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A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
AJAYKUMAR M (713920106001)
GOWTHAM R (713920106009)
STEPHEN M (713020106024)
KALAIMANI M (713020106308)
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE-641110
MAY2023
i
ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “HOME-BASED WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN
HEALTHCARE AND VOICE ASSIST FOR STROKE PATIENTS” is the bonafide work
of “GOWTHAM R, AJAYKUMAR M, STEPHEN M and KALAIMANI M” who carried
out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Assistant Professor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Initially praise lord almighty for his eternal grace during this project
work. I acknowledge my independence and sincere thanks to our college
chairman Dr. V .NARAYANASAMY who is constantly stimulating us to do
innovative actions and taking care about carrier development.
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ABSTRACT
This paper explores the integration of wearable technologies into home-based healthcare
for stroke patients, focusing on their potential to enhance monitoring, rehabilitation, and
overall quality of life. Stroke, a leading cause of disability worldwide, often requires long-term
management and rehabilitation, which can be challenging in traditional healthcare settings.
Wearable technologies offer a promising solution by enabling continuous monitoring of vital
signs, movement patterns, and rehabilitation progress in real-time, facilitating early detection
of complications and personalized interventions. Moreover, these devices can support stroke
patients in performing rehabilitation exercises at home, promoting adherence to therapy and
facilitating remote guidance from healthcare professionals. Through a comprehensive review
of recent literature and case studies, this paper examines the current state of wearable
technologies in stroke care, highlighting their benefits, challenges, and future directions. Key
considerations include the usability, accuracy, and integration of wearable devices intoexisting
healthcare systems, as well as privacy and data security concerns. Ultimately, the widespread
adoption of home-based wearable technologies has the potential to revolutionize stroke care
by empowering patients, improving outcomes, and reducing healthcare costs.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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4.1.8 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 24
4.1.9 CAPACITIVE LOAD 26
4.1.10 PULSE SENSOR 26
4.1.11 BUZZER 28
4.1.12 RELAY 29
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 30
4.2.1 EMBEDDED C 30
4.2.2 ARDUINO IDE 37
INTERNET OF THINGS 50
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 53
6 CONCLUSION 59
APPENDIX 1 60
APPENDIX 2 64
7 REFERENCES 67
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TABLE OF FIGURES
4.1.2 TRANSFORMER 12
4.1.3 ACCELEROMETER 22
vii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS AND SYMBOLS
SI NO ABBREVIATE EXPANSION
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
AUTHOR
Sharon Fong Mei Toh , Kenneth N. K. Fong , Pablo Cruz Gonzalez , and Yuk
Ming Tang
YEAR
2023
DESCRIPTION
This review identified that most research focused on improving the hemiparetic
upper limb (UL) function and a lack of studies applying wearable technologies
in home-based lower limb (LL) rehabilitation. Virtual reality (VR), stimulation-
based training, robotic therapy, and activity trackers are the interventions
identified that apply wearable technologies. Among the UL interventions,
“strong” evidence was found to support stimulation-based training, “moderate”
evidence for activity trackers, “limited” evidence for VR, and “inconsistent
evidence” for robotic training. Due to the lack of studies, understanding the
effects of LL wearable technologies remains “very limited.” With newer
technologies like soft wearable robotics, research in this area will grow
exponentially.
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2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
AUTHOR
YEAR
2023
DESCRIPTION
3
2.3 LITERATURE SURVEY
AUTHOR
YEAR
2023
DESCRIPTION
Life expectancy in most countries has been increasing continually over the
several few decades thanks to significant improvements in medicine, public
health, as well as personal and environmental hygiene. However, increased life
expectancy combined with falling birth rates are expected to engender a large
aging demographic in the near future that would impose significant burdens on
the socio-economic structure of these countries. Therefore, it is essential to
develop cost-effective, easy-to-use systems for the sake of elderly healthcare and
well-being. Remote health monitoring, based on non-invasive and wearable
sensors, actuators and modern communication and information technologies
offers an efficient and cost-effective solution that allows the elderly to continue
to live in their comfortable home environment instead of expensive healthcare
facilities. These systems will also allow healthcare personnel to monitor
important physiological signs of their patients in real time, assess health
conditions and provide feedback from distant facilities. In this paper, we have
presented and compared several low-cost and non-invasive health and activity
monitoring systems that were reported in recent years
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2.4 LITERATURE SURVEY
AUTHOR
YEAR
2023
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR
Mohammad Saadatnia, Hossein Shahnazi, Fariborz Khorvash, Fatemeh Esteki-
Ghashghaei.
