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    The Ggplot2 System

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    The Ggplot2 System

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    The ggplot2 system

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    The Ggplot2 System

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    The `ggplot2` system

    The `ggplot2` system is one of the most popular and powerful plotting systems in R. It is based
    on the Grammar of Graphics, a coherent system for describing and building graphics that was
    created by Leland Wilkinson. `ggplot2` allows for the creation of complex, multi-layered plots
    with a high degree of customization and flexibility, making it a favorite among data analysts
    and data scientists.
    Key Features of `ggplot2`
    1. Grammar of Graphics : The core idea behind `ggplot2` is the Grammar of Graphics, which
    provides a systematic way of thinking about and creating graphics. Plots are built up from a
    combination of different components such as data, aesthetics, geometries, statistics,
    coordinates, and facets.
    2. Layered Approach : `ggplot2` uses a layered approach to build plots. You start with the base
    data and aesthetics, and then add layers for different plot elements like points, lines, bars, and
    more.
    3. Data-Driven : Plots are tightly integrated with the data frame, and most aspects of the plot
    are automatically determined from the data, including scales and labels.
    4. Highly Customizable : `ggplot2` provides a high degree of customization. You can control
    almost every aspect of a plot, including the colors, shapes, sizes, themes, and more.
    5.Faceting : `ggplot2` has powerful tools for creating multi-panel plots (facets) that allow you
    to split your data by one or more variables and create a grid of plots.
    Basic Syntax
    The basic structure of a `ggplot2` plot is as follows:
    library(ggplot2)
    ggplot(data = <DATA>, aes(x = <X>, y = <Y>)) +
    <GEOM_FUNCTION>() +
    <OTHER_LAYERS>()
    `ggplot(data, aes(...))` : This initializes the plot with the data and defines the aesthetic mappings
    (`aes`). The aesthetics typically include variables mapped to the x and y axes.
    `geom_*()`: Functions that add layers of geometric objects, such as points (`geom_point()`),
    lines (`geom_line()`), bars (`geom_bar()`), etc.
    theme() : Functions and settings to customize the overall appearance of the plot.
    Example: Basic Scatter Plot
    library(ggplot2)
    Basic scatter plot
    ggplot(data = airquality, aes(x = Temp, y = Ozone)) +
    geom_point() +
    labs(title = "Ozone vs Temperature", x = "Temperature (F)", y = "Ozone (ppb)")

    Components of a `ggplot2` Plot


    1.Data : The data frame that contains the variables to be plotted.
    2.Aesthetics (`aes`): Mappings of variables to visual properties, such as x and y positions, color,
    size, and shape.
    3. Geometries (`geom_*`): The geometric objects that represent data points. Common
    geometries include:
    - `geom_point()`: For scatter plots.
    - `geom_line()`: For line plots.
    - `geom_bar()`: For bar charts.
    - `geom_histogram()`: For histograms.
    4. Statistics (`stat_*`): Functions that perform statistical transformations on the data, like
    `stat_smooth()` for adding regression lines.
    5.Coordinates (`coord_*`) : The coordinate system used for the plot, such as
    `coord_cartesian()` for Cartesian coordinates.
    6.Facets (`facet_*`): Functions for creating multi-panel plots, splitting the data by one or more
    variables:
    - `facet_wrap()`: Wraps a 1d sequence of panels into 2d.
    - `facet_grid()`: Creates a grid of panels based on two variables.
    7. Themes (`theme_*`): Controls the non-data elements of the plot, like the background,
    gridlines, and text.
    Example: Adding Layers and Customization
    ggplot(data = airquality, aes(x = Temp, y = Ozone)) +
    geom_point(color = "blue", size = 3) + # Add points
    geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "red", se = FALSE) + # Add linear regression line
    labs(title = "Ozone vs Temperature with Regression Line",
    x = "Temperature (F)", y = "Ozone (ppb)") +
    theme_minimal() # Use a minimal theme

    In this example:
    - `geom_point(color = "blue", size = 3)`: Adds blue points to the plot.
    - `geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "red", se = FALSE)`: Adds a red linear regression line
    without a confidence interval.
    - `theme_minimal()`: Applies a minimal theme to the plot, which changes the background and
    gridlines.
    Faceting Example
    ggplot(data = airquality, aes(x = Temp, y = Ozone)) +
    geom_point() +
    facet_wrap(~ Month) +
    labs(title = "Ozone vs Temperature by Month",
    x = "Temperature (F)", y = "Ozone (ppb)")
    This example creates a series of scatter plots for `Ozone` vs. `Temp`, with each plot
    corresponding to a different month.
    Example (Scatter plot)
    library(ggplot2)
    ggplot(data = mtcars, aes(x = wt, y = mpg, color = factor(cyl)))
    + geom_point(size = 3) + facet_wrap(~gear)
    + labs(title = "Fuel Efficiency vs. Weight by Cylinders", x = "Weight (1000 lbs)", y = "Miles
    per Gallon")
    + theme_minimal()
    Example(Line plot)
    ggplot(data = economics, aes(x = date, y = unemploy))
    + geom_line(color = "blue", size = 1)
    + labs( title = "Unemployment Rate in the U.S. Over Time", x = "Year", y = "Number of
    Unemployed (in thousands)" )
    + theme_minimal()

    Example(Bar plot)
    ggplot(data = diamonds, aes(x = cut))
    + geom_bar(fill = "steelblue")
    + labs( title = "Distribution of Diamond Cuts", x = "Cut Quality", y = "Count of Diamonds" )
    + theme_minimal()
    Example (Histogram)
    ggplot(data = mtcars, aes(x = wt))
    + geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.5, fill = "darkorange", color = "black")
    + labs( title = "Distribution of Car Weights", x = "Weight (1000 lbs)", y = "Frequency" )
    + theme_minimal()

    The ggplot2 System


    The ggplot2 plottings system attempts to split the difference between base and lattice in a
    number of ways. Taking cues from lattice, the ggplot2 system automatically deals with
    spacings, text, titles but also allows you to annotate by “adding” to a plot.
    The ggplot2 system is implemented in the ggplot2 package, which is available from CRAN (it
    does not come with R). You can install it from CRAN via
    Note : The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) is R's central software repository,
    supported by the R Foundation.

    https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/
    install.packages("tidyverse")
    install.packages("ggplot2")
    (or)
    >install.packages("pak")
    >pak::pak("tidyverse/ggplot2")

    > install.packages("ggplot2")
    and then load it into R via the library function.
    > library(ggplot2)
    Superficially, the ggplot2 functions are similar to lattice, but the system is generally easier and
    more intuitive to use. The defaults used in ggplot2 make many choices for you, but you can
    still customize plots to your heart’s desire.
    A typical plot with the ggplot package looks as follows.
    > data(mpg)
    > qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg)

    Figure 5.7: ggplot2 plot

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