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HOME-BASED WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN

HEALTHCARE AND VOICE ASSIST FOR STROKE


PATIENTS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AJAYKUMAR M (713920106001)

GOWTHAM R (713920106009)

STEPHEN M (713020106024)

KALAIMANI M (713020106308)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATON ENGINEERING

SRI RANGANATHAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE-641110

ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025

MAY2023

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ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “HOME-BASED WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN
HEALTHCARE AND VOICE ASSIST FOR STROKE PATIENTS” is the bonafide work
of “GOWTHAM R, AJAYKUMAR M, STEPHEN M and KALAIMANI M” who carried
out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.P.JEYABHARATHI, M.E.,Ph.D. Mr.J.R.NISHANTH,M.E.,(Ph.D.,)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Assistant Professor

Department of ECE. Department of ECE.

Sri Ranganathar Institute of Sri Ranganathar Institute of


Engineering and Technology, Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore. Coimbatore.

Submitted for the ANNA UNIVERSITY examination held on………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Initially praise lord almighty for his eternal grace during this project
work. I acknowledge my independence and sincere thanks to our college
chairman Dr. V .NARAYANASAMY who is constantly stimulating us to do
innovative actions and taking care about carrier development.

I wish to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to our respected


principal Dr. H. GANESAN, M.E., Ph.D., for his valuable suggestion and
encouragement during the course project.

I express my profound and hearty gratitude to our Head of the Department


Dr. P. JEYABHARATHI, M.E., Ph.D., for her timely suggestion and constant
encouragement.

I render my heartfelt thanks to my Assistant professor


Mr. J. R. NISHANTH, M.E., (Ph.D.) for his timely individual attention, keen
interest and constant encouragement and support during the entire period of our
project.

I extend my thanks to all my STAFF MEMBERS for their valuable


suggestion for the successful completion.

I would like to my amiable PARENTS who held my spirits up with their


prayer and kind co-operation.

Finally, I would like to thank my FRIENDS without whom the college


life would not have been fulfilled for their suggestion in working for the project.

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ABSTRACT

This paper explores the integration of wearable technologies into home-based healthcare
for stroke patients, focusing on their potential to enhance monitoring, rehabilitation, and
overall quality of life. Stroke, a leading cause of disability worldwide, often requires long-term
management and rehabilitation, which can be challenging in traditional healthcare settings.
Wearable technologies offer a promising solution by enabling continuous monitoring of vital
signs, movement patterns, and rehabilitation progress in real-time, facilitating early detection
of complications and personalized interventions. Moreover, these devices can support stroke
patients in performing rehabilitation exercises at home, promoting adherence to therapy and
facilitating remote guidance from healthcare professionals. Through a comprehensive review
of recent literature and case studies, this paper examines the current state of wearable
technologies in stroke care, highlighting their benefits, challenges, and future directions. Key
considerations include the usability, accuracy, and integration of wearable devices intoexisting
healthcare systems, as well as privacy and data security concerns. Ultimately, the widespread
adoption of home-based wearable technologies has the potential to revolutionize stroke care
by empowering patients, improving outcomes, and reducing healthcare costs.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE


NO NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT VI
LIST OF TABLES V
LIST OF FIGURES VII
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS VIII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 7
3.1 EXISTING METHODOLOGY 7
3.2 DISADVANTAGES 7
3.3 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 8
3.4 ADVANTAGES 9
3.5 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM 10
3.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE 11
4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT 12
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 12
4.1.1 ESP-32 MICROCONTROLLER 12
4.1.2 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 14
4.1.3 RECTIFIER 17
4.1.4 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 18
4.1.5 SMOOTHING 19
4.1.6 REGULATOR 20
4.1.7 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR 22

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4.1.8 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 24
4.1.9 CAPACITIVE LOAD 26
4.1.10 PULSE SENSOR 26
4.1.11 BUZZER 28
4.1.12 RELAY 29
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 30
4.2.1 EMBEDDED C 30
4.2.2 ARDUINO IDE 37
INTERNET OF THINGS 50
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 53
6 CONCLUSION 59
APPENDIX 1 60
APPENDIX 2 64
7 REFERENCES 67

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TABLE OF FIGURES

FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE


NO NO

3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM 10

4.1.1 ESP32 MICROCONTROLLER 14

4.1.2 TRANSFORMER 12

4.1.3 ACCELEROMETER 22

4.1.4 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 24

4.1.5 PULSE SENSOR 26


4.1.6 BUZZER 28

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS AND SYMBOLS

SI NO ABBREVIATE EXPANSION

1 IoT Internet of Things

2 WSN Wireless Sensor Networks

3 LCD Liquid Crystal Display

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Stroke survivors sustain multiple impairments in physical, cognitive, and


sensory functions, significantly impeding their participation in daily activities and
impactingtheir quality of life. For example, 80 percent of stroke survivors face motor
impairments affecting one side of their body. Previous research indicated that only
15 percent of stroke survivors achieve full functional recovery in both limbs. In
comparison, 33 to 60 percent have significant residual impairments in their
hemiplegic arm at the chronic phase. Though there have been recent advances in the
medical management of stroke, most post-stroke recovery relies heavily on
rehabilitation interventions. The use of wearable technology is a promising option
for providing home-based rehabilitation programs have emerged as a promising
alternative, offering greater convenience and potentially better outcomes for stroke
patients. In recent years, the integration of wearable technologies into healthcare has
gained traction, revolutionizing how individuals monitor and manage their health.
Wearable devices, equipped with sensors and data processing capabilities, enable
continuous monitoring of vital signs, movement patterns, and physiological
parameters in real-time. For this project, we want to create smart sensor device that
give the user feedback on any recognized walking abnormalities as fast as possible.
This device is mainly used to activity tracker of stroke patient with help of assist to
the home appliances using IOT. The uses sensor is accelerometer sensor. In this the
sensor data goes to ESP32 and then to blynk application. This system is real-time
remote monitoring and controlling for home appliances to mobile phone.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Wearable Technologies in Physical Rehabilitation for Stroke

AUTHOR

Sharon Fong Mei Toh , Kenneth N. K. Fong , Pablo Cruz Gonzalez , and Yuk
Ming Tang

YEAR

2023

DESCRIPTION

This review identified that most research focused on improving the hemiparetic
upper limb (UL) function and a lack of studies applying wearable technologies
in home-based lower limb (LL) rehabilitation. Virtual reality (VR), stimulation-
based training, robotic therapy, and activity trackers are the interventions
identified that apply wearable technologies. Among the UL interventions,
“strong” evidence was found to support stimulation-based training, “moderate”
evidence for activity trackers, “limited” evidence for VR, and “inconsistent
evidence” for robotic training. Due to the lack of studies, understanding the
effects of LL wearable technologies remains “very limited.” With newer
technologies like soft wearable robotics, research in this area will grow

exponentially.

