Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology Original Article

Impulsivity, Sensation-Seeking, Emotional Neglect, and Delinquent Behavior among

Pakistani E-cigarette Users

Fahama Qamar1, Ansa Quratulain2*

Abstract
In a world where smoke meets innovation, a sizzling trend has taken the stage by storm - E-
cigarettes! As these sleek devices spark fascination and controversy alike, the rising wave of
vaping and its electrifying impact on society is equally enormous. E-cigarette usage continues to
grow in Pakistan and there is a scarcity of research examining the specific psychological factors
associated with delinquent behavior among users. Therefore, this study investigates the influence
of impulsivity and sensation-seeking on delinquent behavior among Pakistani E-cigarette users,
while examining the mediating role of emotional neglect. Using a cross-sectional approach, data
were collected from a sample of Pakistani E-cigarette-using adolescents aged 11-19 years old. The
research employed questionnaires such as Barrat’s Impulsivity Scale (BIS), Brief Sensation
Seeking Scale (BSSS), revised Self-reported Delinquency Scale (SRDS), and Emotional Neglect
Scale (ENS) to gather quantitative data, respectively. Statistical software (SPSS) was used to
analyze quantitative data. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between sensation
seeking and impulsivity and sensation seeking and delinquency. However, with delinquency,
impulsivity had an insignificant, positive relationship. Moreover, emotional neglect was found to
mediate the relationship between impulsivity and delinquent behavior. However, no mediation was
found between sensation seeking and delinquent behavior. In conclusion, the current study
provides valuable insights into the predictive role of impulsivity and sensation-seeking in
delinquent behavior among Pakistani E-cigarette users. The mediating role of emotional neglect
highlights the complex interplay between individual characteristics and environmental factors in
the context of E-cigarette use and delinquency.
Keywords: Delinquent Behavior, E-Cigarette Users, Emotional Neglect, Impulsivity, Sensation
Seeking
Received: 31 July 2023; Revised Received: device – an e-cigarette by any alias. In
15 September 2023; Accepted: 22 September Pakistan, E-cigarettes are heavily promoted.
2023 In many stores and supermarkets in
Pakistan's major cities, including Karachi,
1
MS Scholar, Department of Psychology, Air Lahore, and Islamabad, electronic cigarettes
University, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. are sold to people of all ages. Many tobacco
2*
Assistant Professor, Department of businesses openly promote these new
Psychology, Air University, Islamabad tobacco products to Pakistani young because
Campus, Pakistan. there is no legislation governing E-cigarettes
(Khan, 2015). Considering this, the Pakistan
*Corresponding Author Email: Medical Association (PMA) has raised
ansa.quratulain@mail.au.edu.pk several concerns about health risks and
Introduction advocated for stricter regulations (Sarfraz et
Recently, E-cigarette use has surged in al., 2018).
popularity among young adults globally. Studies suggest various short-term and long-
Vaping by any other name is still the same term physical and psychological effects of e-
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial
4.0 International License (https://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits
non-Commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission
provided the original work is attributed as specified.
© Copyright: The Authors (2023)
Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

