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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 02 (2023-24)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case
study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one question in
Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to attempt only one of the
choices in such questions.
6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. The number of valence electrons in a good conductor is generally
a) three or less than three
b) four
c) six or more than six
d) five
2. A cell of emf 1.5 V and internal resistance 2 Ω is connected to two resistors of 5 Ω and 8 Ω in series. The potential
difference across the 5 Ω resistor will be:
a) 0.33 V
b) 0.5 V
c) 1 V
d) 3.3 V
3. A convex lens is dipped in a liquid whose refractive index is equal to the refractive index of the lens. Then its focal
length will:
a) Become infinite
b) Become zero
c) Reduce
d) Remain same as in air
4. Which of the following statement about magnetic field lines is true?
a) The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuous closed loops
b) The smaller the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the stronger is the magnitude of the magnetic field B
c) The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the weaker is the magnitude of the magnetic field B
d) The perpendicular to the field line at a given point gives direction of magnetic field
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5. If the distance between the plates of parallel plate capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant is doubled, then its
capacity will:
a) increase by 2 times
b) increase by 4 times
c) remain the same
d) increase by 16 times
6. A rectangular current-carrying coil having n turns, area A and a current I flowing in a uniform magnetic field B
experiences a maximum torque equal to
a) nIAB
b) IAB
c) nIB
d) nIA
7. The magnetic field between the Horizontal poles of an electromagnet is uniform at any time, but its magnitude is
increasing at the rate of 0.020 T/s.The area of a horizontal conducting loop in the magnetic field is 120cm , and the total
2

circuit resistance, including the meter, is 5Ω. Induced emf and the induced current in the circuit are
a) 0.18 mV, 0.38 mA
b) 0.50 mV, 0.048 mA
c) 0.24 mV, 0.048 mA
d) 0.12 mV, 0.48 mA
8. If the area under the B-H curve of a material M is more, in an ac solenoid using material M
a) heat generated is very low
b) no heat is generated
c) more heat is generated
d) heat generated is ultra low
9. A ray is an imaginary line
a) from source to horizon
b) along the direction perpendicular to travel of the wave
c) along the direction of travel of the wave
d) along the direction at an angle to the travel of the wave
10. A conducting sphere of radius R = 20 cm is given a charge Q = 16 μ C. What is E at its centre?
a) zero
b) 3.6 × 106 N/C
c) 1.8 × 106 N/C
d) 0.9 × 106 N/C
11. In the following figure, the diodes which are forward biased, are

A.

B.

C.

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D.

a) A, C and D
b) B and C
c) C and A
d) C only
12. The largest telescope in the world has a reflector with an aperture of 200 inches in order to achieve
a) low dispersive power
b) least spherical aberration
c) high resolving power
d) high accommodation power
13. Assertion (A): Though the light of a single frequency (monochromatic) is incident on metal, the energies of emitted
photoelectrons are different.
Reason (R): The energy of electrons emitted from inside the metal surface is lost in a collision with the other atoms in
the metal.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
14. Assertion (A): If the distance between parallel plates of a capacitor is halved and dielectric constant is three times, then
the capacitor becomes 6 times.
Reason (R): Capacity of a capacitor does not depend upon the nature of the material.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
15. Assertion (A): No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infinitely close to each other.
Reason (R): The fringe width is inversely proportional to the distance between the two slits.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
16. Assertion (A): It is advantageous to transmit electric power at high voltage.
Reason (R): High voltage implies high current.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Section B
17. Briefly explain, how does an accelerating charge act as a source of an electromagnetic wave?
18. Out of the two magnetic materials, A has relative permeability slightly greater than unity while B has less than unity.
Identify the nature of the materials A and B. Will their susceptibilities be positive or negative?
19. Give two differences between a half-wave rectifier and a full-wave rectifier.
20. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4 level. Determine the
wavelength and frequency of photon.

