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    Module 2

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    Module 2

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    Analog and Digital Communication

    MODULE-2
    ANGLE MODULATION

    Ms. Mariya Vincent


    Assistant Professor
    Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering
    Rajagiri School Of Engineering And Technology

    RAJAGIRI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, KOCHI


    Angle Modulation

    Here, either frequency or phase of the carrier is changed with respect to the
    modulating/message signal

    • When frequency of the carrier is changed according to message signal – Frequency


    modulation

    • When phase of the carrier is changed according to message signal – Phase modulation
    The frequency-modulated wave is therefore
    Few important properties of angle modulated waves
    From these expressions, despite the fact that we readily
    see that the principle of superposition is violated because
    3. Tradeoff of increased transmission bandwidth for improved noise performance

    • An important advantage of angle modulation over amplitude modulation is the


    realization of improved noise performance.

    • This advantage is attributed to the fact that the transmission of a message signal by
    modulating the angle of a sinusoidal carrier wave is less sensitive to the presence of
    additive noise than transmission by modulating the amplitude of the carrier

    • The improvement in noise performance is, however, attained at the expense of a


    corresponding increase in the transmission bandwidth requirement of angle
    modulation.
    Single tone FM Modulation
    Consider a message signal of the form

    The instantaneous frequency of the resulting FM wave is


    Hence the FM wave can be represented as

    FM

    Narrow-band FM (NBFM) Wide-band FM (WBFM)


    Narrow-band FM (NBFM)

    The FM wave can be expressed as

    For NBFM, we have 𝛽 < 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛, and we can apply two approximations
    Hence we can represent the NBFM signal as

    Obtain the frequency domain representation of the NBFM signal.


    BW ?
    Calculate the total power of the NBFM signal
    Wide-Band Frequency Modulation (WBFM)
    Few properties of Bessel functions
    ……… ………
    .. ..

    Using the first property of Bessel function, we have


    ……… ………
    ..

    BW ?
    Few observations :
    1. Spectrum contains carrier component and infinite number of sidebands. Hence
    the bandwidth of FM is infinite .
    3. Power calculations
    Transmission Bandwidth of FM waves

    In theory an FM wave contains an infinite number of side-frequencies so that the


    bandwidth required to transmit such a modulated wave is hence infinite
    In practice, however, not all the sidebands will have significant magnitudes
    Q 1.10) A carrier signal is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal and the frequency
    deviation is 50kHz. Determine the modulation index and the bandwidth when the
    message frequency is a) 500kHz b) 500Hz
    Q 1.12) A carrier wave of frequency 100 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is frequency modulated by a
    sinusoidal wave of amplitude 20 volts and frequency 100 kHz. The frequency
    sensitivity of the modulator is 25kHz per volt. Determine the approximate
    bandwidth of the FM signal, using Carson’s rule. What will happen to
    bandwidth if modulating signal amplitude and frequency are doubled?

    Answers:
    BW=1.2MHz
    Modulation index same
    BW’=2.4MHz
    Relationship between PM and FM

    PM

    FM
    PM

    FM
    Varactor Diode Modulator
    Foster Seeley Discriminator
    Foster Seeley Discriminator
    ▪ Also Known as phase shift discriminator.
    ▪ The capacitance value Cc, C1 and C2 are chosen
    such that they are short circuit for IF centre
    frequency.
    ▪ Right side of L3 is at AC ground potential and the
    input signal is directly fed into L3.
    ▪ The input signal is inverted 180 degree by
    transformer T1 and divided equally between La
    and Lb.
    Foster Seeley Discriminator
    At resonant frequency (XL= XC)
    ▪ The secondary current is in phase with total secondary
    voltage and 180degree out of phase with VL3.
    ▪ The primary of T1 act as an inductor and primary current is 90
    degree out of phase with Vin.
    ▪ Magnetic induction depends on primary current, the voltage
    induced in secondary is 90 degree out of phase with Vin.
    ▪ VLa and VLb are 180 degree out of phase with each other and
    90 degree out of phase with VL3.
    ▪ VD1 vector sum of VLa and Vin (VD1 = VD2)
    ▪ Vout = VC1 – VC2 = 0
    Foster Seeley Discriminator
    Resonant frequency (XL>XC)
    ▪ The secondary circuit impedance become inductive.
    ▪ Secondary current lags voltage by some angle which
    is proportional to magnitude of frequency deviation.
    ▪ VD1 > VD2
    ▪ C1 charges and C2 discharges.
    ▪ Vout = VC1-VC2 (positive value)
    Foster Seeley Discriminator
    Resonant frequency (XL<XC)
    ▪ The secondary circuit impedance between
    capacitive.
    ▪ Secondary current leads voltage by some angle
    which is proportional to magnitude of frequency
    deviation.
    ▪ VD1 < VD2
    ▪ C1 discharges and C2 charges.
    ▪ Vout = VC1-VC2 ( negative value)
    S- Curve
    ▪ Output voltage is directly proportional to magnitude and direction of
    frequency deviation.
    ▪ Output voltage versus frequency deviation produces more linear.
    Crosby Direct FM Transmitter
    Amstrong Indirect FM Transmitter
    Amstrong Indirect FM Transmitter
    FM Transmitter

    Integrator
    Superhetrodyne FM Receiver
    AM FM

    Transmit power required is more Requires lesser transmit power


    Transmit power is independent of modulation
    Transmit power varies with modulation index
    index

    BW varies with modulation index


    BW is independent of modulation index
    Theoretical BW is infinite
    Effect of additive noise is more Effect of additive noise is less
    Broadcast frequency- 88MHz-108MHz
    Broadcast frequency- 550kHz-1650kHz

    IF frequency- 455kHz IF frequency - 10.7MHz


    Ionospheric propagation Line of sight propagation
    Area of coverage is more
    Area of coverage is limited to line of sight
    Problems
    1. Determine the peak phase deviation for a PM modulator with deviation sensitivity K =1.5 rad/V and a
    modulating signal v(t) = 2sin(2pi2000t). How much phase deviation is produced for a modulating signal with
    twice the amplitude.
    2. Determine a) the peak frequency deviation,b) the modulation index for an FM modulator with deviation
    sensitivity K= 4kHz/V and a modulating signal v(t) = 10sin(2pi2000t). What is the peak frequency deviation
    produced if the modulating signal were to double in amplitude.
    3. For an FM modulator with 40kHz frequency deviation and a modulating signal frequency 10kHz, determine
    the bandwidth using both the Bessel table and carson rule.
    4. For an FM modulator with modulation index 5 and modulating signal 2sin(2pi5kt)and an unmodulated
    carrier frequency 400kHz, determine
    a) number of sets of significant sidebands
    b) sideband amplitudes
    c) draw the spectrum.

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