cigarette usage. Some research suggests that ADHD. While spontaneity can be adaptive,
e-cigarettes may have harmful effects on the excessive impulsiveness can have adverse
respiratory and cardiovascular systems and effects on relationships, careers, and mental
may also serve as a gateway to traditional health. High levels of stress and anxiety can
cigarette use (Miyashita & Foley, 2020; also contribute to impulsive behavior as a
Zhang et al., 2018). Others suggest that E- coping mechanism. However, unchecked
cigarettes can serve as a gateway to impulsivity can lead to financial issues,
traditional cigarette use, particularly among substance abuse problems, difficulties in
young people who may become addicted to maintaining relationships, and social
nicotine through e-cigarette use (Chapman et isolation (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014;
al., 2018). In addition to this, some Simon et al., 2021; Winstanley et al., 2006).
behavioral disturbances are also reported Also, it may lead an adolescent towards
including delinquent behaviors among delinquent behavior.
adolescents (Moreno et al., 2014). Impulsivity interacts with risk factors for
Delinquent behavior is a widespread issue in delinquency and antisocial conduct. In
society, with impulsivity and sensation- economically underprivileged youth,
seeking identified as key factors driving impulsivity increases the likelihood of
illicit behavior. Delinquent behavior delinquency (Meier et al., 2008). Impulsivity
encompasses a wide range, from vandalism also moderates the relationship between drug
to aggression and violence at school (Moreno use and risky sexual behavior, with higher
et al., 2014). Although some level of criminal impulsivity levels associated with a higher
behavior may be a normal part of likelihood of engaging in unsafe sexual
adolescence, repeated or continued practices during drug use (Semple et al.,
delinquency can have serious consequences, 2005). Impulsivity is strongly linked to
such as legal sanctions, social stigma, and psychiatric disorders like personality
imprisonment (Kim & Fletcher, 2018). disorders, substance use disorders, and
Delinquent behavior can result in mental bipolar disorders, with biological substrates
health issues and social isolation. It is playing a significant role.
recognized as a significant social problem In Pakistani literature, several studies
with both immediate and long-term effects on investigated the relationship between
individuals (Moffitt et al., 2002; Nilsson & impulsivity and various psychological factors
Estrada, 2011). Adolescent delinquency among adolescents. A study by Masood et al.
harms individual human capital (2018) compared Pakistani adolescent
accumulation, leading to reduced academic suicide thinkers and non-thinkers on anger,
achievement, higher school dropout rates, impulsivity, and academic stress. Significant
and fewer completed years of education differences were found between the groups,
(Hirschfield, 2009; Hjalmarsson, 2008; Ou et with anger, impulsivity, and academic stress
al., 2007). Contributing factors to delinquent identified as significant positive predictors of
behavior include poor family relationships, suicide ideation. Another study in Karachi
school challenges, peer pressure, and focused on art therapy's efficacy in reducing
psychological and behavioral issues impulsive behaviors among children with co-
(Mohideen et al., 2016). morbid ADHD and Intellectual Disability
Among behavioral issues, impulsive (ID). The experimental study showed that art
behavior can stem from various factors such therapy sessions helped in controlling
as genetic predisposition, environmental impulsive behaviors in these children (Habib
stressors, and psychological conditions like & Ali, 2015). Hence, it is vital to develop and

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

validate accurate measures that capture its (Cohen et al., 2017; Hadland et al., 2015;
core nature. These measures should be tested Jessar et al., 2017). Additionally, studies
on ideologically neutral models to ensure have shown that emotional neglect in
reliability and validity for further research on teenagers differs significantly across the
impulsivity treatment (Moeller et al., 2001) sexes. Boys typically perceive more
In addition to impulsivity, adolescent emotional abuse than girls (Hagborg et al.,
egocentrism may lead to risk-taking 2017).
behaviors, with sensation-seeking being a Hence, emotional neglect can lead to an
significant predictor of delinquent behavior emotional void, making individuals more
(Greene et al., 2000). Peer deviance and prone to impulsivity and seeking excitement
inadequate parental supervision mediate the through socially unacceptable or criminal
impact of sensation-seeking and parental behaviors. On the other hand, some
supervision on adolescent delinquency individuals who experience emotional
(Mann et al., 2015). Two indigenous studies neglect may develop coping strategies to
explored different aspects of adolescent control their impulses, find healthier ways to
behavior. The first study focused on sexting achieve their goals and foster stable
among young adults, finding a positive emotional well-being. An indigenous study
association between sexting, emotional in Pakistan on street children found a
promiscuity, and sexual pleasure seeking. significant proportion showing high levels of
Sexting was significantly predicted by the impulsivity, overt aggression, immaturity,
desire for sexual gratification, and women helplessness, withdrawal, inadequacy, and
reported higher rates of sexting (Bilal, 2021). depression (Iqbal, 2012). Another inquiry
The second study found that sensation- revealed that addicts were more likely to have
seeking and peer influence independently experienced emotional neglect, severe
predicted risk-taking behavior in adolescents, emotional abuse, and severe physical abuse
with no significant interaction between the during childhood compared to non-addicts
two. Gender differences were observed in the (Ashraf & Moaz, 2013). In a related study,
study (Siraj et al., 2021). emotional neglect and self-harming
Furthermore, emotional neglect, a form of behaviors were found to fully mediate the
parental neglect impacting emotional well- relationship between family satisfaction and
being, can also exacerbate the impact of depressive symptoms among college students
impulsivity and sensation seeking (Cohen et (Saleem et al., 2021).
al., 2017). Emotional neglect is a pattern of Thus, impulsivity leads to rash actions and a
inadequate emotional support and care lack of consideration for consequences
towards a child or dependent adult, leading to (Barratt, 1993), while sensation seekers
lasting effects on emotional and social actively pursue intense experiences
development. It can result in low self-esteem, (Zuckerman, 1994). Both traits have been
challenges in forming healthy relationships, linked to a higher likelihood of engaging in
and increased vulnerability to mental health criminal activities. Prior research has shown
issues like depression and anxiety later in life that e-cigarette usage is positively correlated
(Bolger et al., 1998; Lee et al., 2018; Lippard with sensation seeking (Hoffmann, 2021;
& Nemeroff, 2020; Nanda et al., 2015). Krishnan-Sarin et al., 2015), and flavored e-
Emotional neglect has long-lasting cigarettes are linked to increased teen vaping
detrimental effects on adolescents, including (Leventhal et al., 2015). Emotional neglect,
poor academic performance, low self-esteem, in addition to this, has also been suggested to
anxiety, depression, and substance abuse affect delinquent behavior. So, adolescents

