Termwise

Syllabus
2021-22

Chapter 7
Basics of
Python
Programming

Computer Science
Class XI ( As per CBSE Board)
 Basics of Python Programming
Structure of a python program

Program
|->Module -> main program
| -> functions
| ->libraries
|->Statements -> simple statement
| ->compound statement
|->expressions -> Operators
| -> expressions
|----objects ->data model
 Python basics

Python 3.0 was released in 2008. Although this version is supposed

to be backward incompatibles, later on many of its important
features have been back ported to be compatible with version 2.7
Python Character Set
A set of valid characters recognized by python. Python uses the traditional ASCII
character set. The latest version recognizes the Unicode character set. The ASCII
character set is a subset of the Unicode character set.
Letters :– A-Z,a-z
Digits :– 0-9
Special symbols :– Special symbol available over keyboard
White spaces:– blank space,tab,carriage return,new line, form feed
Other characters:- Unicode
 Input and Output

var1=‘Computer Science'
var2=‘Informatics Practices'
print(var1,' and ',var2,' )
Output :-
Computer Science and Informatics Practices
raw_input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program from a
keyboard but in the form of string.
NOTE : raw_input() function is deprecated in python 3
e.g.
age = int(raw_input(‘enter your age’))
percentage = float(raw_input(‘enter percentage’))
input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program from a keyboard
but returns the value accordingly.
e.g.
age = int(input(‘enter your age’))
C = age+2 #will not produce any error
NOTE : input() function always enter string value in python 3.so on need int(),float()
function can be used for data conversion.
 Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces applied at the beginning of
a code line. In other programming languages the
indentation in code is for readability only, whereas the
indentation in Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code or used
in block of codes.
E.g.1
if 3 > 2:
print(“Three is greater than two!") //syntax error due to not indented

E.g.2
if 3 > 2:
print(“Three is greater than two!") //indented so no error
 Token

Smallest individual unit in a program is known as token.

1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Punctuators/Delimiters
 Keywords

Reserve word of the compiler/interpreter which can’t be

used as identifier. and exec not

as finally or

assert for pass

break from print

class global raise

continue if return

def import try

del in while

elif is with

else lambda yield

except
 Identifiers

A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable,

function, class, module or other object.
* An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an
underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters,
underscores and digits (0 to 9).
* Python does not allow special characters
* Identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
* Python is a case sensitive programming language.
Thus, Rollnumber and rollnumber are two different
identifiers in Python.
Some valid identifiers: Mybook, file123, z2td, date_2, _no
 Identifiers-continue

Some additional naming conventions

1. Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other
identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
2. Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore
indicates that the identifier is private.
3. Starting an identifier with two leading underscores
indicates a strong private identifier.
4. If the identifier also ends with two trailing
underscores, the identifier is a language-defined
special name.
 Literals

Literals in Python can be defined as number, text, or other

data that represent values to be stored in variables.

Example of String Literals in Python

name = ‘Johni’ , fname =“johny”
Example of Integer Literals in Python(numeric literal)
age = 22
Example of Float Literals in Python(numeric literal)
height = 6.2
Example of Special Literals in Python
name = None
 Literals
Escape sequence/Back slash character constants
Escape Sequence Description
\\ Backslash (\)

\' Single quote (')

\" Double quote (")

\a ASCII Bell (BEL)

\b ASCII Backspace (BS)

\f ASCII Formfeed (FF)

\n ASCII Linefeed (LF)

\r ASCII Carriage Return (CR)

\t ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB)

\v ASCII Vertical Tab (VT)

\ooo Character with octal value ooo

\xhh Character with hex value hh

 Operators

Operators can be defined as symbols that are used to

perform operations on operands.