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21. A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make a square coil of side a having same
number of turns N. Keeping the current I same, find the ratio of the magnetic moments of the square coil and the circular
coil.

OR

Figure shows a triangular loop PQR carrying current I . The triangle is equilateral with side equal to l. If a uniform
magnetic field B exists parallel to PQ, then find the forces acting on the three wires separately.

Section C
22. Derive an expression for the current density of a conductor in terms of the drift speed of electrons.
23. Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following giving reasons:
a. Why is the reverse bias current almost independent of applied voltage up to breakdown voltage?
b. Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at breakdown voltage?
24. Photoelectrons are emitted from a metal surface when UV light of wavelength λ = 300 nm is incident on it. The
minimum negative potential required to stop the emission of electrons is 0.54 V. Calculate:
i. the energy of the incident photons
ii. the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted
iii. the work function of the metal.
Express all answers in eV.
25. i. Define the term activity of a sample of a radioactive nucleus. Write its SI unit.
ii. The half-life of U undergoing α-decay is 4.5 × 10 yr. Determine the activity of 1g sample of U . Given that
238
92
9 238
92

1g of U contains 25.3 × 10 atoms.

238
92
20

26. Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies as n2, where n is the principal quantum number of the atom.
27. White light is used to illuminate two slits in Young's double-slit experiment. The separation between the slits is b, and
the screen is at a distance d (>> b) from the slits. At a point on the screen directly in front of one of the slits, which
wavelengths are missing?
28. i. Define the term self-inductance and write its S.I. unit.
ii. Obtain the expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids S1 and S2 wound one over the other,
each of length L and radii r1 and r2 and n1 and n2 number of turns per unit length, when a current I is set up in the
outer solenoid S2.

OR

Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids but having different radii and different
number of turns.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
An electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfers a
total energy U to a surface in time t, then total linear momentum delivered to the surface is p = . When an
U

electromagnetic wave falls on a surface, it exerts pressure on the surface. In 1903, the American scientists Nichols and

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Hull succeeded in measuring radiation pressures of visible light where other had failed, by making a detailed empirical
analysis of the ubiquitous gas heating and ballistic effects.
i. The pressure exerted by an electromagnetic wave of intensity I(W m-2) on a non-reflecting surface is ( c is the
velocity of light)
a) I

b) I

2
c

c) Ic2
d) Ic
ii. Light with an energy flux of 18 W/cm2 falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence. The pressure
exerted on the surface is:
a) 2 N/m2
b) 6 × 10-4 N/m2
c) 2 × 10-4 N/m2
d) 6 N/m2
iii. Radiation of intensity 0.5 W m-2 are striking a metal plate. The pressure on the plate is
a) 0.212 × 10-8 N m-2
b) 0.132 × 10-8 N m-2
c) 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2
d) 0.083 × 10-8 N m-2

OR

The radiation pressure of the visible light is of the order of

a) 10-4 N/m
b) 10-6 N/m2
c) 10-8 N
d) 10-2 N m2
iv. A point source of electromagnetic radiation has an average power output of 1500 W. The maximum value of
electric field at a distance of 3 m from this source (in V m-1) is
a) 500
b)
500

c) 250

d) 100
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is
given by
q q
F= 1

4πε0
1

2
2

where F denotes the force between two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in free space, ε is a constant known
0

as the permittivity of free space. Free space is a vacuum and may be taken to be air practically. If free space is replaced
by a medium, then ε is replaced by (ε k) or (ε ε ) where k is known as dielectric constant or relative permittivity.
0 0 0 r

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q q
i. In coulomb's law, F = k 1

2
2
, then on which of the following factors does the proportionality constant k
r

depends?
a) Nature of the medium between the two charges
b) Distance between the two charges
c) Electrostatic force acting between the two charges
d) Magnitude of the two charges
ii. Dimensional formula for the permittivity constant ε of free space is
0

a) [M-1 L3 T2 A2]
b) [ML-3T4A2]
c) [M-1 L-3 T4 A2]
d) [M L-3 T4 A-2]
iii. The force of repulsion between two charges of 1 C each, kept 1m apart in vaccum is
a) N
1