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

engaging in initial minor delinquent acts may al., 2007). The inclusion criteria for this
escalate to more serious and harmful research study encompasses adolescents aged
behaviors if not addressed promptly 11-19 years who engage in e-cigarette use,
(Almutham et al., 2019). ranging from always to occasional, often, or
Therefore, this study was proposed to fill the sometimes users. Participants attending
research gap in this area and provide insights English medium educational institutions, be
to mitigate e-cigarette use and its associated it schools, colleges, or universities, are
adverse effects in young Pakistani adults. eligible, with no distinction based on socio-
Conducting such a study in a Pakistani economic status. Exclusions pertain to
context is essential for understanding unique individuals outside the 11-19 age range and
cultural influences and tailoring interventions those who do not regularly use E-cigarettes.
that are effective in combating delinquency Additionally, participants with
associated with E-cigarette use. For this comorbidities, physical disabilities, or pre-
purpose, the main objective proposed was to existing psychopathological conditions are
investigate the association between not considered for inclusion in the study.
impulsivity, sensation seeking, emotional Measures
neglect, and delinquent behavior among Demographic Sheet
young Pakistani E-cigarette users. The sub- Demographic sheets were used to gather
objectives were to speculate the relationship basic socio-demographic information like
between impulsivity and delinquent age, gender, education level, and usage of e-
behaviors among E-cigarette users; to cigarettes.
examine the relationship between sensation Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)
seeking and delinquent behaviors among E- The questionnaire was developed by Barratt
cigarette users; to investigate the mediating et al. (1985). The initial version of the
effect of emotional neglect on delinquency instrument consisted of 34 items, each scored
and how it triggers impulsivity and sensation on a four-point scale ranging from
seeking among adolescents. "rarely/never" to "almost always/always"
(Patton et al., 1995). The questionnaire
Method assessed impulsivity through three factors:
Research Design attentional impulsiveness, motor
The study follows a cross-sectional study impulsiveness, and non-planning
design with a quantitative research approach impulsiveness. The total score was calculated
to gather information about all the variables as the sum of all items. The BIS-11
required for the study. The duration of the questionnaire exhibited good validity and
study was about six months from January reliability. Cronbach's alpha scores for the
2023 to June 2023. first-order and second-order factors were
Sample typically higher than 0.7, while the total BIS
The study collected data from 150 frequent score ranged between 0.62 (von Diemen et
E-cigarette users (adolescents) in the twin al., 2007) and 0.80 (Huang et al., 2013). In
cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, the present study, the Urdu version of the
using convenience sampling for easy scale was employed with the alpha reliability
accessibility. Snowball sampling was also of .83 (Abdullah et al., 2023).
utilized to involve participants with similar Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS)
characteristics referred to by existing The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS)
participants. Sample size determination was developed by R. H. Hoyle in 2002 is a
conducted with G-power software (Faul et concise questionnaire with eight items,