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2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

A Wearable Sensor-Based Approach for Upper-Limb Motor Training

AUTHOR

Sanghoon i. Lee, Catherine p. Adans-Dester,Matteo Grimaldi,Ariel v. Dowling,


Peter c. Horak, Randie m. Black-Schaffer, Joseph t. Gwin

YEAR

2023

DESCRIPTION

This paper presents a novel technological approach that enables 1) detecting


goal-directed upper limb movements during the performance of ADL, so that
timely feedback can be provided to encourage the use of the affected limb, and
2) assessing the quality of motor performance during in-home rehabilitation
exercises so that appropriate feedback can be generated to promote high-quality
exercise. The results herein presented show that it is possible to detect 1) goal-
directed movements during the performance of ADL with a c-statistic of 87.0%
and 2) poorly performed movements in selected rehabilitation exercises with an
F-score of 84.3%, thus enabling the generation of appropriate feedback. In a
survey to gather preliminary data concerning the clinical adequacy of the
proposed approach, 91.7% of occupational therapists demonstrated willingness
to use it in their practice, and 88.2% of stroke survivors indicated that they would
use it if recommended by their therapist.

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2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY

Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring: A Review of Wearable


Technologies

AUTHOR

Smith, J., Johnson, K.

YEAR

2023

DESCRIPTION

Life expectancy in most countries has been increasing continually over the
several few decades thanks to significant improvements in medicine, public
health, as well as personal and environmental hygiene. However, increased life
expectancy combined with falling birth rates are expected to engender a large
aging demographic in the near future that would impose significant burdens on
the socio-economic structure of these countries. Therefore, it is essential to
develop cost-effective, easy-to-use systems for the sake of elderly healthcare and
well-being. Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and wearable
sensors, actuators and modern communication and information technologies
offers an efficient and cost-effective solution that allows the elderly to continue
to live in their comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare
facilities. These systems will also allow healthcare personnel to monitor
important physiological signs of their patients in real time, assess health
conditions and provide feedback from distant facilities. In this paper, we have
presented and compared several low-cost and non-invasive health and activity
monitoring systems that were reported in recent years

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2.4 LITERATURE SURVEY

Voice Assistant Technologies for Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review

AUTHOR

Chen, L., Wang, Y.

YEAR

2023

DESCRIPTION

A few studies also summarized challenges of designing technologies for the


home environment, which is different from the clinical context [39]. First, in the
clinical environment, therapists use standardized approaches to guide patients
through therapy and to motivate patients to engage in rehabilitation therapy; in
the home environment, however, the physical absence of therapists often leads to
a lack of structured sessions and so reduced patient engagement in rehabilitation.

2.5 LITERATURE SURVEY

The impact of home-based exercise rehabilitation on functional capacity in patients with


acute ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled trial.

AUTHOR
Mohammad Saadatnia, Hossein Shahnazi, Fariborz Khorvash, Fatemeh Esteki-
Ghashghaei.

YEAR
2020
5
DESCRIPTION

One of the major consequences of stroke impairments is hemiparesis, which affects


activities of daily living and contributes sedentary lifestyle. The purpose of this study
was evaluation of the effectiveness of home-based exercise rehabilitation incentive on
daily living activities and functional capacity among acute ischemic patients.

2.6 LITERATURE SURVEY

Effectiveness of upper limb wearable technology for improving activity and


participation in adult stroke survivors: Systematic review.

AUTHOR
Jack Parker, lauren Powell, Susan Mawson.

YEAR
2020
DESCRIPTION

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and randomized comparable trials of UL


wearable technology for poststroke rehabilitation were included. Primary outcome
measures were validated measures of activity and participation as defined by the
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Databases searched
were MEDLINE, Web of Science (Core collection), CINAHL, and the Cochrane
Library. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the methodological quality
of the RCTs and the Downs and Black Instrument for the quality of non RCTs.

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CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

• Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and randomized comparable trials of


UL wearable technology for post stroke rehabilitation were included.

• Primary outcome measures were validated measures of activity and


participation as defined by the International Classification of Functioning,
Disability, and Health.

• Databases searched were MEDLINE, Web of Science (Core collection),


CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library.

• The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the methodological
quality of the RCTs and the Downs and Black Instrument for the quality of
non RCTs.

3.2 DISADVANTAGES

• A potential limitation of relying solely on randomized controlled trials (RCTs)


and randomized comparable trials is that it may overlook valuable insights from
other study designs, such as observational studies or qualitative research.

• These alternative approaches could provide complementary perspectives on the


effectiveness and implementation of wearable technology in post-stroke
rehabilitation, offering a more comprehensive understanding of its real-world
impact and user experiences.

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3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

• The proposed method is home-based wearable devices in help to control the


home appliance for stroke patient.

• One of the most important applications of wearable devices is in the


healthcare.

• The micro-controller used in the built control system is ESP32. Some


components are directly Connect to the ESP32 as a contact center, and some
require intermediaries of other components.

• This Module enables any micro-controller to connect to a Wi-Fi network. The


accelerometer sensor detects linear motion and gravitational forces by
measuring the acceleration in three axes (x, y, and z).

• The accelerometer place on human body in wearable device and the used to
analyzing 3-Axis accelerometer, fixed inside the device, so the values of axis
change with the movement of the human body.

• The temperature sensor is used to measure the body temperature level and
pulse sensor is used to monitor the pulse condition for the stroke patient.

• The relay module is used to controller to be turned ON/OFF electricity of light


and the home appliances access to the mobile phone in the home by voice
control.