9
9×10

b) 1
12
N
9×10

c) 9 × 107 N
d) 9 × 109 N
iv. Two identical charges repel each other with a force equal to 10 mgwt when they are 0.6 m apart in air. (g = 10
m s-2). The value of each charge is
a) 2 mC
b) 2 × 10-7 mC
c) 2 μ C
d) 2 nC

OR

Coulomb's law for the force between electric charges most closely resembles with
a) law of conservation of energy
b) Newton's 2nd law of motion
c) law of conservation of charge
d) Newton's law of gravitation
Section E
31. If light passes near a massive object, the gravitational interaction causes a bending of the ray. This can be thought of as
happening due to a change in the effective refractive index of the medium given by
n(r) = 1 + 2GM

2
rc

where r is the distance of the point of consideration from the centre of the mass of the massive body, G is the universal
gravitational constant, M the mass of the body and c the speed of light in vacuum. Considering a spherical object find the
deviation of the ray from the original path as it grazes the object.

OR

i. In Young's double-slit experiment, describe briefly how bright and dark fringes are obtained on the screen kept in
front of a double slit. Hence obtain the expression for the fringe width.
ii. The ratio of the intensities at minima to the maxima in Young's double-slit experiment is 9:25. Find the ratio of the
width of the slits.

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32. a. Derive the expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial line.
b. Depict the equipotential surfaces due to an electric dipole.

OR

Four charges are arranged at the corners of a square ABCD of side d, as shown in fig.

a. Find the work required to put together this arrangement.

b. A charge q0 is brought to the center E of the square, the four charges being held fixed at its corners. How much extra
work is needed to do this?
33. i. Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series L-C-R circuit connected to AC source for which the
phase difference between the voltage and the current in the circuit is ϕ .
ii. Define the quality factor in an AC circuit. Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving circuits? Name
the factors on which it depends.

OR

An emf ε = 100 sin 314 t is applied across a pure capacitor of 637 μ F. Find
i. the instantaneous current I
ii. instantaneous power P
iii. the frequency of power and
iv. the maximum energy stored in the capacitor.

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Class 12 - Physics
Sample Paper - 02 (2023-24)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) three or less than three
Explanation: The electron theory states that all matter is composed of atoms and the atoms are composed of smaller
particles called protons, electrons, and neutrons. The electrons orbit the nucleus which contains the protons and neutrons.
It is the valence electrons that we are most concerned with in electricity. These are the electrons which are easiest to
break loose from their parent atom. Normally, conductors have three or less valence electrons; insulators have five or
more valence electrons; and semiconductors usually have four valence electrons.
2. (b) 0.5 V
Explanation: I = = 0.1 A
ε 1.5
=
R + r (5 + 8)+2

P.D. across 5 Ω resistor = 0.1 × 5 = 0.5 V

3. (a) Become infinite
μ
Explanation: = (
1 2 1 1
− 1)( − )
f μ1 R1 R2

Since, μ 2 = μ1 ,

1
= 0, hence f = ∞
f

4. (a) The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or a solenoid) form continuous closed loops

Explanation:

Outside the solenoid field lines moves from North to South pole, whereas inside it moves from South to North pole.
5. (b) increase by 4 times
ε0 A
Explanation: C i.e C
κ
= κ C0 = κ ∝
d d
2κ
∴ C ∝
d/2

′ 4k
⇒ C ∝
d
′
C
⇒ = 4
C

⇒ C' = 4 C
6. (a) nIAB
Explanation: The torque experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is given by
τ = nBI A sin θ .