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

assessing four primary scales and a total Saleem in 2021. It has good internal
score. It measures the single dimension of consistency, construct validity, and a
sensation seeking in both adolescents and reliability coefficient of .92. Each item is
adults using a 5-point Likert scale. Previous measured on a 4-point rating scale, and the
studies have demonstrated good internal total score ranges from 0 to 87, indicating the
consistency, with reliability higher than 0.70. level of emotional neglect experienced by the
(Hoyle et al., 2002). For this study the Urdu individual. The scale effectively assesses
version of the brief sensation seeking scale emotional neglect within the study
with the alpha reliability of .76 was used population (Saleem et al., 2021)
(Siraj et al., 2021). Procedure
Revised Self-reported Delinquency Scale Participants who were frequent users of e-
(R-SRDS) cigarettes in the age range of adolescence
The Self-Reported Delinquency Scale were selected for the study. Each participant
(SRDS) developed by Naqvi and Kamal was informed about the purpose and
consists of 27 positive statements, measuring protocols of the study before they signed the
delinquent acts on a 5-point Likert scale. The consent form. The data collection phase
scoring ranges from 0-108 with a high score consisted of collecting the data from the
indicating higher delinquency. The scale has required participants after which the data was
good internal consistency, with an alpha calculated, and results were concluded. The
reliability coefficient of .92. For the study, responses were analyzed using the regression
four out of the original six subscales were analysis from the statistical package for
used, with permission from the author, to social sciences program (SPSS) version 22.0.
ensure relevance (Kamal, 2019). The data was tabulated, and results were
Emotional Neglect Scale (ENS) compiled in frequencies and percentages.
The Emotional Neglect Scale (ENS) is a 29- Correlations for relationships and regression
item questionnaire with two factors: and mediation analysis were done for the
dominance and control (16 items) and lack of mediating role of the mediator.
attention (8 items) developed by Karamat and

Results
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics of Demographic Variables (N=150)
Characteristics n % M SD
Age (years) 15.95 2.43
11-19 150 100.0

Qualification .85 .75

Middle school 56 37.3
High school 61 40.7
Undergraduate 33 22.0

Gender .38 .48

Male 93 62.0
Female 57 38.0

Usage of E-cigarettes 1.60 1.16

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

Occasionally 37 24.7
Sometimes 32 21.3
Often 35 23.3
Always 46 30.7
Note. N = frequency, % = percentage, M = mean, SD = standard deviation

Table 1 reveals that in a sample of 150 Out of the total 150 samples it was found that
individuals, 100% were adolescents ranging 30.7% (n= 46) of the people were using e-
from age 11-19. Out of the total sample, cigarettes all the time, and 24.7% which
62.0% (n= 93) individuals were males accounts for (n= 37) of the individuals were
whereas 38.0% (n= 57) were females. The occasional users. 23.3% (n= 35) of users
table also illustrates that 37.3% of often used e-cigarettes and 21.3% (n= 32)
adolescents were in middle school (n= 56), people sometimes used electronic cigarettes.
40.7% were high schoolers (n= 61), and
22.0% were undergraduates (n= 33).

Table 2
Descriptive Statistics and Psychometric Properties of the Study Variables (N=150)
Scales K M SD Cronbach’s α

BIS-11 21 2.48 0.01 .74

BSSS 8 3.12 0.00 .75

ENS 29 0.65 0.00 .96

SRDS-R 19 0.57 0.02 .84

Note. BIS-R = Barratts impulsivity scale (revised), BSSS = brief sensation seeking scale, ENS =
emotional neglect scale, SRDS-R = self-reported delinquency scale, K = no of items

Table 2 shows the psychometric properties of (>.70) which also indicates good internal
the instruments that are used in this study. consistency. For the Emotional Neglect
The Cronbach’s α value for Barrats Scale, Cronbach's α value was .96 (>.70)
Impulsivity Scale (revised) was .74 (>.70) which indicates excellent reliability,
which indicates relatively good internal similarly for the self-reported delinquency
consistency. For the brief sensation-seeking scale, the α value was .84 (>.70) which also
scale the α reliability turned out to be .75 indicates good reliability.

Table 3
Pearson Product-Moment Correlations of Study Variables (N-150)
Variable M SD 1 2 3 4
1: Sensation Seeking 25.00 6.24 - .280** .081 .227**
2: Impulsivity 52.10 8.02 - - .229** .049
3: Emotional Neglect 19.12 18.71 - - - .322**
4: Delinquency 10.86 10.37 - - - -

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01

Table 3 shows the results of correlations of Likewise, impulsivity was found to have a
all the used variables. It was found that there significantly small positive relationship with
was a significant small positive correlation emotional neglect (r = .22, p < .001),
between sensation seeking and impulsivity (r however, with delinquency, impulsivity had
= .28, n = 150, p < .001). A similar result was an insignificant, small positive relationship (r
also seen in a correlation of sensation seeking = .04). The relationship of emotional neglect
and delinquency (r = .22, n = 150, p < .001), with delinquency was discovered to be
and in sensation seeking and emotional significant, medium, and positively
neglect the relationship here was found to be correlated (r = .32, p < .001).
insignificant (r = .08, n = 150).