• In this the sensor data goes to ESP32 and then to blynk application. This
system is real-time remote monitoring patient health condition and controlling
for appliance in used to mobile phone.

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3.4 ADVANTAGES

• Voice assistance technology can facilitate communication for stroke patients


with speech impairments, allowing them to interact with caregivers, access
information, and control their environment using voice commands.

• Voice commands can be used to control wearable devices, access


rehabilitation exercises or medical information, and communicate with
healthcare professionals, making technology more user-friendly and
accessible.

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3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

HEALTH MONITORING Relay Module


PARAMETER

Accelerometer Sensor
Bulb

Temperature Sensor
MICROCONTROLLER
IOT
Pulse Sensor ESP32

Accelerometer Virtual
IOT
Sensor Monitoring &
Intimate mobile
Notification

Voice Input

Mobile Phone
Google Assistant

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3.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE

This device is mainly used to activity tracker of stroke patient with help
of assistto the home appliances using IOT. The uses sensor is accelerometer
sensor. In this the sensor data goes to ESP32 and then to blynk application.
This system is real-time remote monitoring and controlling for home
appliances tomobile phone. By transmitting data from wearables to healthcare
professionals, remote monitoring becomes possible. This enables timely
intervention and adjustments to treatment plans without the need for frequent
clinic visits. For stroke patients, continuous monitoring of metrics like heart
rate, blood pressure, and activity levels can offer valuable insights into their
recovery progress and help detect any signs of complications or deterioration.

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CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1.1 ESP32 CONTROLLER


ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip microcontrollers with
integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 series employs either
TensilicaXtensa LX6 microprocessor in both dual-core and single-core
variations, XtensaLX7 dual-core microprocessor or a single-core RISC-V
microprocessor and includes built-in antenna switches, RF balloon, power
amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters, and power-management modules.
ESP32 is created and developed by Express if Systems, a Shanghai-basedChinese
company, and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process. It is a success
or to the ESP8266micro-controller.

Fig 4.1.1 MICROCONTOLLER


Processors:
• CPU:Xtensadual-core(orsingle-core)32-
bitLX6microprocessor,operatingat160or240MHzand performing at up to
600DMIPS

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• Ultra low power (ULP)co-processor
• Memory: 320 KiB RAM, 448 KiB ROM
• Wireless connectivity:
• Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
• Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
• Peripheral interfaces:
• 34 × programmable GPIOs
• 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels
• 2 × 8-bit DACs
• 10 × touch sensors (capacitive sensing GPIOs)
• 4 × SPI
• 2 × I²S interfaces
• 2 × I²C interfaces
• 3 × UART
• SD/SDIO/CE-ATA/MMC/eMMC host controller
• SDIO/SPI slave controller
• Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and planned IEEE 1588
Precision Time Protocol support[4
• CAN bus 2.0
• Infrared remote controller (TX/RX, up to 8 channels)
• Motor PWM
• LED PWM (up to 16 channels)
• Hall effect sensor
• Ultra low power analog pre-amplifier

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Security:
• IEEE 802.11 standard security features all supported, including WPA, WPA2,
WPA3 (depending on version)[5] and WLAN Authentication and Privacy
Infrastructure (WAPI)
• Secure boot
• Flash encryption
• 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers
• Cryptographic hardware acceleration: AES, SHA-2, RSA, elliptic
curve cryptography (ECC), random number generator (RNG)
• Power management:
• Internal low-dropout regulator.

4.1.2 POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or


system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group
of loadsis called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied
to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into linear and
switching power supplies. The linear supply is a relatively simple design that
becomes increasingly bulky and heavy for high current devices; voltage
regulation in a linear supply can result in low efficiency. A switched-mode supply
of the same rating as a linear supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but
will be more complex.

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LINEAR POWER SUPPLY
An AC powered linear power supply usually uses a transformer to convert
the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a lower voltage. If
it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used. A capacitor is used to smooth the
pulsating current from the rectifier. Some small periodic deviations from smooth
direct current will remain, which is known as ripple.

These pulsations occur at a frequency related to the AC power frequency (for


example, a multiple of 50 or 60 Hz).The voltage produced by an unregulated
power supply will vary depending on the load and on variations in the AC supply
voltage. For critical electronics applications a linear regulator will be used to
stabilize and adjust the voltage. This regulator will also greatly reduce the ripple
and noise in the output direct current. Linear regulators often provide current
limiting, protecting the power supply and attached circuit from over current.
Adjustable linear power supplies are common laboratory and service shop test
equipment, allowing the output voltage to be set over a wide range.

For example, a bench power supply used by circuit designers may be adjustable
up to 30 volts and up to 5 amperes output. Some can be driven by an external
signal, for example, for applications requiring a pulsed output.

Fig4.1.2 POWER SUPPLY

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TRANSFORMER

Fig 4.1.2 TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little


loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons
why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down
transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer
to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low
voltage.

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.

There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked
by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer.
The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines
the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on
its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and
a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output
voltage.

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Turns ratio=Vp/Vs=Nn/Ns and
Power out=PowerinVs*Is=Vp*Ip
Vp = primary(input)voltage Vs = secondary(output)voltage
Np = numberofturnsonprimarycoilI Ns = numberof turns on secondary
p = primary(input)current coilIs = secondary(output)current

Fig4.1.1 TRANSFORMER

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors.
It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a
smoothing capacitor.

4.1.3 RECTIFIER
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert
AC toDC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave
varyingDC. A full- wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a
centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are
cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+)
parts ofthe AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

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Fig 4.1.3 RECTIFIER

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is
not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

4.1.4 BRIDGE RECTIFIER


A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also
availablein special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a
full-wave rectifier because it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative
sections).1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V
when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the
diagrambelow. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass
and themaximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three
times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages).
Pleasesee the Diodes page for more details, including pictures of ridge rectifiers.

Fig 4.1.4 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

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Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over the connections so the
alternating directions of AC are converted to the one direction of DC.

Output:full-wavevaryingDC:(usingtheentireACwave)

4.1.5 SMOOTHING

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected


acrossthe DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when
the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the
unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The
capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges
as it supplies current to the output.