This has a maximum value when sin θ = 1

So, τ = nBI A
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7. (c) 0.24 mV, 0.048 mA
Explanation: e = Rate of change of magnetic field × area
−4
= 0.02 × 120 × 10 = 0.24mV

e 0.24
i = = = 0.48mA
R 5

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8. (c) more heat is generated
Explanation: More heat is generated because heat produced per unit volume per cycle is equal to area of hysterisis loop
(B - H curve).
9. (c) along the direction of travel of the wave
Explanation: The direction or path along which light energy travels in medium is called ray of light. Rays are the arrows
perpendicular to the wavefront in direction of propagation of a wave.
10. (a) zero
Explanation: The electric field at any point inside the conducting sphere is zero.
11. (c) C and A
Explanation: In both figures (A) and (C), p-side is at higher potential than the n-side.
12. (c) high resolving power
Explanation: Resolving power is directly proportinal to aperture.
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The energy of electrons just after they absorb photons incident on the metal surface may be lost in a
collision with other atoms in the metal before the electron is ejected out of the metal which results in the ejected
photoelectrons with different energies despite monochromatic incident radiation.
14. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: A is true but R is false.
15. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: When d is negligibly small, fringe width p which is proportional to β may become too large. Even a single
fringe may occupy the whole screen. Hence, the pattern cannot be detected.
16. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: As P = VI, so for the transmission of same power, high voltage implies low current. At high voltages, heat
losses (H = I2Rt) are substantially reduced.
Section B
17. Consider a charge oscillating with some frequency. This is an example of accelerating charge. This charge produces an
oscillating electric field in space. This field, in turn, produces an oscillating magnetic field in the neighborhood.
The process continues because the oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other. Hence an
electromagnetic wave originates from the accelerating charges.
18. The relative permeability of paramagnetic substances is greater than 1, so the nature of the material A is paramagnetic.
Hence its magnetic susceptibility χ is small and positive (χ > 0) . m m

The relative permeability of diamagnetic substances is less than 1, so the nature of the material B is diamagnetic. Hence
its magnetic susceptibility χ is small and negative (−1 ≤ χ < 0) .
m m

19. i. Full wave rectifier rectifies the negative component of voltage and converts it into DC whereas half wave rectifier
rectifies the negative component of voltage only.
ii. Efficiency of the full wave rectifier is greater than the half-wave rectifier.

20. As,
1 1 1
= R( − )
2 2
λ n n
1 2

1 7 1 1
⇒ = 1.09 × 10 ( − )
2 2
λ 1 4

7 15
= 1.09 × 10 ×
16

or λ
16 −8
= = 9.8 × 10 m
7
1.09×10 ×15
8

Frequency, ν
c 3×10 15 −1
∴ = = = 3.06 × 10 s
8
λ 9.8×10

21. As the same circular coil is unwound and rewound into square coil, length remains same. Thus,
(2πr) N = (4a) N

...... (i)
πr
2πr = 4a ⇒ a =
2

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Thus, the ratio of magnetic moment of square coil and circular coil is given as
2
Ms N I As a
= =
2
Mc N I Ac πr
2
(πr/2)
=
2
=
π

4
[∵ from Eq. (i)]⇒ M s : Mc = π : 4
πr

OR

As B⃗ ∥P Q so force on wire PQ is
−→
−
⃗ ⃗
F 1 = IP Q × B

or F = I × P Q × B × sin 0
1
∘
= 0

Force on wire QR,

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
F 2 = I QR × B

√3
or F 2 = I lB sin 120
∘
=
2
I lB

By right-hand rule, this force acts normally into the plane of the paper.
Force on wire RP,
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
F 3 = I RP × B

√3
or F 3 = I lB sin 120
∘
=
2
I lB

This force acts normally out of the plane of paper.