YEAR
2020
5
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR
Jack Parker, lauren Powell, Susan Mawson.
YEAR
2020
DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
• The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the methodological
quality of the RCTs and the Downs and Black Instrument for the quality of
non RCTs.
3.2 DISADVANTAGES
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3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
• The accelerometer place on human body in wearable device and the used to
analyzing 3-Axis accelerometer, fixed inside the device, so the values of axis
change with the movement of the human body.
• The temperature sensor is used to measure the body temperature level and
pulse sensor is used to monitor the pulse condition for the stroke patient.
• In this the sensor data goes to ESP32 and then to blynk application. This
system is real-time remote monitoring patient health condition and controlling
for appliance in used to mobile phone.
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3.4 ADVANTAGES
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3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY
Accelerometer Sensor
Bulb
Temperature Sensor
MICROCONTROLLER
IOT
Pulse Sensor ESP32
Accelerometer Virtual
IOT
Sensor Monitoring &
Intimate mobile
Notification
Voice Input
Mobile Phone
Google Assistant
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3.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE
This device is mainly used to activity tracker of stroke patient with help
of assistto the home appliances using IOT. The uses sensor is accelerometer
sensor. In this the sensor data goes to ESP32 and then to blynk application.
This system is real-time remote monitoring and controlling for home
appliances tomobile phone. By transmitting data from wearables to healthcare
professionals, remote monitoring becomes possible. This enables timely
intervention and adjustments to treatment plans without the need for frequent
clinic visits. For stroke patients, continuous monitoring of metrics like heart
rate, blood pressure, and activity levels can offer valuable insights into their
recovery progress and help detect any signs of complications or deterioration.
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CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
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• Ultra low power (ULP)co-processor
• Memory: 320 KiB RAM, 448 KiB ROM
• Wireless connectivity:
• Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
• Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
• Peripheral interfaces:
• 34 × programmable GPIOs
• 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels
• 2 × 8-bit DACs
• 10 × touch sensors (capacitive sensing GPIOs)
• 4 × SPI
• 2 × I²S interfaces
• 2 × I²C interfaces
• 3 × UART
• SD/SDIO/CE-ATA/MMC/eMMC host controller
• SDIO/SPI slave controller
• Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and planned IEEE 1588
Precision Time Protocol support[4
• CAN bus 2.0
• Infrared remote controller (TX/RX, up to 8 channels)
• Motor PWM
• LED PWM (up to 16 channels)
• Hall effect sensor
• Ultra low power analog pre-amplifier
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Security:
• IEEE 802.11 standard security features all supported, including WPA, WPA2,
WPA3 (depending on version)[5] and WLAN Authentication and Privacy
Infrastructure (WAPI)
• Secure boot
• Flash encryption
• 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers
• Cryptographic hardware acceleration: AES, SHA-2, RSA, elliptic
curve cryptography (ECC), random number generator (RNG)
• Power management:
• Internal low-dropout regulator.
Power supplies for electronic devices can be broadly divided into linear and
switching power supplies. The linear supply is a relatively simple design that
becomes increasingly bulky and heavy for high current devices; voltage
regulation in a linear supply can result in low efficiency. A switched-mode supply
of the same rating as a linear supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but
will be more complex.
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LINEAR POWER SUPPLY
An AC powered linear power supply usually uses a transformer to convert
the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a lower voltage. If
it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used. A capacitor is used to smooth the
pulsating current from the rectifier. Some small periodic deviations from smooth
direct current will remain, which is known as ripple.
For example, a bench power supply used by circuit designers may be adjustable
up to 30 volts and up to 5 amperes output. Some can be driven by an external
signal, for example, for applications requiring a pulsed output.
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TRANSFORMER
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked
by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer.
The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines
the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on
its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and
a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output
voltage.