Fig 4.1.5 SMOOTHING

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the
peak value (1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave

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DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this
increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it


discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10%
of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required
value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give fewer ripples. The
capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

Smoothing Capacitor for 10% ripple, C=5*10/vs.*fC = smoothing capacitance in


farads (F)

Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)

Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the un smoothed DCf
= frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK.

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
circuits.

4.1.6 REGULATOR

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can
pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies.

20
Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current
('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed
output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these
is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with
single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used
in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid state electronic
equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices
can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and current.

Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power
transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They include
a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Positive regulator

1. input pin

2. ground pin

3. output pin

It regulates the positive voltage

Negative regulator

1. ground pin

2. input pin

3. output pin

It regulate the negative voltage

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Fig 4.1.6 REGULATOR

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.

4.1.7 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR


General Description:

Fig 4.1.7 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR


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The A3G4250D is a low-power 3-axis angular rate sensor able to
provide unprecedented stability at zero rate level and sensitivity over
temperature and time. It includes a sensing element and an IC interface
capable of providing the measured angular rate to the external world through
a standard SPI digital interface. An I 2 C-compatible interface is also
available. The sensing element is manufactured using a dedicated micro-
machining process developed by STMicroelectronics to produce inertial
sensors and actuators on silicon wafers.
The IC interface is manufactured using a CMOS process that allows a high
level of integration to design a dedicated circuit which is trimmed to better
match the sensing element characteristics.
The A3G4250D has a full scale of ±245 dps and is capable of measuring rates
with a user- selectable bandwidth. The A3G4250D is available in a plastic
land grid array (LGA) package and can operate within a temperature range of
-40 °C to +85 °C.

FEATURES:)
• Wide supply voltage: 2.4 V to 3.6 V
• ±245 dps full scale
• I2C/SPI digital output interface
• 16-bit rate value data output
• 8-bit temperature data output
• Two digital output lines (interrupt and data ready)
• Integrated low and high-pass filters with user- selectable bandwidth
• Ultra-stable over temperature and time

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• Low-voltage-compatible IOs (1.8 V)
• Embedded power-down and sleep mode
• Embedded temperature sensor
• Embedded FIFO
• High shock survivability
• Extended operating temperature range (-40 °C to +85 °C)
• RoHS and “Green” compliant
• AEC-Q100 qualification

APPLICATIONS:
• In-dash car navigation
• Telemetries, e-Tolling
• Motion control with MMI (man-machine interface)
• Appliances and robotics

4.1.8 TEMPERATURE SENSOR


The first slave connected to a temperature sensor LM35. This senses the
temperature of an engine and provides the level of temperature.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,
whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage
from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.

24
Fig 4.1.8 BASIC CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURE SENSOR (+2°C TO +150°C)

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to
+150°C temperature range. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output,
and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry
especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus
supplies. As it draws only 60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-heating,
less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C
temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10°
with improved accuracy).

The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor


packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the
plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead
surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

FEATURES
1. Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
2. Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
3. 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)

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4. Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
5. Suitable for remote applications
6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts
8. Less than 60 μA current drain
9. Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
10. Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
11. Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

4.1.9 CAPACITIVE LOAD

Fig 4.1.9 LM35 WITH DECOUPLING FROM


CAPACITIVE LOAD

Like most micro power circuits, the LM35 has a limited ability to drive
heavy capacitive loads. The LM35 by itself is able to drive 50 pf without special
precautions. If heavier loads are anticipated, it is easy to isolate or decouple the
load with a resistor.

4.1.10 PULSE SENSOR


Pulse sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is
placed on it. When the pulse detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison
with each pulse. This digital output can be connected to micro-controller directly to
measure the Beats Per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light

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modulation by blood flow through finger at each pulse.

FEATURES:

• Micro-controller based SMD design


• Heat beat indication by LED
• Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to micro-controller
• Compact Size
• Working Voltage +5V DC

APPLICATIONS:

• Digital Heart Rate monitor


• Patient Monitoring System
• Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications

Fig 4.1.10 PULSE SENSOR

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Medical heart sensors are capable of monitoring vascular tissue through the
tip of the finger or the ear lobe. It is often used for health purposes, especially when
monitoring the body after physical training.
pulse is sensed by using a high intensity type LED and LDR. The finger is
placed between the LED and LDR. As Sensor a photo diode or a photo transistor can
be used. The skin may be illuminated with visible (red) using transmitted or reflected
light for detection. The very small changes in reflectivity or in transmittance caused
by the varying blood content of human tissue are almost invisible. Various noise
sources may produce disturbance signals with amplitudes equal or even higher than
the amplitude of the pulse signal. Valid pulse measurement therefore requires
extensive preprocessing of the raw signal.
The new signal processing approach presented here combines analog and digital
signal processing in a way that both parts can be kept simple but in combination are
very effective in suppressing disturbance signals.

The setup described here uses a red LED for transmitted light illumination and
a LDR as detector. With only slight changes in the preamplifier circuit the same
hardware and software could be used with other illumination and detection concepts.
The detectors photo current (AC Part) is converted to voltage and amplified by an
operational amplifier (LM358).

4.1.11 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, The word "buzzer" comes from
the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices,
operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds
commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep

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Fig 4.1.11 BUZZER CIRCUIT

This novel buzzer circuit uses a relay in series with a small audio
transformer and speaker. When the switch is pressed, the relay will operate via
the transformer primary and closed relay contact. As soon as the relay operates
the normally closed contact will open, removing power from the relay, the
contacts close and the sequence repeats, all very quickly...so fast that the pulse of
current causes fluctuations in the transformer primary, and hence secondary.

The speakers tone is thus proportional to relay operating frequency. The


capacitor C can be used to "tune" the note. The nominal value is 0.001uF,
increasing capacitance lowers the buzzers tone.

4.1.12 RELAY

• A relay is an electrically operated switch.


• Electric current through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which
attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.

29
• The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and there
are double-throw (changeover) switches.
• It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke, which
provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and
a set, or sets, of contacts.
• In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed,

and the other set is open.