Section C
22. Let potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length I and hence an electric field E produced inside the
conductor.
∴ E =
V
....(i)
l

Let n = number density of free electrons

A = cross-sectional area of conductor
e = electrons charge.
∴ Number of free electrons present in length l of conductor = nAI
∴ Total charge contained in length l which can contribute in current,

q = (nAl)e ... (ii)

The time taken by free electron to cross the length l of conductor is
t = l/vd
where, vd = drift speed of electron.
∴ Current through the conductor [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
I = q/t
(nAl)e (nAl)e
I = = = neAvd
t (l/vd )

neAvd
Current density J = I
=
A A

∴ J = nevd , i.e. J ∝ vd

Thus, current density of conductor is proportional to drift speed of electrons.

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23. For V - l characteristic of a p-n junction diode, see figure.

a. A very small current of order of few μ A flows, when the diode is reverse biased. It is due to the drift of minority
charge carriers whose number density remains constant, so the current under reverse bias is almost independent of the
applied potential upto a critical voltage.
b. When the reverse voltage across the p-n junction reaches a critical voltage, the reverse current abruptly increases to a
large value. It is due to the large increase in the number of minority charge carriers because of the breakdown of the
diode. The avalanche breakdown occurs in lightly doped diodes due to ionisation by collision. Zener breakdown
occurs at low voltages in heavily doped diodes by field emission.
24. Here λ = 300 nm = 3 × 10-7 m
V0 = 0.54 V
i. The energy of incident photon,
= 6.63 × 10-19 J
−34 8
hc 6.63×10 ×3×10
E = =
−7
λ 3×10
−19

= 4.14 eV.
6.63×10
= eV
−19
1.6×10

ii. Kmax = eV0 = 0.54 eV.

iii. Again, Kmax = hv - W0
∴ W0 = hv - Kmax
= 4.14 - 0.54 = 3.6 eV.
25. i. Activity of a radioactive substance is the number of disintegration taking place in the given sample per second. Its SI
unit is Becquerel (Bq) . 1 Bq is one disintegration per second.
ii. T 1/2
= 4.5 × 10
9
years = 4.5 × 10
9
× 3.15 × 10
7
seconds

238
Number of atoms in 1g sample of is N = 23 1
U 6.023 × 10 ×
238
92
log 2
Activity of sample A = λN =
e
× N
T1/2

0.6931 23 1
= ( ) × 6.023 × 10 ×
9 7
4.5×10 ×3.15×10 238

4
= 1.237 × 10 bacquerel

26. According to the Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom, the angular momentum of revolving electron is given by
........(i)
nh
mvr =
2π

where, m = mass of the electron, v = velocity of the electron.

r = radius of the orbit, h = Planck's constant and n = principal quantum number of the atom.
If an electron of mass m and velocity v is moving in a circular orbit of radius r, then the centripetal force is given by
Fc = mv2/r........(ii)
Also, if the charge on the nucleus is Ze, then the force of electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the electron

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will provide the necessary centripetal force
⇒ Fc = Fe
2 2
mv ke
⇒ = [∴ Z = 1]
r 2
r
2

⇒ r =
e ⋅k

2
........(iii)
mv
2 2 2 2

r =
ke 4π

2
m r

2
[from eq. (i)]
m⋅n h
2 2
n h 2
⇒ r = ⇒ r ∝ n
2 2
ke 4π m

27. The situation is shown in fig.,

The path difference between the waves reaching the point P is

p = BP - AP
1/2

= (d2 + b2)1/2 - d (1 +
2
b

2
) -d
d
2 2

= d (1 + 1

2
b

2
) -d= b

2d
d

For a dark band,

2

p= = (2n - 1) ,
b λ

2d 2

where n = 1, 2, 3,...
2

or λ =
1
⋅
b

(2n−1) d
2 2 2

Hence the missing wavelengths are: , ....

b b b
, ,
d 3d 5d

28. i. Self-Inductance is the property by which an opposing induced emf is produced in a coil due to a change in current, or
magnetic flux, linked with the coil.
The S.I. unit of self-inductance is Henry (H).
ii. In this question, a long co-axial solenoids S1 and S2 wound one over the other, each of length L and radii r1 and r2
and n1 and n2 number of turns per unit length, when a current I is set up in the outer solenoid S2.