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Turns ratio=Vp/Vs=Nn/Ns and
Power out=PowerinVs*Is=Vp*Ip
Vp = primary(input)voltage Vs = secondary(output)voltage
Np = numberofturnsonprimarycoilI Ns = numberof turns on secondary
p = primary(input)current coilIs = secondary(output)current
Fig4.1.1 TRANSFORMER
The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors.
It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a
smoothing capacitor.
4.1.3 RECTIFIER
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert
AC toDC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave
varyingDC. A full- wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a
centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are
cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+)
parts ofthe AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.
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Fig 4.1.3 RECTIFIER
The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is
not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.
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Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over the connections so the
alternating directions of AC are converted to the one direction of DC.
Output:full-wavevaryingDC:(usingtheentireACwave)
4.1.5 SMOOTHING
Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the
peak value (1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave
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DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this
increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the un smoothed DCf
= frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK.
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
circuits.
4.1.6 REGULATOR
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can
pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies.
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Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current
('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed
output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these
is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with
single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used
in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid state electronic
equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices
can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and current.
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power
transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They include
a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
Positive regulator
1. input pin
2. ground pin
3. output pin
Negative regulator
1. ground pin
2. input pin
3. output pin
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Fig 4.1.6 REGULATOR
The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.
FEATURES:)
• Wide supply voltage: 2.4 V to 3.6 V
• ±245 dps full scale
• I2C/SPI digital output interface
• 16-bit rate value data output
• 8-bit temperature data output
• Two digital output lines (interrupt and data ready)
• Integrated low and high-pass filters with user- selectable bandwidth
• Ultra-stable over temperature and time
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• Low-voltage-compatible IOs (1.8 V)
• Embedded power-down and sleep mode
• Embedded temperature sensor
• Embedded FIFO
• High shock survivability
• Extended operating temperature range (-40 °C to +85 °C)
• RoHS and “Green” compliant
• AEC-Q100 qualification
APPLICATIONS:
• In-dash car navigation
• Telemetries, e-Tolling
• Motion control with MMI (man-machine interface)
• Appliances and robotics
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,
whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage
from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
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Fig 4.1.8 BASIC CENTIGRADE TEMPERATURE SENSOR (+2°C TO +150°C)
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to
+150°C temperature range. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output,
and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry
especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus
supplies. As it draws only 60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-heating,
less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C
temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10°
with improved accuracy).
FEATURES
1. Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
2. Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
3. 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)
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4. Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
5. Suitable for remote applications
6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts
8. Less than 60 μA current drain
9. Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
10. Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
11. Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
Like most micro power circuits, the LM35 has a limited ability to drive
heavy capacitive loads. The LM35 by itself is able to drive 50 pf without special
precautions. If heavier loads are anticipated, it is easy to isolate or decouple the
load with a resistor.
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modulation by blood flow through finger at each pulse.
FEATURES:
APPLICATIONS:
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Medical heart sensors are capable of monitoring vascular tissue through the
tip of the finger or the ear lobe. It is often used for health purposes, especially when
monitoring the body after physical training.
pulse is sensed by using a high intensity type LED and LDR. The finger is
placed between the LED and LDR. As Sensor a photo diode or a photo transistor can
be used. The skin may be illuminated with visible (red) using transmitted or reflected
light for detection. The very small changes in reflectivity or in transmittance caused
by the varying blood content of human tissue are almost invisible. Various noise
sources may produce disturbance signals with amplitudes equal or even higher than
the amplitude of the pulse signal. Valid pulse measurement therefore requires
extensive preprocessing of the raw signal.
The new signal processing approach presented here combines analog and digital
signal processing in a way that both parts can be kept simple but in combination are
very effective in suppressing disturbance signals.
The setup described here uses a red LED for transmitted light illumination and
a LDR as detector. With only slight changes in the preamplifier circuit the same
hardware and software could be used with other illumination and detection concepts.
The detectors photo current (AC Part) is converted to voltage and amplified by an
operational amplifier (LM358).