4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMEMTS

4.2.2 EMBEDDED C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming


language by the C Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist

between C extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C


programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to
support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory
banks, and basic I/O operations.

In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these


issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It
includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point
arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing.

Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main()
function, variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements (if,
switch, case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and
union, bit operations, macros, etc.

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A Technical Report was published in 2004 and a second revision in 2006.

NECESSITY
During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were
developed using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no
mechanism to find what the program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used
to check for correct execution of the program. Some ‘very fortunate’ developers
had In-circuit Simulators (ICEs), but they were too costly and were not quite
reliable as well. As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-
only as the programming language reduced and embedded systems moved onto
C as the embedded programming language of choice. C is the most widely used
programming language for embedded processors/controllers. Assembly is also
used but mainly to implement those portions of the code where very high timing
accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime requirements.
As assembly language programs are specific to a processor, assembly language
didn’t offer portability across systems. To overcome this disadvantage, several
high level languages, including C, came up. Some other languages like PLM,
Modula-2, Pascal, etc. also came but couldn’t find wide acceptance. Amongst
those, C got wide acceptance for not only embedded systems, but also for desktop
applications. Even though C might have lost its sheen as mainstream language
for general purpose applications, it still is having a strong-hold in embedded
programming. Due to the wide acceptance of C in the embedded systems, various
kinds of support tools like compilers & cross-compilers, ICE, etc. came up and
all this facilitated development of embedded systems using C. Assembly
language seems to be an obvious choice for programming embedded devices.
However, use of assembly language is restricted to developing efficient codes in
terms of size and speed. Also, assembly codes lead to higher software

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development costs and code portability is not there. Developing small codes are
not much of a problem, but large programs/projects become increasingly difficult
to manage in assembly language. Finding good assembly programmers has also
become difficult nowadays. Hence high level languages are preferred for
embedded systems programming.

ADVANTAGES
• It is small and simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.
• Compared to assembly language, C code written is more reliable and
scalable, more portable between different platforms.
• C compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and
there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.
• Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not
specific to any particular microprocessor/microcontroller or any system. This
makes it convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on most of
the systems.
• As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level
languages, C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or ‘high level
assembly language’.
• It is fairly efficient.
• It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded
projects.
• Java is also used in many embedded systems but Java programs require the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which consumes a lot of resources. Hence it is
not used for smaller embedded devices.

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• Other High-level programming language like Pascal, FORTRAN also
provide some of the advantages.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING


Embedded systems programming is different from developing
applications on adesktop computers. Key characteristics of an embedded system,
when comparedto PCs, are as follows:
• Embedded devices have resource constraints(limited ROM, limited RAM,
limited stack space, less processing power)
• Components used in embedded system and PCs are different; embedded
systems typically uses smaller, less power consumingcomponents.
Embedded systems are more tied to the hardware.
Two salient features of Embedded Programming are code speed and code size.
Code speed is governed by the processing power, timing constraints, whereas
code size is governed by available program memory and use of programming
language. Goal of embedded system programming is to get maximum features in
minimum space and minimum time.
Embedded systems are programmed using different type of languages:
• Machine Code
• Low level language, i.e., assembly
• High level language like C, C++, Java, Ada, etc.
• Application level language like Visual Basic, scripts, Access, etc.
Assembly language maps mnemonic words with the binary machine codes that
the processor uses to code the instructions. Assembly language seems to be an
obvious choice for programming embedded devices. However, use of assembly
language is restricted to developing efficient codes in terms of size and speed.

33
Also, assembly codes lead to higher software development costs and code
portability is not there. Developing small codes are not much of a problem, but
large programs/projects become increasingly difficult to manage in assembly
language. Finding good assembly programmers has also become difficult
nowadays. Hence high level languages are preferred for embedded systems
programming.

Use of C in embedded systems is driven by following advantages


• It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.
• C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and
there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.
• Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not
specific to any particular microprocessor/ micro-controller or any system.
This makes it convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on most
of the systems.
• As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level
languages, C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or ‘high level
assembly language’
• It is fairly efficient
• It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded
projects.

Many of these advantages are offered by other languages also, but what sets C
apart from others like Pascal, FORTRAN, etc. is the fact that it is a middle level
language; it provides direct hardware control without sacrificing benefits of high
level languages.

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Compared to other high level languages, C offers more flexibility because C is
relatively small, structured language; it supports low-level bit-wise data
manipulation.
Compared to assembly language, C Code written is more reliable and scalable,
more portable between different platforms (with some changes). Moreover,
programs developed in C are much easier to understand, maintain and debug.
Also, as they can be developed more quickly, codes written in C offers better
productivity. C is based on the philosophy ‘programmers know what they are
doing’; only the intentions are to be stated explicitly. It is easier to write good
code in C & convert it to an efficient assembly code (using high quality
compilers) rather than writing an efficient code in assembly itself. Benefits of
assembly language programming over C are negligible when we compare the
ease with which C programs are developed by programmers.
Objected oriented language, C++ is not apt for developing efficient programs in
resource constrained environments like embedded devices. Virtual functions &
exception handling of C++ are some specific features that are not efficient in
terms of space and speed in embedded systems. Sometimes C++ is used only with
very few features, very much as C.
And, also an object-oriented language, is different than C++. Originally designed
by the U.S. DOD, it didn’t gain popularity despite being accepted as an
international standard twice (Ada83 and Ada95). However, Ada language has
many features that would simplify embedded software development.
Java is another language used for embedded systems programming. It primarily
finds usage in high-end mobile phones as it offers portability across systems and
is also useful for browsing applications. Java programs require Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), which consume lot of resources. Hence it is not used for smaller
embedded devices.