Let a current l2 flow in the secondary coil

μ0 N2 i2
∴ B2 = l

μ0 N2 N1 A1 i2
∴ Flux linked with the primary coil = l

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= M12i2
μ0 N2 N1 A2
Hence, M12 = l

N1 N2
μ0 n2 n1 A1 l (n1 = ; n2 = )
l l

OR

Let coaxial solenoid P is wound over an another solenoid.

Let l = length of both solenoid

r1 and r2 = radii of P and S
A2 = πr [area of secondary coil, S]
2
2

Magnetic induction in solenoid, P

B1 = μ0 n1 I1
N1
where, n1 = l

∴ Total flux linked with solenoid S,

ϕ2 = B1 A2 N2

2 2
⇒ ϕ2 = B1 (πr ) N2 = ( μ0 n1 I1 ) πr N2
2 2

N1
2
ϕ2 = (μ0 I1 ) πr N2
l 2

2
μ0 πI1 N1 N2 r
...(i)
2
⇒ ϕ2 =
l

But ϕ 2 = M I1

were, M = coefficient of mutual induction

2 2
μ πN1 N2 r μ πN1 N2 r
0 2 0 2
⇒ M I1 = I1 ⇒ M =
l l

Section D
29. i. (a)
I

Explanation: Pressure exerted by an electromagnetic radiation, P =

I

ii. (b) 6 × 10-4 N/m2

2
Energy flux 18 W/cm
Explanation: P rad
= =
8
Speed of light 3×10 m/s
4 2

10-4 N/m2
18×10 W/m
= 8
=6×
3×10 m/s

iii. (c) 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2

Explanation: P = 0.166 × 10-8 N m-2
I 0.5
= =
c 8
3×10

OR

(b) 10-6 N/m2

Explanation: The radiation pressure of visible light
= 7 × 10-6 N/m2
iv. (d) 100
Explanation: Intensity of EM wave is given by I =
P
2
Vav =
1

2
ε0 E
0
2
× c
4πR

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−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

=√
P 1500
⇒ E0 = √
2 2 −12 8
2πR ε0 c 2×3.14(3) ×8.85×10 ×3×10

−−−−−−
= √10, 000 = 100 V m-1
30. i. (a) Nature of the medium between the two charges
Explanation: The proportionality constant k depends on the nature of the medium between the two charges.
ii. (b) [ML-3T4A2]
Explanation: [ML-3T4A2]
iii. (d) 9 × 109 N
Explanation: 9 × 109 N
iv. (c) 2 μ C
q q
Explanation: F = 4πε0
1 1 2

2
d
9 2

(10 × 10-3) × 10 =
(9×10 )×q
∴
2
(0.6)

q2 = 4 × 10-12
−1

or =
10 ×0.36

9
9×10

or q = 2 × 10-6 C = 2 μ C

OR

(d) Newton's law of gravitation

Explanation: Newton's law of gravitation
Section E
31. If light passes near a massive object, the gravitational interaction causes a bending of the ray. Consider two planes at r
and r + dr. Let the light be incident at an angle θ at the plane at r and leave r + dr at an angle θ + dθ
Then from Snell's law
n(r) sin θ = n(r + dr) sin(θ + dθ)

;
dn
⇒ n(r) sin θ = (n(r) + dr) (sin θ cos dθ + cos θ sin dθ)
dr

dn
(n(r) + dr) (sin θ + cos θdθ)
dr

Neglecting products of differentials.

dn
n(r) sin θ = n(r) sin θ + dr sin θ + n(r) cos θdθ
dr

dn dθ
⇒ − tan θ = n(r)
dr dr

2GM 2GM dθ dθ
⇒ tan θ = (1 + ) ≈
2 2 2
r c rc dr dr

θ0 ∞
2GM tan θdr
∫ dθ = ∫
2 2
c r
0 −∞

Now r2 = x2 + R2 and tan θ =

R

2rdr = 2xdx

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θ0 ∞
2GM R xdx
∫ dθ = ∫
2 x 2
c 2 2
( x +R )
0 −∞