4.1.11 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, The word "buzzer" comes from
the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices,
operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds
commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep
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Fig 4.1.11 BUZZER CIRCUIT
This novel buzzer circuit uses a relay in series with a small audio
transformer and speaker. When the switch is pressed, the relay will operate via
the transformer primary and closed relay contact. As soon as the relay operates
the normally closed contact will open, removing power from the relay, the
contacts close and the sequence repeats, all very quickly...so fast that the pulse of
current causes fluctuations in the transformer primary, and hence secondary.
4.1.12 RELAY
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• The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and there
are double-throw (changeover) switches.
• It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke, which
provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and
a set, or sets, of contacts.
• In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed,
4.2.2 EMBEDDED C
Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of standard C, e.g., main()
function, variable definition, data type declaration, conditional statements (if,
switch, case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and
union, bit operations, macros, etc.
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A Technical Report was published in 2004 and a second revision in 2006.
NECESSITY
During infancy years of microprocessor based systems, programs were
developed using assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no
mechanism to find what the program was doing. LEDs, switches, etc. were used
to check for correct execution of the program. Some ‘very fortunate’ developers
had In-circuit Simulators (ICEs), but they were too costly and were not quite
reliable as well. As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-
only as the programming language reduced and embedded systems moved onto
C as the embedded programming language of choice. C is the most widely used
programming language for embedded processors/controllers. Assembly is also
used but mainly to implement those portions of the code where very high timing
accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime requirements.
As assembly language programs are specific to a processor, assembly language
didn’t offer portability across systems. To overcome this disadvantage, several
high level languages, including C, came up. Some other languages like PLM,
Modula-2, Pascal, etc. also came but couldn’t find wide acceptance. Amongst
those, C got wide acceptance for not only embedded systems, but also for desktop
applications. Even though C might have lost its sheen as mainstream language
for general purpose applications, it still is having a strong-hold in embedded
programming. Due to the wide acceptance of C in the embedded systems, various
kinds of support tools like compilers & cross-compilers, ICE, etc. came up and
all this facilitated development of embedded systems using C. Assembly
language seems to be an obvious choice for programming embedded devices.
However, use of assembly language is restricted to developing efficient codes in
terms of size and speed. Also, assembly codes lead to higher software
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development costs and code portability is not there. Developing small codes are
not much of a problem, but large programs/projects become increasingly difficult
to manage in assembly language. Finding good assembly programmers has also
become difficult nowadays. Hence high level languages are preferred for
embedded systems programming.
ADVANTAGES
• It is small and simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.
• Compared to assembly language, C code written is more reliable and
scalable, more portable between different platforms.
• C compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and
there is a large pool of experienced C programmers.
• Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not
specific to any particular microprocessor/microcontroller or any system. This
makes it convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on most of
the systems.
• As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level
languages, C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or ‘high level
assembly language’.
• It is fairly efficient.
• It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded
projects.
• Java is also used in many embedded systems but Java programs require the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which consumes a lot of resources. Hence it is
not used for smaller embedded devices.
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• Other High-level programming language like Pascal, FORTRAN also
provide some of the advantages.
33
Also, assembly codes lead to higher software development costs and code
portability is not there. Developing small codes are not much of a problem, but
large programs/projects become increasingly difficult to manage in assembly
language. Finding good assembly programmers has also become difficult
nowadays. Hence high level languages are preferred for embedded systems
programming.
Many of these advantages are offered by other languages also, but what sets C
apart from others like Pascal, FORTRAN, etc. is the fact that it is a middle level
language; it provides direct hardware control without sacrificing benefits of high
level languages.
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Compared to other high level languages, C offers more flexibility because C is
relatively small, structured language; it supports low-level bit-wise data
manipulation.
Compared to assembly language, C Code written is more reliable and scalable,
more portable between different platforms (with some changes). Moreover,
programs developed in C are much easier to understand, maintain and debug.
Also, as they can be developed more quickly, codes written in C offers better
productivity. C is based on the philosophy ‘programmers know what they are
doing’; only the intentions are to be stated explicitly. It is easier to write good
code in C & convert it to an efficient assembly code (using high quality
compilers) rather than writing an efficient code in assembly itself. Benefits of
assembly language programming over C are negligible when we compare the
ease with which C programs are developed by programmers.