Table 4
Regression Coefficients of the Impact of Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking, and Emotional Neglect on
Delinquency (N=150)
Variables B SE t p 95% Cl
constant 3.99 5.51 .72 .47 [-6.91,14.89]
BSS .37 .13 2.84 .00 [.11,.63]
BIS -.11 .10 -1.08 .27 [-.32,.09]
ENS .18 .04 4.13 .00 [.09,.26]
Note. BSS= brief sensation seeking scale. BIS= Barrat’s Impulsivity Scale. ENS= Emotional
Neglect Scale. B= unstandardized coefficient, SE= Standard error, Cl= Class limit, p= significance
level (p<.05)

Table 4 showed the impact of Impulsivity, sensation-seeking positively predicted

Sensation seeking, and Emotional Neglect on delinquency (β = .22, p< .05). On the other
Delinquency. The R2 value of .15 illustrated hand, emotional neglect also significantly
that the predictors (impulsivity, sensation and positively predicted delinquent behavior
seeking, and emotional neglect) explained (β = .32, p<.05) in adolescents. In conclusion,
15% of the variance in the outcome variable the regression analysis suggested that BSS
(delinquent behavior) with F (3, 146) = 8.67, and ENS have significant effects on the
p<.05. The findings also depicted that dependent variable (delinquent behavior),
impulsivity negatively predicted delinquent whereas BIS did not have a statistically
behavior (β = -.08, p>.05). Whereas significant effect.

Table 5
The Mediating Effect of Emotional Neglect on Impulsivity and Sensation seeking with Delinquent
Behavior (N=150)
Emotional Neglect Impulsivity Sensation seeking
Predictors β SE β SE β SE
Emotional Neglect - - .22** .18 .08 .24
Delinquency .31*** .04 -.02 .10 .20** .12
2
R .12 .05 .00
F 10.47*** 8.21** .96
Note. β = beta, SE= Standard Error

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

Table 5 shows the findings of the mediation significant predictor of impulsivity while
analysis done by Process Macro. Results positively predicting sensation seeking. In
revealed that delinquency positively and addition to this, emotional neglect accounted
significantly predicted sensation seeking for 12% of the variance in delinquency.
whereas it negatively predicted impulsivity. Similarly, impulsivity accounted for 5% of
Delinquency was also found to be positively variance in emotional neglect and
predicting emotional neglect, which was also delinquency whereas sensation seeking did
highly significant. Whereas emotional not validate much variance (.6%) in
neglect was discovered to be a positively emotional neglect and delinquency.

Table 6
An Indirect Effect of Emotional Neglect between Impulsivity and Delinquent Behavior (N=150)
IV Predictor DV Effect Boot SE Boot LL Cl Boot UL Cl

impulsivity Emotional Delinquent .09 .04 .01 .18

Neglect Behavior

Table 6 displays that the indirect effect of delinquent behavior was found to be positive
emotional neglect between impulsivity and which demonstrates that mediation exists.

Table 7
An Indirect Effect of Emotional Neglect between Sensation Seeking and Delinquent Behavior
(N=150)
IV Predictor DV Effect Boot SE Boot LL Cl Boot UL Cl

Sensation Emotional Delinquent .04 .04 -.06 .13

Seeking Neglect Behavior

Table 7 indicates that the indirect effect of and delinquent behavior was found to be
emotional neglect between sensation seeking, negative.