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Dynamic C and B# are some proprietary languages which are also being used in
embedded applications.
Efficient embedded C programs must be kept small and efficient; they must be
optimized for code speed and code size. Good understanding of processor
architecture embedded C programming and debugging tools facilitate this.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C AND EMBEDDED C


Though C and embedded C appear different and are used in different
contexts,they have more similarities than the differences. Most of the constructs
are same;the difference lies in their applications.
C is used for desktop computers, while embedded C is for micro-controller based
applications. Accordingly, C has the luxury to use resources of a desktop PC like
memory, OS, etc. While programming on desktop systems, we need not bother
about memory. However, embedded C has to use with the limited resources
(RAM, ROM, I/Os) on an embedded processor. Thus, program code must fit into
the available program memory. If code exceeds the limit, the systemis likely to
crash.
Compilers for C (ANSI C) typically generate OS dependent executables.
Embedded C requires compilers to create files to be downloaded to the
microcontrollers/microprocessors where it needs to run. Embedded compilersgive
access to all resources which is not provided in compilers for desktop computer
applications.
Embedded systems often have the real-time constraints, which is usually not there
with desktop computer applications.
Embedded systems often do not have a console, which is available in case of
desktop applications.

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So, what basically is different while programming with embedded C is the
mindset; for embedded applications, we need to optimally use the resources,
make the program code efficient, and satisfy real time constraints, if any. All this
is done using the basic constructs, syntaxes, and function libraries of ‘C’.

4.2.3 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE)

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE)


- contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar
with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the
Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

WRITING SKETCHES

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.


Thesesketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension
.ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text.
The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays
errors.The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including
complete error messages and other information. The bottom right hand corner of
the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons
allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and
open the serial monitor.

NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the
extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be
prompted to save the sketch with the .ino extension on save.

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Verify Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.


See uploading below for details.

Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can
hold down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text
will change to "Upload using Programmer"

New Creates a new sketch.

Open Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook.


Clicking one will open it within the current window overwriting its
content.

Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open a
sketch late in the list, use the File | Sketch book menu instead.

Save Saves your sketch.

Serial Monitor Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit,
Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context sensitive, which means only those
items relevant to the work currently being carried out are available.

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FILE

• New Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure
of a sketch already in place.
• Open Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives
and folders.
• Open Recent Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be
opened.
• Sketchbook Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder
structure; clicking on any name opens the corresponding sketch in a new
editor instance.
• Examples Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library
shows up in this menu item. All the examples are structured in a tree that
allows easy access by topic or library.
• Close Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.
• Save Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named
before, a name will be provided in a "Save as.." window.
• Save as... Allows saving the current sketch with a different name.
• Page Setup It shows the Page Setup window for printing.
• Print Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings
defined in Page Setup.
• Preferences Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE
may be customized, as the language of the IDE interface.
• Quit Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was
chosen will be automatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.

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EDIT

• Undo/Redo Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when
you go back, you may go forward with Redo.
• Cut Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the
clipboard.
• Copy Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the
clipboard.
• Copy for Forum Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form
suitable for posting to the forum, complete with syntax coloring.
• Copy as HTML Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML,
suitable for embedding in web pages.
• Paste Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.
• Select All Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.
• Comment/Uncomment Puts or removes the // comment marker at the
beginning of each selected line.
• Increase/Decrease Indent Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each
selected line, moving the text one space on the right or eliminating a space
at the beginning.
• Find Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to
search inside the current sketch according to several options.
• Find Next Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified
as the search item in the Find window, relative to the cursor position.

40
• Find Previous Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string
specified as the search item in the Find window relative to the cursor
position.

SKETCH

• Verify/Compile Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report
memory usage for code and variables in the console area.
• Upload Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board
through the configured Port.
• Upload Using Programmer This will overwrite the boot loader on the board;
you will need to use Tools > Burn Boot loader to restore it and be able to
Upload to USB serial port again. However, it allows you to use the full
capacity of the Flash memory for your sketch. Please note that this
command will NOT burn the fuses. To do so a Tools -> Burn Bootloader
command must be executed.
• Export Compiled Binary Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or
sent to the board using other tools.
• Show Sketch Folder Opens the current sketch folder.
• Include Library Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include
statements at the start of your code. For more details, see libraries below.
Additionally, from this menu item you can access the Library Manager and
import new libraries from .zip files.
• Add File Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current
location). The new file appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can
be removed from the sketch using the tab menu accessible clicking on the

41
small triangle icon below the serial monitor one on the right side o the
toolbar.

TOOLS

• Auto Format This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening
and closing curly braces line up, and that the statements inside curly braces
are indented more.
• Archive Sketch Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The
archive is placed in the same directory as the sketch.
• Fix Encoding & Reload Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor
char map encoding and other operating systems char maps.
• Serial Monitor Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange
of data with any connected board on the currently selected Port. This
usually resets the board, if the board supports Reset over serial portopening.
• Board Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the
various boards.
• Port This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your
machine. It should automatically refresh every time you open the top-level
tools menu.
• Programmer For selecting a hardware programmer when programming a
board or chip and not using the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally
you won't need this, but if you're burning a boot loader to a new micro-
controller, you will use this.
• Burn Boot loader The items in this menu allow you to burn a boot loader
onto the micro-controller on an Arduino board. This is not required

42
for normal use of an Arduino or Genuino board but is useful if you purchase
a new ATmega micro-controller (which normally come without a boot
loader). Ensure that you've selected the correct board from the Boards menu
before burning the boot loader on the target board. This command also set
the right fuses.

HELP

Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the
Arduino Software (IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this
guide to theIDE and other documents locally, without an internet connection. The
documentsare a local copy of the online ones and may link back to our online
website.
Find in Reference This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it
directly selects the relevant page in the local copy of the Reference for the
function or command under the cursor.

SKETCHBOOK

The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a


standard place to store your programs (or sketches). The sketches in your
sketchbook can be opened from the File > Sketchbook menu or from the Open
button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino software, it will
automatically create a directory for your sketchbook. You can view or change the
location of the sketchbook location from with the Preferences dialog.

Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous
versions use the .pde extension. You may still open .pde named files in version

43
1.0 and later, the software will automatically rename the extension to .ino.Tabs,
Multiple Files, and Compilation

Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears
in its own tab). These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C
files (.c extension), C++ files (.cpp), or header files (.h).

Uploading

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools
> Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac,
the serial port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or
Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier
USB board), or/dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a
Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably
COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a
USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial device in the portssection of
the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx
,/dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correctserial port and board,
press the upload button in the toolbar or selectthe Upload item from the
File menu. Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload.
With older boards (pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the
reset button on the board just before starting the upload. On most boards, you'll
see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software
(IDE) will display a message when the uploadis complete, or show an error.