Objected oriented language, C++ is not apt for developing efficient programs in
resource constrained environments like embedded devices. Virtual functions &
exception handling of C++ are some specific features that are not efficient in
terms of space and speed in embedded systems. Sometimes C++ is used only with
very few features, very much as C.
And, also an object-oriented language, is different than C++. Originally designed
by the U.S. DOD, it didn’t gain popularity despite being accepted as an
international standard twice (Ada83 and Ada95). However, Ada language has
many features that would simplify embedded software development.
Java is another language used for embedded systems programming. It primarily
finds usage in high-end mobile phones as it offers portability across systems and
is also useful for browsing applications. Java programs require Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), which consume lot of resources. Hence it is not used for smaller
embedded devices.
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Dynamic C and B# are some proprietary languages which are also being used in
embedded applications.
Efficient embedded C programs must be kept small and efficient; they must be
optimized for code speed and code size. Good understanding of processor
architecture embedded C programming and debugging tools facilitate this.
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So, what basically is different while programming with embedded C is the
mindset; for embedded applications, we need to optimally use the resources,
make the program code efficient, and satisfy real time constraints, if any. All this
is done using the basic constructs, syntaxes, and function libraries of ‘C’.
WRITING SKETCHES
NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the
extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be
prompted to save the sketch with the .ino extension on save.
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Verify Checks your code for errors compiling it.
Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can
hold down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text
will change to "Upload using Programmer"
Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open a
sketch late in the list, use the File | Sketch book menu instead.
Additional commands are found within the five menus: File, Edit,
Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context sensitive, which means only those
items relevant to the work currently being carried out are available.
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FILE
• New Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure
of a sketch already in place.
• Open Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives
and folders.
• Open Recent Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be
opened.
• Sketchbook Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder
structure; clicking on any name opens the corresponding sketch in a new
editor instance.
• Examples Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library
shows up in this menu item. All the examples are structured in a tree that
allows easy access by topic or library.
• Close Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.
• Save Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named
before, a name will be provided in a "Save as.." window.
• Save as... Allows saving the current sketch with a different name.
• Page Setup It shows the Page Setup window for printing.
• Print Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings
defined in Page Setup.
• Preferences Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE
may be customized, as the language of the IDE interface.
• Quit Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was
chosen will be automatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.
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EDIT
• Undo/Redo Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when
you go back, you may go forward with Redo.
• Cut Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the
clipboard.
• Copy Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the
clipboard.
• Copy for Forum Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form
suitable for posting to the forum, complete with syntax coloring.
• Copy as HTML Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML,
suitable for embedding in web pages.
• Paste Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.
• Select All Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.
• Comment/Uncomment Puts or removes the // comment marker at the
beginning of each selected line.
• Increase/Decrease Indent Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each
selected line, moving the text one space on the right or eliminating a space
at the beginning.
• Find Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to
search inside the current sketch according to several options.
• Find Next Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified
as the search item in the Find window, relative to the cursor position.
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• Find Previous Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string
specified as the search item in the Find window relative to the cursor
position.
SKETCH
• Verify/Compile Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report
memory usage for code and variables in the console area.
• Upload Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board
through the configured Port.
• Upload Using Programmer This will overwrite the boot loader on the board;
you will need to use Tools > Burn Boot loader to restore it and be able to
Upload to USB serial port again. However, it allows you to use the full
capacity of the Flash memory for your sketch. Please note that this
command will NOT burn the fuses. To do so a Tools -> Burn Bootloader
command must be executed.
• Export Compiled Binary Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or
sent to the board using other tools.
• Show Sketch Folder Opens the current sketch folder.
• Include Library Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include
statements at the start of your code. For more details, see libraries below.
Additionally, from this menu item you can access the Library Manager and
import new libraries from .zip files.
• Add File Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current
location). The new file appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can
be removed from the sketch using the tab menu accessible clicking on the
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small triangle icon below the serial monitor one on the right side o the
toolbar.
TOOLS
• Auto Format This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening
and closing curly braces line up, and that the statements inside curly braces
are indented more.
• Archive Sketch Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The
archive is placed in the same directory as the sketch.
• Fix Encoding & Reload Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor
char map encoding and other operating systems char maps.
• Serial Monitor Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange
of data with any connected board on the currently selected Port. This
usually resets the board, if the board supports Reset over serial portopening.