Put x = R tan ϕ
dx = R Sec 2
ϕdϕ

π/2 π/2
2
2GMR R sec ϕdϕ 2GM 4GM
θ0 = ∫ = ∫ cos ϕdρ =
2 3 3 2 2
c R sec ϕ Rc Rc
−π/2 −π/2

OR

i. In Young's double slit experiment. The wavefronts from the two illuminated slit superpose on the screen. When light
waves from two illuminated slits is incident on the screen, the path traveled by each light wave is different. This path
difference leads to a phase difference in the two light waves. The path difference is different for each point on the
screen and hence, intensity is different for all the points. This leads to the formation and bright and dark fringes on

the screen

Consider point P on the screen as shown in the figure.

S2​P2 = S2​F2 + PF2
−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
d
S2 P = √D + (x +
2
)
2

Similarly,
−−−−−−−−−−−−
2
2 d
S1 P = √D + (x − )
2

Path difference is given by:

−−−−−−−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2

S2​P - S1​P = √D - √D
2 d 2 d
+ (x + ) + (x − )
2 2

Using binomial expansion,

2 2

S2​P - S1​P = D (1 +
1 x d 1 x d
( + ) + …) − D (1 + ( − ) + ….)
2 D 2D 2 D 2D

Ignoring higher-order terms,

xd
Δx = S2 P − S1 P ≈
D

For constructive interference i.e. bright fringes,

xd
nλ =
D
(2n−1)λ
xn =
nλD
thus for the dark fringes xd
= 2
this implies xn=(n − 1

2
)
Dλ

d D d

Fringe width is equal to the distance between two consecutive maxima.

(n−1)λD
nλD
β = xn − xn−1 = −
d d
λD
β =
d
2
Imax (a1 +a2 )
ii. We have =
2
=
25

Imin 9
(a1 −a2 )
a1 +a2 5 a1 4
∴ = ⇒ =
a1 −a2 3 a2 1

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2
w1 I1 (a1 )
∴
w2
=
I2
=
2
=
16

1
​
(a2 )

32. a. Let electric potential is to be determined at a point P lying on the axis of an electric dipole of dipole length 2l at a
distance d from the centre of the dipole as shown in the figure.

q
Potential at P due to +q charge of the dipole = 1

4πε0
⋅
(d−l)

Potential at P due to -q charge of the dipole

1 −q
=
4πε0 (d+l)

Total potential at P due to both the charges of the dipole

q 1 1
= [ − ]
4πε0 (d−l) (d+l)

2l 1 p 1
= q × × = ×
2 2 2 2
4πε0 (d −l ) 4πε0 (d −l )

where, the scalar value of dipole moment (p) = q × 2l

If l << d, then neglecting l2 we get, the final value of the electric potential to be, V 1 p
=
2
4πε0 d

b. An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by some distance. Equipotential lines and
electric field are always perpendicular to each other. Equipotential surfaces of a dipole are as shown below:

Potential of points lying on the perpendicular bisector surface will be zero.

OR

a. Since the work done depends on the final arrangement of the charges, and not on how they are put together, we
calculate work needed for one way of putting the charges at A, B, C and D. Suppose, first the charge +q is brought to
A, and then the charges –q, +q, and -q are brought to B, C, and D, respectively. The total work needed can be
calculated in steps:
i. Work needed to bring charge +q to A when no charge is present elsewhere: this is zero.
ii. Work needed to bring –q to B when +q is at A. This is given by (charge at B) × (electrostatic potential at B due
to charge +q at A)
2
q q
= −q × ( 4πε0 d
) =− 4πε0 d

iii. Work needed to bring charge +q to C when +q is at A and -q is at B. This is given by (charge at C) × (potential at
C due to charges at A and B
+q −q
= +q ( +
4πε0 d
)
4πε0 d√2
2
−q
=
1
(1 − )
4πε0 d √2

iv. Work needed to bring -q to D when +q at A, -q at B, and +q at C. This is given by (charge at D) × (potential at D
due to charges at A, B, and C)
+q −q q
= −q ( 4πε0 d
+ +
4πε0 d
)
4πε0 d√2
2
−q
=
1
(2 − )
4πε0 d √2