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

10.47***
Figure 1
Mediation Model
Emotional Neglect

Impulsivity

Delinquency

.96

Sensation Seeking

Discussion delinquency in the E-cigarette using

The current study aimed to assess the adolescents of Pakistan.
mediating role of emotional neglect with Table 2 in the results section indicates the
impulsivity and sensation seeking on psychometric properties of the scales used
delinquent behavior among the youth of and their respective reliability in the current
Pakistan through a cross-sectional study. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability of
investigation. For this purpose, Impulsivity (BIS-11) Barratts impulsiveness Scale was
and Sensation Seeking were taken as an .74 whereas (BSSS) Brief Sensation Seeking
independent variable that would not change Scale was .753. Similarly, (ENS) Emotional
with other variables while delinquent Neglect Scale had an alpha reliability of .96
behavior was taken as a dependent variable. and (the SRDS-R) Self-reported delinquency
Moreover, to check the mediating role of scale had a value of .847 as its reliability.
emotional neglect, the variable was taken as Furthermore, the study also illustrated the
a mediator to define the relationship more relationship of the study variables between
evidently. The study aimed to focus on the themselves. Table 3 indicates the
mediating role of emotional neglect with relationships among variables which were
impulsivity and sensation seeking on calculated using Pearson product-moment
correlation. It indicated that Impulsivity and
Sensation seeking had a significant and
positive relationship. This finding is

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

supported by several studies done previously, individual variations in delinquent behavior

one of which shows genetic evidence that and whether genetic variations in the rate at
high sensation seekers tend to show fast which personality changed explained this
impulsive reactions. It has also been association. It was evaluated that sensation
discovered that sensation-seeking traits and seeking was significantly and positively
impulsivity have similar biological correlated with delinquency from childhood
correlates. It can further be described as both to adolescence (Harden et al., 2012).
impulsivity and sensation seeking have Similarly, in another study checking the
common biological indicators, the positive gender differences in the relationship
correlates were found highest in delinquents between sensation seeking, trait emotional
and deviant groups of people due to the intelligence, and delinquent behavior, a
genetic predisposition among impulsivity greater increase in delinquency was seen in
and sensation seeking (Hur & Bouchard, line with a rise in sensation seeking (Bacon et
1997). In a separate investigation focusing on al., 2014). Existing literature (Dahlen et al.,
the prediction of reactive and proactive 2005; Mann et al., 2015; Peach & Gaultney,
aggression in adolescents, the analysis 2013; Siraj et al., 2021) has also found similar
revealed notable positive correlations results in the relationship between sensation-
between impulsivity and sensation-seeking seeking and delinquent behavior.
(Pérez Fuentes et al., 2016). From the Moreover, findings reveal that impulsivity
psychological aspect, another study has has a positive correlation with emotional
validated the relationship between sensation- neglect as well this is validated by the fact
seeking and impulsivity (Whiteside & that an increase in impulsivity increases
Lynam, 2001). emotional neglect by not being able to
As for the relationship of Impulsivity and socially integrate. A key component of the
delinquency it was revealed in the current lack of such skills is impulsivity (Rees,
study to be also positively correlated (H1). 2008). Similarly, sensation-seeking was
Existing research has shown that at ages 10 found to be positively correlated with
and 12-23, behavioral impulsivity was more emotional neglect. To support this an existing
closely associated with delinquency than literature was found to have proven similar
cognitive impulsivity. Results also showed results depicting that childhood abuse was
that behavioral impulsivity was particularly positively correlated to sensation seeking
connected to significant delinquency that is (Bornovalova et al., 2008). Since emotional
constant over time, which was consistent neglect is a fundamental part of child abuse,
with the theoretical hypothesis (White et al., we can say that the same relationship was
1994). Several existing pieces of literature found to exist. Whereas the study revealed
(Loeber & Farrington, 2012; Meier et al., the positive relationship between
2008; Thompson et al., 2006) have found delinquency and emotional neglect, it can be
similar results where impulsivity was found justified as Rees (2008) claimed in the study
to have a strong relationship with delinquent that emotional neglect causes avoidant and
behavior. disorganized attachment style which in turn
Furthermore, sensation seeking was found to leads to the use of drugs, alcohol, and other
have a positive relationship with delinquency illicit behaviors which are characterized as
in the current study (H2). This finding can be delinquent behaviors.
validated by a study that was done to check if Furthermore, Table 4 of the current study
individual variations in the rate at which depicts that the predictors (impulsivity,
sensation-seeking changed predicted sensation seeking, and emotional neglect)