Types of Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators.
2. Relational Operators.
3. Assignment Operators.
4. Logical Operators.
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators
 Operators continue

1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, multiplication, division etc.
Operators Description Example

+ perform addition of two number x=a+b

- perform subtraction of two number x=a-b

/ perform division of two number x=a/b

* perform multiplication of two number x=a*b

% Modulus = returns remainder x=a%b

Floor Division = remove digits after the decimal

// x=a//b
point

** Exponent = perform raise to power x=a**b

 Operator continue

Arithmatic operator continue

e.g.
x=5
y=4
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)

OUTPUT
('x + y =', 9) • Write a program in python to calculate the simple
('x - y =', 1) interest based on entered amount ,rate and time
('x * y =', 20)
('x / y =', 1)
('x // y =', 1)
('x ** y =', 625)
 Operator continue
Arithmatic operator continue

# EMI Calculator program in Python

def emi_calculator(p, r, t):

r = r / (12 * 100) # one month interest
t = t * 12 # one month period
emi = (p * r * pow(1 + r, t)) / (pow(1 + r, t) - 1)
return emi

# driver code
principal = 10000;
rate = 10;
time = 2;
emi = emi_calculator(principal, rate, time);
print("Monthly EMI is= ", emi)
 Operator continue
Arithmatic operator continue
How to calculate GST
GST ( Goods and Services Tax ) which is included in netprice of
product for get GST % first need to calculate GST Amount by subtract original
cost from Netprice and then apply
GST % formula = (GST_Amount*100) / original_cost

# Python3 Program to compute GST from original and net prices.

def Calculate_GST(org_cost, N_price):
# return value after calculate GST%
return (((N_price - org_cost) * 100) / org_cost);

# Driver program to test above functions

org_cost = 100
N_price = 120
print("GST = ",end='')
print(round(Calculate_GST(org_cost, N_price)),end='')
print("%")
* Write a Python program to calculate the standard deviation
 Operators continue

2. Relational Operators/Comparison Operator

Relational Operators are used to compare the values.
Operators Description Example

== Equal to, return true if a equals to b a == b

Not equal, return true if a is not equals

!= a != b
to b

Greater than, return true if a is greater

> a>b
than b

Greater than or equal to , return true if a

>= a >= b
is greater than b or a is equals to b

< Less than, return true if a is less than b a<b

Less than or equal to , return true if a is

<= a <= b
less than b or a is equals to b
 Operator continue
Comparison operators continue
e.g.
x = 101
y = 121
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)

Output
('x > y is', False)
('x < y is', True)
('x == y is', False)
('x != y is', True)
('x >= y is', False)
('x <= y is', True)
 Operators continue
3. Augmented Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to the variables.
Operators Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand a=b

+= Add 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a+=b

/= Divides 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a/=b

*= Multiply 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A*=b

-= Subtracts 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A-=b

%= modulus 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a%=b

//= Perform floor division on 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a//=b

**= calculate power on operators and assigns the result to left operand. a**=b
 Operators continue
4. Logical Operators
Logical Operators are used to perform logical operations on
the given two variables or values.
Operators Description Example
and return true if both condition are true x and y
return true if either or both
or x or y
condition are true
not reverse the condition not(a>b)
a=30
b=20
if(a==30 and b==20):
print('hello')

Output :-
hello
 Operators continue
6. Membership Operators
The membership operators in Python are used to validate
whether a value is found within a sequence such as such as
strings, lists, or tuples.
Operators Description Example
in return true if value exists in the sequence, else false. a in list
not in return true if value does not exists in the sequence, else false. a not in list
E.g.
a = 22
list = [22,99,27,31]
In_Ans = a in list
NotIn_Ans = a not in list
print(In_Ans)
print(NotIn_Ans)
Output :-
True
False
 Operators continue
7. Identity Operators
Identity operators in Python compare the memory locations of two
objects. Operators Description Example

is returns true if two variables point the same object, else false a is b

e.g. is not returns true if two variables point the different object, else false a is not b
a = 34
b=34
if (a is b):
print('both a and b has same identity')
else:
print('a and b has different identity')
b=99
if (a is b):
print('both a and b has same identity')
else:
print('a and b has different identity')
Output :-
both a and b has same identity
a and b has different identity
 Operator continue
Operators Precedence :
highest precedence to lowest precedence table. Precedence is used to decide ,which
operator to be taken first for evaluation when two or more operators comes in an
expression.
Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+- Complement, unary plus,minus(method names for the last two are+@and -@)
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'td>
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
 Punctuators/Delimiters

Used to implement the grammatical and structure of aSyntax.

