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    Lecture 10

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    7t854s6wd2
    This document discusses angle modulation and demodulation techniques. It covers three main topics: [1] generation of frequency modulated (FM) waves through direct and indirect methods, [2] demodulation of FM signals using a phase locked loop, and [3] the basic design of a superheterodyne AM receiver. Direct FM generation modulates the carrier frequency directly using a voltage controlled oscillator. Indirect FM first converts narrowband FM to wideband FM using a frequency multiplier. FM demodulation can be done with a phase locked loop that compares the phase of the received signal to a locally generated carrier. A superheterodyne AM receiver mixes the RF signal with a local oscillator to produce an intermediate frequency signal that is then amplified

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    Lecture 10

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    7t854s6wd2
    10 views23 pages
    This document discusses angle modulation and demodulation techniques. It covers three main topics: [1] generation of frequency modulated (FM) waves through direct and indirect methods, [2] demodulation of FM signals using a phase locked loop, and [3] the basic design of a superheterodyne AM receiver. Direct FM generation modulates the carrier frequency directly using a voltage controlled oscillator. Indirect FM first converts narrowband FM to wideband FM using a frequency multiplier. FM demodulation can be done with a phase locked loop that compares the phase of the received signal to a locally generated carrier. A superheterodyne AM receiver mixes the RF signal with a local oscillator to produce an intermediate frequency signal that is then amplified

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    Communication systems

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    This document discusses angle modulation and demodulation techniques. It covers three main topics: [1] generation of frequency modulated (FM) waves through direct and indirect methods, [2] demodulation of FM signals using a phase locked loop, and [3] the basic design of a superheterodyne AM receiver. Direct FM generation modulates the carrier frequency directly using a voltage controlled oscillator. Indirect FM first converts narrowband FM to wideband FM using a frequency multiplier. FM demodulation can be done with a phase locked loop that compares the phase of the received signal to a locally generated carrier. A superheterodyne AM receiver mixes the RF signal with a local oscillator to produce an intermediate frequency signal that is then amplified

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views23 pages

    Lecture 10

    Uploaded by

    7t854s6wd2
    This document discusses angle modulation and demodulation techniques. It covers three main topics: [1] generation of frequency modulated (FM) waves through direct and indirect methods, [2] demodulation of FM signals using a phase locked loop, and [3] the basic design of a superheterodyne AM receiver. Direct FM generation modulates the carrier frequency directly using a voltage controlled oscillator. Indirect FM first converts narrowband FM to wideband FM using a frequency multiplier. FM demodulation can be done with a phase locked loop that compares the phase of the received signal to a locally generated carrier. A superheterodyne AM receiver mixes the RF signal with a local oscillator to produce an intermediate frequency signal that is then amplified

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    of 23

    Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University

    College of Engineering
    Electrical Engineering Department

    ECE371: Communication Systems

    Lecturer
    Dr. Heba Gaber

    Prepared by: Dr. Heba Gaber


    1
    2021-2022
    Lecture Ten

    ANGLE MODULATION AND


    DEMODULATION

    2
    Outlines
     Non Linear Modulation
     Bandwidth of Angle‐Modulated Waves
     Generating FM Waves
     Demodulation of FM Signals

    3
    Generation of FM Waves
    NBFM Generation

    4
    Generation of FM Waves
    WBFM Generation
     Two ways of generating FM waves
     Direct Method
     Indirect Method

    5
    Generation of FM Waves
    1- Direct Method

     In direct method or parameter variation method, the baseband or


    modulating signal directly modulates the carrier.
     The carrier signal is generated with the help of an oscillator
    circuit.
     This oscillator circuit uses a parallel tuned L-C circuit.
     Thus the frequency of oscillation of the carrier generation is
    governed by the expression:

     Now, we can make the carrier frequency ωc to vary in accordance


    with the baseband or modulating signal x(t) if L or C is varied
    according to x(t).
    6
    Generation of FM Waves
     An oscillator circuit whose frequency is controlled by a
    modulating voltage is called voltage controlled
    oscillator (VCO).
     The frequency of VCO is varied according to the
    modulating signal simply by putting a shunt voltage
    variable capacitor with its tuned circuit.
     This voltage variable capacitor is
    called varactor or varicap.