44
When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program
that has been loaded on to the micro-controller on your board. It allows you to
upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for
a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the micro-controller. The bootloader will blink the on-board
(pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).

Libraries

Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with
hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or more
#include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with your
sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they
increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library,
simply delete its #includestatements from the top of your code.

There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the
Arduino software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through
the Library Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a
library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch. See these instructions for
installing a third-party library.

To write your own library, see this tutorial.

Third-Party Hardware

Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your
sketchbook directory. Platforms installed there may include board definitions

45
(which appear in the board menu), core libraries, bootloaders, and programmer
definitions. To install, create the hardware directory, then unzip the third-party
platform into its own sub-directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the sub-directory
name or you'll override the built-in Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete
its directory.

For details on creating packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino IDE
1.5 3rd party Hardware specification.

Serial Monitor

Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino or Genuino board (USB or
serialboard). To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button
or press enter. Choose the baud rate from the drop-down that matches the rate
passedto Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux, the
Arduino or Genuino board will reset (rerun your sketch execution to the
beginning) whenyou connect with the serial monitor.

You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (seethe
interfacing page for details).

Preferences

Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under


the Arduino menu on the Mac, or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be
found in the preferences file, whose location is shown in the preference dialog.

46
Language Support

Since version 1.0.1 , the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into 30+
different languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your
operating system. (Note: on Windows and possibly Linux, this is determined by
the locale setting which controls currency and date formats, not by the language
the operating system is displayed in.)

If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino Software
(IDE) and open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language there is a
dropdown menu of currently supported languages. Select your preferred
language from the menu, and restart the software to use the selected language. If
your operating system language is not supported, the Arduino Software (IDE)
will default to English.

47
You can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language based
on your operating system by selecting System Default from the Editor Language
drop-down. This setting will take effect when you restart the ArduinoSoftware
(IDE). Similarly, after changing your operating system's settings, you must restart
the Arduino Software (IDE) to update it to the new default language.

Boards

The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed and
baud rate) used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file and
fuse settings used by the burn bootloader command. Some of the board
definitions differ only in the latter, so even if you've been uploading successfully
with a particular selection you'll want to check it before burning the bootloader.
You can find a comparison table between the various boards here.

Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the
following list, all based on the AVR Core. The Boards included in the standard
installation allows to add support for the growing number of new boards based
on different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.

• Arduino Yùn An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12


Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7 PWM.
• Arduino/Genuino Uno An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset,
6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanovew/ ATmega168 An ATmega168
runningat 16 MHz with auto-reset.
• Arduino Nano w/ ATmega328 An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with
auto-reset. Has eight analog inputs.

48
• Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560 An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with
auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Mega An ATmega1280 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16
Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Mega ADK An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset,
16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Leonardo An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset,
12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7 PWM.
• Arduino Micro An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12
Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7 PWM.
• Arduino Esplora An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
• Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with
auto-reset, 8 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino Ethernet Equivalent to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet shield:
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital
I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino Fio An ATmega328 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent
to Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ATmega328, 6 Analog In, 14
Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino BT w/ ATmega328 ATmega328 running at 16 MHz. The
bootloader burned (4 KB) includes codes to initialize the on-board
bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM..
• LilyPad Arduino USB An ATmega32u4 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset,
4 Analog In, 9 Digital I/O and 4 PWM.
• LilyPad Arduino An ATmega168 or ATmega132 running at 8 MHz with
auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.

49
• ArduinoProor
ProMini(5V,16 MHz)w/ ATmega328 An ATmega328 runningat
16 MHz with auto reset. Equivalent to Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/
ATmega328; 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168 An ATmega168 running at16
MHz without auto-reset. Compilation and upload is equivalent to Arduino
Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168, but the bootloader burned has
a slower timeout (and blinks the pin 13 LED three times on reset); 6 Analog
In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino Robot Control An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-
reset.
• Arduino Robot Motor An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
• Arduino Gemma An ATtiny85 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 1 Analog
In, 3 Digital I/O and 2 PWM.

4.2.4 IOT

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and


integration within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their
accuracy. IoT utilises existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking,
and robotics.IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices,
and modern attitudes towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring
major changes in the delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social,
economic, and political impact of those changes.

50
IoT−Key Features
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence,
connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small devices. A brief review of
these features is given below:

1. AI – IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances


every aspect of life with the power of data collection, intelligence, and networks.
This can mean something that is a pleasure enhancing your refrigerator and
cannot be affected when you leave your restaurant, and then place an order with
your preferred group.
2. Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically
IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers.
Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being
practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
3. Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining
instruments that transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into
an active system capable of real-world integration.
4. Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with connected technology
happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active
content, product, or service engagement.
5. Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and
more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility. IoT–Advantages
• Improved Customer Engagement–Current analytics suffer from blind- spots
and significant flawsin a ccuracy; and noted, engagement remains passive.
completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with
audiences.

51
• Technology–The same technologies and data that improve the customer
experience also improve device use, improve. IoT world of critical functional and
field data.

IoT–Software
IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through
platforms,embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual
and master applications are responsible for data collection, device integration,
real- time analytics, and application and process extension within the IoT
network. They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering
systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.
Data Collection
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data
security, and aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in
connecting with real-time, machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data
from multiple devices and distribu tesit in accordance with settings. It also works
in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually transmits all
collected data to a central server.

Device Integration
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system
devices tocreate the body of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation
and stable networking between devices. These applications are the defining
software technology of the IoT network because with out them
,itisnotanIoTsystem.Theymanagethevariousapplications,protocols,and
limitations of each device allow communication.

52
Real-Time Analytics
These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it
into viable actions or clear patterns for human analysis. They analyze information
based on various settings and designs in order to perform automation-related
tasks or provide the data required by industry.

Application and Process Extension


These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a
wider,moreeffectivesystem.Theyintegratepredefineddevicesforspecificpurposes such
as allowing certain mobile devices or engineering instruments access. Itsupports
improved productivity and more accurate data collection.

IoT−Technology and Protocols


IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies.
However, the major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC,
low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A,
and WiFi -Direct.This technologies support the specific net working functionality
needed inan IoT system in contrasttoastandard uniform network of common
systems.