Add the work done in steps (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv). The total work required is

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2
−q
=
1 1
{(0) + (1) + (1 − ) + (2 − )}
4πε0 d √2 √2
2
−q –
= 4πε0 d
(4 − √2)

The work done depends only on the arrangement of the charges, and not how they are assembled. By definition,
this is the total electrostatic energy of the charges.
b. The extra work necessary to bring a charge q0 to point E when the four charges are at A, B, C, and D is q0 ×
(electrostatic potential at E due to the charges at A, B, C, and D). The electrostatic potential at E is clearly zero since
potential due to A and C is cancelled by that due to B and D. Hence, no work is required to bring any charge to point
E. Also, it can be said that the work done over a closed surface is zero. (charges are opposite in corners so work done
during one cycle cancel out by another cycle) hence work done is zero.
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33. i. In series LCR circuit, Voltage, V = V0 sinωt
Current in circuit, I = I0 sin(ωt − ϕ )
Instantaneous Power, P = VI
=V 0 I0 sin ωt sin(ωt + ϕ)

= 1

2
V0 I0 2 sin ωt sin(ωt + ϕ) = 1

2
V0 I0 [cos ϕ − cos(2ωt + ϕ)]

Average value of cos(2ωt + ϕ ) over a complete cycle is zero i.e.,

cos(2ωt + ϕ) = 0 .
∴ Average power over a complete cycle,
V0 I0
Pav = =
1
V0 I0 cos ϕ cos ϕ
2 √2 √2

Pav = V rms
Irms cos ϕ

ii. Quality Factor (Q): In series LCR circuit, the ratio of the voltage drop across inductor (or capacitor) to the voltage
drop across resistor under resonance condition is called the quality factor.
ωr LI
Q= =ω =
L 1 L
r ⋅
RI R √LC R
−−
⇒ Q= 1

R
√
L

ωr
Also, Q = ω2 −ω1

where ω - ω is the bandwidth of the resonant curve. Smaller is the bandwidth, larger is the quality factor and
1 2

selectivity (or sharpness of resonance) of the circuit. That is why in receiving circuits, the quality factor must be very
high. The quality factor depends on the values of resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the circuit.

OR

i. Given ε = 100 sin 314 t volt

As the current in a capacitor leads the voltage by 90o, so the instantaneous current is given by
I=I 0 sin(314t + 90 ) = I0 cos 314t
∘

ε0 ε0
where I 0 =
XC
= = ε0 ωC
1/ωC

But ε = 100 V, ω =
0 314 rads-1, C = 637 × 10 −6
F

−6
∴ I0 = 100 × 314 × 637 × 10 = 20 A
ε0 ε0
Where I 0 =
XC
= = ε0 ωC
1/ωC

But ε = 100 V, ω =
0 314 rad s
−1
,C = 637 × 10
−6
F

−6
∴ I0 = 100 × 314 × 637 × 10 = 20 A

Hence I = 20 cos 314 t ampere

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ii. Instantaneous power,
P = εI = 100 sin 314t × 20 cos 314t
= 1000 sin 628 t watt
iii. Angular frequency of power, ω p = 628 rads-1
ωp
∴ Frequency of power, f p
=
2π
=
628

2π
= 100 Hz

iv. The maximum energy stored in the capacitor is

U0 = 1

2
CE
0
2
=
1

2
× 637 × 10
−6
× (100)
2
= 3.185 J

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