• Board Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the
various boards.
• Port This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your
machine. It should automatically refresh every time you open the top-level
tools menu.
• Programmer For selecting a hardware programmer when programming a
board or chip and not using the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally
you won't need this, but if you're burning a boot loader to a new micro-
controller, you will use this.
• Burn Boot loader The items in this menu allow you to burn a boot loader
onto the micro-controller on an Arduino board. This is not required
42
for normal use of an Arduino or Genuino board but is useful if you purchase
a new ATmega micro-controller (which normally come without a boot
loader). Ensure that you've selected the correct board from the Boards menu
before burning the boot loader on the target board. This command also set
the right fuses.
HELP
Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the
Arduino Software (IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this
guide to theIDE and other documents locally, without an internet connection. The
documentsare a local copy of the online ones and may link back to our online
website.
Find in Reference This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it
directly selects the relevant page in the local copy of the Reference for the
function or command under the cursor.
SKETCHBOOK
Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous
versions use the .pde extension. You may still open .pde named files in version
43
1.0 and later, the software will automatically rename the extension to .ino.Tabs,
Multiple Files, and Compilation
Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears
in its own tab). These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C
files (.c extension), C++ files (.cpp), or header files (.h).
Uploading
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools
> Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac,
the serial port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or
Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier
USB board), or/dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a
Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably
COM1 or COM2 (for a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a
USB board) - to find out, you look for USB serial device in the portssection of
the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx
,/dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correctserial port and board,
press the upload button in the toolbar or selectthe Upload item from the
File menu. Current Arduino boards will reset automatically and begin the upload.
With older boards (pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the
reset button on the board just before starting the upload. On most boards, you'll
see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software
(IDE) will display a message when the uploadis complete, or show an error.
44
When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program
that has been loaded on to the micro-controller on your board. It allows you to
upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for
a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the micro-controller. The bootloader will blink the on-board
(pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
Libraries
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with
hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or more
#include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with your
sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they
increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library,
simply delete its #includestatements from the top of your code.
There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the
Arduino software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through
the Library Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a
library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch. See these instructions for
installing a third-party library.
Third-Party Hardware
Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your
sketchbook directory. Platforms installed there may include board definitions
45
(which appear in the board menu), core libraries, bootloaders, and programmer
definitions. To install, create the hardware directory, then unzip the third-party
platform into its own sub-directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the sub-directory
name or you'll override the built-in Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete
its directory.
For details on creating packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino IDE
1.5 3rd party Hardware specification.
Serial Monitor
Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino or Genuino board (USB or
serialboard). To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button
or press enter. Choose the baud rate from the drop-down that matches the rate
passedto Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux, the
Arduino or Genuino board will reset (rerun your sketch execution to the
beginning) whenyou connect with the serial monitor.
You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (seethe
interfacing page for details).
Preferences
46
Language Support
Since version 1.0.1 , the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into 30+
different languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your
operating system. (Note: on Windows and possibly Linux, this is determined by
the locale setting which controls currency and date formats, not by the language
the operating system is displayed in.)
If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino Software
(IDE) and open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language there is a
dropdown menu of currently supported languages. Select your preferred
language from the menu, and restart the software to use the selected language. If
your operating system language is not supported, the Arduino Software (IDE)
will default to English.
47
You can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language based
on your operating system by selecting System Default from the Editor Language
drop-down. This setting will take effect when you restart the ArduinoSoftware
(IDE). Similarly, after changing your operating system's settings, you must restart
the Arduino Software (IDE) to update it to the new default language.
Boards
The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed and
baud rate) used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file and
fuse settings used by the burn bootloader command. Some of the board
definitions differ only in the latter, so even if you've been uploading successfully
with a particular selection you'll want to check it before burning the bootloader.
You can find a comparison table between the various boards here.
Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the
following list, all based on the AVR Core. The Boards included in the standard
installation allows to add support for the growing number of new boards based
on different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.
48
• Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560 An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with
auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Mega An ATmega1280 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16
Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Mega ADK An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset,
16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O and 15 PWM.
• Arduino Leonardo An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset,
12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7 PWM.