Following are the python punctuators.
 Barebone of a python program

#function definition comment

def keyArgFunc(empname, emprole):
print ("Emp Name: ", empname) Function
print ("Emp Role: ", emprole) indentation
return;
A = 20 expression
print("Calling in proper sequence")
keyArgFunc(empname = "Nick",emprole = "Manager" )
print("Calling in opposite sequence") statements
keyArgFunc(emprole = "Manager",empname = "Nick")

A python program contain the following components

a. Expression
b. Statement
c. Comments
d. Function
e. Block &n indentation
 Barebone of a python program
a. Expression : - which is evaluated and produce result. E.g. (20 + 4) / 4
b. Statement :- instruction that does something.
e.g
a = 20
print("Calling in proper sequence")
c. Comments : which is readable for programmer but ignored by python
interpreter
i. Single line comment: Which begins with # sign.
ii. Multi line comment (docstring): either write multiple line beginning with # sign
or use triple quoted multiple line. E.g.
‘’’this is my
first
python multiline comment
‘’’
d. Function
a code that has some name and it can be reused.e.g. keyArgFunc in above
program
d. Block & indentation : group of statements is block. Indentation at same
levelcreate a block.e.g. all 3 statement of keyArgFunc function
 Variables

Variable is a name given to a memory location. A variable can

consider as a container which holds value. Python is a type infer
language that means you don't need to specify the datatype of
variable. Python automatically get variable datatype depending
upon the value assigned to the variable.
Assigning Values To Variable
name = ‘python' # String Data Type
sum = None # a variable without value
a = 23 # Integer
b = 6.2 # Float
sum = a + b
print (sum)
Multiple Assignment: assign a single value to many variables
a = b = c = 1 # single value to multiple variable
a,b = 1,2 # multiple value to multiple variable
a,b = b,a # value of a and b is swapped
 Variables
Variable Scope And Lifetime in Python Program
1. Local Variable
def fun():
x=8
print(x)

fun()
print(x) #error will be shown
2. Global Variable
x=8
def fun():
print(x) # Calling variable ‘x’ inside fun()

fun()
print(x) # Calling variable ‘x’ outside fun()
 Variables

Concept of L Value and R Value in variable

Lvalue and Rvalue refer to the left and right side of the
assignment operator. The Lvalue (pronounced: L value)
concept refers to the requirement that the operand on the left
side of the assignment operator is modifiable, usually a
variable. Rvalue concept fetches the value of the expression or
operand on the right side of the assignment operator.
example:
amount = 390
The value 390 is pulled or fetched (Rvalue) and stored into the
variable named amount (Lvalue); destroying the value
previously stored in that variable.
 Dynamic typing

Data type of a variable depend/change upon the value

assigned to a variable on each next statement.
X = 25 # integer type
X = “python” # x variable data type change to string on just
next line
Now programmer should be aware that not to write like this:
Y = X / 5 # error !! String cannot be divided
 Constants
A constant is a type of variable whose value cannot be changed. It is
helpful to think of constants as containers that hold information which
cannot be changed later.
In Python, constants are usually declared and assigned in a module. Here,
the module is a new file containing variables, functions, etc which is
imported to the main file. Inside the module, constants are written in all
capital letters and underscores separating the words.
Create a constant.py:
PI = 3.14

Create a main.py:
import constant
print(constant.PI)
Note: In reality, we can not create constants in Python. Naming them in all
capital letters is a convention to separate them from variables, however, it
does not actually prevent reassignment, so we can change it’s value
 Input and Output

print() Function In Python is used to print output on the screen.

Syntax of Print Function - print(expression/variable)
e.g.
print(122)
Output :-
122
print('hello India')
Output :-
hello India

print(‘Computer',‘Science')
print(‘Computer',‘Science',sep=' & ')
print(‘Computer',‘Science',sep=' & ',end='.')

Output :-
Computer Science
Computer & Science
Computer & Science.