    7
    Generation of FM Waves
    Reactance Modulator
     In direct FM generation, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is
    changed directly in proportion with the message signal.
     For this, a device called voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is used.
     A VCO can be implemented by using a sinusoidal oscillator with a
    tuned circuit having a high value of Q.
     The frequency of this oscillator is changed by changing the reactive
    components involved in the tuned circuit. If L or C of a tuned circuit
    of an oscillator is changed in accordance with the amplitude of
    modulating signal then FM can be obtained across the tuned circuit .

    8
    Generation of FM Waves
    Varactor Diode Modulator “Hartley Oscillator”
     An example of direct FM which uses a Hartley oscillator
    along with a varactor diode.
     The varactor diode is reverse biased. Its capacitance is
    dependent on the reverse voltage applied across it. This
    capacitance is shown by the capacitor C(t)

    9
    Generation of FM Waves
     In Hartley oscillators, frequency is given by

     If C varies by m(t) as

    10
    Generation of FM Waves
    2- Indirect Method (Armstrong)
     NBFM is converted to WBFM using
    frequency multiplier
     Frequency multiplier is realized by a non linear device
    followed by bandpass filter

    11
    Generation of FM Waves

    12
    Example

    13
    Example

    14
    Demodulation of FM Signals

    15
    Demodulation of FM Signals

    16
    Demodulation of FM Signals
     Phase Locked Loop (PLL)

    17
    Super Heterodyne AM Receiver

    18
    Super Heterodyne AM Receiver
    Heterodyne means mixing two frequencies and generating single or
    constant frequency and the output of mixer will be fixed
    frequency.
    Specification of AM Receiver:
    • The frequency range of AM-MW( Medium wave)
    : (540-1640) KHz
    • Band width of receiver:1640 KHz – 540 KHz = 1100 KHz
    • Band width of each AM station : 10 KHz
    • No. of stations available: 110
    • Intermediate frequency (fIF): 455 KHz

    19
    Super Heterodyne AM Receiver
    Antenna: It is passive device which converts electromagnetic signal into
    electrical signal.
    RF Tuned Amplifier:
    • It is broad band amplifier which contain tuning circuit and amplifier.
    • Tuning circuit designed to select 110 stations and amplifier provides
    amplification for 1100 KHz band width.
    • RF tuned amplifier is responsible for sensitivity, selectivity, Image signal
    rejection and noise reduction.
    Mixer:
    • It is combination of frequency mixer and Band Pass Filter (BPF).
    • Frequency generates sum and difference frequency of incoming signal and
    locally generated signal.
    • BPF selects difference frequency at the output whose center frequency is
    equal to= 455 KHz.
    Local Oscillator:
    • It is either Colpits or Hartley oscillator.
    • It generates carrier frequency 455 KHz greater than the incoming carrier
    frequency to produce constant or fixed frequency.
    20
    Super Heterodyne AM Receiver
    IF Amplifier:
    • It is narrow band, high gain and fixed frequency amplifier which provides
    amplification for 10 KHz band width at center frequency of 455 KHz.
    • It is cascade CE amplifier which provides 90% of total receiver
    amplification.

    Detector or Demodulator:
    • It is frequency translator circuit which extracts modulating signal from
    AM signal.
    • Usually Envelope detector is used.
    • Fidelity of the receiver is mainly depends on detector or demodulator.

    Audio Amplifier:
    • It is low frequency amplifier which provides amplification at (20- 20K)
    Hz.
    • It contain cascade CE Voltage amplifier followed by Power amplifier.

    Loud Speaker:
    • It converts Electrical signal into sound or audio signal. 21
    Comparison between AM and FM
    S.No Parameter AM FM
    Frequency of carrier is
    Amplitude of carrier is
    varied In accordance
    varied in accordance with
    with the amplitude of
    1 Definition amplitude of modulating
    modulating signal
    signal keeping frequency
    keeping amplitude and
    and phase constant
    phase constant
    Constant
    2 Frequency and phase Amplitude and phase
    parameters

    3 Modulation Index µ=Am/Ac β=

    4 Bandwidth BW = 2fm BW = 2 ( + fm )

    Number of Infinite and depends on β


    5 Only two
    Sidebands
    Broadcasting FM, audio
    MW, SW band
    transmission in TV and
    6 Applications broadcasting, video
    analog cellular
    transmission in TV
    communications systems
    Thank You

    23

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