53
LTE-A
LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE
technology byincreasing not only its coverage, but also reducing its latency and
raising its throughput. It gives IoT tremendous power through expanding its
range, with its most significant applications being vehicle, UAV, and similar
communication.

WiFi-Direct
WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P (peer-to-
peer)connections with the speed of WiFi, but with lower latency. WiFi-Direct
eliminates an element of and work that often bogs it down, and it does not
compromise on speed or through put.

54
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The project to develop and evaluate wearable technologies combined with


voice-assistant features to aid stroke patients in their rehabilitation at home. These
technologies focus on monitoring vital health parameters, facilitating communication,
and ensuring adherence to prescribed rehabilitation routines.
To develop a wearable device capable of monitoring health metrics relevant to stroke
rehabilitation such as heart rate, blood pressure, and mobility and a voice assistant into
the wearable technology to provide interactive guidance and support for stroke patients.
The integration of continuous monitoring with immediate feedback via voice assistant
appears to enhance rehabilitation outcomes. The technology's ability to provide real-
time adjustments to therapy plans based on data collected could be a key factor in its
effectiveness.
Further research should focus on refining voice recognition technologies specifically for
impaired speech. Additionally, expanding device functionality to include more
comprehensive health monitoring could provide more holistic support for stroke
recovery

55
5.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Fig 5.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Fig 5.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

56
5.3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Fig 5.3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

57
58
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, while the existing system of automatic attendance


management using computer vision and face recognition algorithms offers
certain advantagesin terms of automation and efficiency, it also presents several
significant drawbacks. The lower recognition rate, financial burden, privacy
concerns, enrollment and verification challenges, and dependence on
environmental factors all contribute to the limitations of this system. As
educational institutions strive to implement robust and reliable attendance
management solutions, it is essentialto address these shortcomings and explore
alternative approaches. The proposed system, leveraging fingerprint biometrics
and IoT technology, offers a promisingsolution to overcome these challenges. By
providing a secure, efficient, and privacy-conscious method of attendance
tracking while also incorporating real- time health monitoring, the proposed
system aims to enhance both administrative processes and student well-being.
Moving forward, further research and development efforts should focus on
refining and implementing such innovativesolutions to meet the evolving needs
of educational institutions in a rapidly changing technological landscape.

59
APPENDIX 1

#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID "TMPL3AON9krsj"


#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_NAME "WEARABLE STROKE MONITORING"
#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN "rIOoeIihcVABVZaFrmQCEduOiwGKEZwz"

#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial


#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp32.h>

char auth[] = BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN;


char ssid[] = "PROJECT";
char pass[] = "11223344";

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>
#include <Adafruit_ADXL345_U.h>

Adafruit_ADXL345_Unified accel = Adafruit_ADXL345_Unified(12345);

#define pulse A0
#define temp D5

#define l1 D3
#define l2 D4

//#define relay 14

void setup() { Serial

60
pinMode(temp, INPUT);

pinMode(l1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(l2, OUTPUT);

if (!accel.begin())
{
/* There was a problem detecting the ADXL345 ... check your connections */
Serial.println("Ooops, no ADXL345 detected ... Check your wiring!");
// while(1);
}

void loop() {
// Blynk.run();
int P = analogRead(pulse);
int T = analogRead(temp);

T = ((T * 0.003223) - 0.5) * 100;

sensors_event_t event;
accel.getEvent(&event);

int x = event.acceleration.x + 100;

Serial.print("Temperature:");
Serial.print(T);
Serial.print(" || ");

61
Serial.print("Pulse:");
Serial.print(P);
Serial.print(" || ");
Serial.print("Angle:");
Serial.println(x);

if(Serial.available()>0){
char z=Serial.read();
if(z=='A'){
digitalWrite(l1, 1);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}
if(z=='B'){
digitalWrite(l1, 0);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}

// Blynk.virtualWrite(V0, T);
// Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, P);
// Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, x);

if (T > 40) {
Serial.println("High temperature level is Detected");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "High temperature level is Detected");

}
if (Pulse > 100) {
Serial.println("Pulse Condition is Abnormal");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "Pulse Condition is Abnormal");

62
}
if ((x > 80) && (x < 95)) {
Serial.println("Movement is detected");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "Movement is detected");
}
if ((x > 105) && (x < 120)) {
Serial.println("Movement is detected");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "Movement is detected");
}

}
BLYNK_WRITE(V3) {
if (param.asInt() == 1) {
digitalWrite(l1, 1);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}
else {
digitalWrite(l1, 0);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}
}

63
APPENDIX 2

Vision of the Institute


To be a unique Institution that enables students to become contributing Humans towards
technology, business and sustainability of natural world.
Mission of the Institute
Our mission is to facilitate students with harmonious teaching and experiential learning by integrating
industrial and societal needs with curriculum, providing requisite infrastructure facilities and
imbibing ethical values.

Vision of the Department


To be a Centre for Excellence in Electronics and Communication engineering by
fostering Professional competence with ethical values.

Mission of the Department


❖ To embrace innovative teaching and learning methodologies that lead to the self-
improvement of students.

❖ To embed contemporary technical knowledge and problem solving skills in core and
allied field by having collaboration with industry.

❖ To enhance the competency of students to meet the challenges posed in industry on


employment through research and innovative ideas.

❖ To enlight our students with ethical, human values and leadership.

64
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO1: To enable graduates to pursue research, or have a successful career in academia or
industries associated with Electronics and Communication Engineering, or as
entrepreneurs.
PEO2: To provide students with strong foundational concepts and also advanced techniques
and tools in order to enable them to build solutions or systems of varying complexity.
PEO3: To prepare students to critically analyze existing literature in an area of
specialization and ethically develop innovative and research oriented methodologies to
solve the problems identified.

Program Outcomes (POs)


PO1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization solution of complex
engineering problems
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
65
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
PSO1: Design, develop and analyze electronic systems through application of relevant
electronics, mathematics and engineering principles
PSO2: Design, develop and analyze communication systems through application of
fundamentals from communication principles, signal processing, and RF System Design &
Electromagnetics.

66
CHAPTER 6
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