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Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

explained 15% of the variance in the outcome (Table 6). Various studies have found
variable (delinquent behavior) with F (3, significant mediation of emotional neglect
146) = 8.67, p< .05. The findings also with delinquency as one study found that
depicted that impulsivity negatively chronic neglect partially and fully mediated
predicted delinquent behavior, whereas with boys and girls respectively (Logan-
sensation seeking positively predicted Greene & Semanchin Jones, 2015).
delinquency. On the other hand, emotional Sensation-seeking has been linked to crime,
neglect also significantly and positively delinquency, violence, and antisocial
predicted delinquent behavior in adolescents. behavior in previous research (Jones et al.,
In conclusion, the regression analysis 2011). On the other hand, there is cause to
suggested that BSS and ENS have significant believe that these characteristics may not
effects on the dependent variable, whereas fully capture the attitudes that underlie
BIS did not have a statistically significant individual variations in delinquent propensity
effect. (Armstrong et al., 2020).
The literature reveals the significance of The last hypothesis was found to be proven
sensation seeking as an intermediary in the study which states that emotional
phenotype for genetic risk for delinquency neglect acted as a mediator between
and shows that adolescents reporting high impulsivity and delinquency (H4).
levels of sensation seeking were more Laboratory tests of impulsivity have been
vulnerable to deviant peers, a Person linked to crime and delinquency, according to
Environment interaction (Mann et al., 2015). meta-analyses (Morgan & Lilienfeld, 2000).
Similarly, emotional neglect is a significant People who were abused as children and
predictor of delinquency, Children who are those who are impulsive seem to have a
physically abused or neglected tend to higher likelihood of committing crimes. Even
become offenders later in life. The follow-up though there are signs that impulsivity may
of over 1000 children in the Rochester Youth be the main cause of how child maltreatment
Development study confirmed that child (emotional neglect being one of the factors)
maltreatment (physical, sexual, or emotional affects criminal behavior in adulthood, little
abuse and neglect) predicted later self- research has been done on this topic,
reported delinquency (Thornberry et al., especially regarding how it affects different
2003). It was discovered that severe types of criminal behavior like fraud, violent
emotional maltreatment was associated with crime, and property crime. The links between
higher levels of negative emotions, child abuse, impulsivity, and crime,
particularly rage. Yet, a different team of emotional abuse was linked to urgency,
researchers discovered the reverse (Famularo which in turn was linked to fraud (Shin et al.,
et al., 1990). The aforementioned literature 2016).
also suggests that despite not being Hence, the findings of the study can
associated with status offenses or nonviolent theoretically contribute to the existing
crime, emotional neglect was able to predict literature on delinquency and e-cigarette use
a modest amount of the variance associated by highlighting the role of impulsivity,
with each offense type. (Evans & Burton, sensation seeking, and emotional neglect in
2013) this context. Practically, the results
As for emotional neglect acting as a mediator underscore the need for tailored interventions
between sensation seeking and delinquency, and prevention programs that address
no mediation was discovered for the current emotional neglect and target impulsivity and
study which refutes the hypothesis made sensation-seeking tendencies among e-

JPAP, 4(3), 400-417 https://doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i3.213 410

Delinquent Behavior in E-cigarette Users Qamar & Quratulain

cigarette users. Furthermore, research in delinquency among E-cigarette using

diverse cultural contexts and longitudinal adolescents. Hence, these findings emphasize
studies are recommended to identify the necessity of developing tailored
additional factors and long-term effects of e- interventions and prevention programs
cigarette use on delinquency. Mental health targeting underlying factors of delinquent
professionals, rehabilitation centers, and behaviors among adolescents.
medical practitioners can also benefit from
this study to better understand and address Acknowledgment
delinquent behavior in adolescents. We acknowledge all participants who
Implementing workshops in schools can partook in this research.
educate children on avoiding such behaviors Contribution of Authors
and replacing impulsive and thrill-seeking Fahama Qamar: Conceptualization,
tendencies with healthier alternatives. Investigation, Methodology, Data Curation,
Besides, there are certain limitations to the Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft
current study. First the research only focuses Ansa Quratulain: Methodology, Writing -
on E-cigarette users without confirming the Reviewing & Editing, Supervision
socioeconomic status. Since these vapes are Conflict of Interest
pricey not everyone can afford them There is no conflict of interest declared by the
therefore a comparison between lower-class authors.
and middle/ upper-class individuals would Source of Funding
provide a better understanding of results in The authors declared no source of funding.
terms of demographic variables. Secondly, Data Availability Statement
Causal inferences were prevented by the The datasets of the current study are not
cross-sectional research approach used in the available publicly due to ethical reasons but
current study. Additionally, gathering data all are available from the corresponding author
at once raises the likelihood that other outside [A.Q.] upon the reasonable request.
variables may interfere with the analysis.
Consequently, the causal connection between References
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