/42/EC The Machinery Directive

PC-0055743 2 Issue 10 November 2016

BS EN 61010-1:2010 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for

BS EN 61000-6-1:2007 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards.

BS EN 61000-6-3:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards.

PC-0055743 3 Issue 10 November 2016

PC-0055743 4 Issue 10 November 2016

11.2.4 Controlling inlet (suction) pressure ................................................................. 28

PC-0055743 5 Issue 10 November 2016

United Kingdom International

(0) 1425 478781 +44 (0) 1425 478781

Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916

4 Copyright and trademarks

Copyright © 2016 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.

PC-0055743 6 Issue 10 November 2016

General warning indicating the potential risk of personal injury

Danger warning Caution: Explosion Risk

Electrical hazard Cold Burn hazard

High Voltage hazard Caution: Flammable

Rotating parts hazard Caution: Biohazard

Caution: corrosive material

This symbol draws your attention to the Wear protective gloves

Wear eye protection Wear ear protection

Wear safety shoes Wear breathing protection

PC-0055743 7 Issue 10 November 2016

6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards

Specifically, such non-observance can cause:

 inability of machine and/or plant to perform key functions;

 damage to the machine and /or plant;

 electrical, mechanical and/or chemical danger to persons;

 environmental danger due to leakage of hazardous substances.

6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance

PC-0055743 8 Issue 10 November 2016

6.3 Intended conditions of use

The FM50 Centrifugal Pump Demonstration Unit is designed to give students an

6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly

6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts

The use of non-original parts voids the warranty.

PC-0055743 9 Issue 10 November 2016

6.7 Chemical Safety

6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations

 products containing chemicals

 gases and asphyxiating gases and

PC-0055743 10 Issue 10 November 2016

Safety data sheets

Any person using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:

 Physical data about the substance.

 Any hazard from fire or explosion.

 Any hazard to health.

 Appropriate First Aid treatment.

 Any hazard from reaction with other substances.

 How to clean/dispose of spillage.