• Arduino Micro An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12
Analog In, 20 Digital I/O and 7 PWM.
• Arduino Esplora An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
• Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with
auto-reset, 8 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino Ethernet Equivalent to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet shield:
An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital
I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino Fio An ATmega328 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent
to Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ATmega328, 6 Analog In, 14
Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino BT w/ ATmega328 ATmega328 running at 16 MHz. The
bootloader burned (4 KB) includes codes to initialize the on-board
bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM..
• LilyPad Arduino USB An ATmega32u4 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset,
4 Analog In, 9 Digital I/O and 4 PWM.
• LilyPad Arduino An ATmega168 or ATmega132 running at 8 MHz with
auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
49
• ArduinoProor
ProMini(5V,16 MHz)w/ ATmega328 An ATmega328 runningat
16 MHz with auto reset. Equivalent to Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/
ATmega328; 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168 An ATmega168 running at16
MHz without auto-reset. Compilation and upload is equivalent to Arduino
Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168, but the bootloader burned has
a slower timeout (and blinks the pin 13 LED three times on reset); 6 Analog
In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
• Arduino Robot Control An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-
reset.
• Arduino Robot Motor An ATmega328 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
• Arduino Gemma An ATtiny85 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 1 Analog
In, 3 Digital I/O and 2 PWM.
4.2.4 IOT
50
IoT−Key Features
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence,
connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small devices. A brief review of
these features is given below:
51
• Technology–The same technologies and data that improve the customer
experience also improve device use, improve. IoT world of critical functional and
field data.
IoT–Software
IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through
platforms,embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual
and master applications are responsible for data collection, device integration,
real- time analytics, and application and process extension within the IoT
network. They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering
systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.
Data Collection
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data
security, and aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in
connecting with real-time, machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data
from multiple devices and distribu tesit in accordance with settings. It also works
in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually transmits all
collected data to a central server.
Device Integration
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system
devices tocreate the body of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation
and stable networking between devices. These applications are the defining
software technology of the IoT network because with out them
,itisnotanIoTsystem.Theymanagethevariousapplications,protocols,and
limitations of each device allow communication.
52
Real-Time Analytics
These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it
into viable actions or clear patterns for human analysis. They analyze information
based on various settings and designs in order to perform automation-related
tasks or provide the data required by industry.
53
LTE-A
LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE
technology byincreasing not only its coverage, but also reducing its latency and
raising its throughput. It gives IoT tremendous power through expanding its
range, with its most significant applications being vehicle, UAV, and similar
communication.
WiFi-Direct
WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P (peer-to-
peer)connections with the speed of WiFi, but with lower latency. WiFi-Direct
eliminates an element of and work that often bogs it down, and it does not
compromise on speed or through put.
54
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
55
5.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
56
5.3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
57
58
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
59
APPENDIX 1
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>
#include <Adafruit_ADXL345_U.h>
#define pulse A0
#define temp D5
#define l1 D3
#define l2 D4
//#define relay 14
60
pinMode(temp, INPUT);
pinMode(l1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(l2, OUTPUT);
if (!accel.begin())
{
/* There was a problem detecting the ADXL345 ... check your connections */
Serial.println("Ooops, no ADXL345 detected ... Check your wiring!");
// while(1);
}
void loop() {
// Blynk.run();
int P = analogRead(pulse);
int T = analogRead(temp);
sensors_event_t event;
accel.getEvent(&event);
Serial.print("Temperature:");
Serial.print(T);
Serial.print(" || ");
61
Serial.print("Pulse:");
Serial.print(P);
Serial.print(" || ");
Serial.print("Angle:");
Serial.println(x);
if(Serial.available()>0){
char z=Serial.read();
if(z=='A'){
digitalWrite(l1, 1);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}
if(z=='B'){
digitalWrite(l1, 0);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}
// Blynk.virtualWrite(V0, T);
// Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, P);
// Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, x);
if (T > 40) {
Serial.println("High temperature level is Detected");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "High temperature level is Detected");
}
if (Pulse > 100) {
Serial.println("Pulse Condition is Abnormal");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "Pulse Condition is Abnormal");
62
}
if ((x > 80) && (x < 95)) {
Serial.println("Movement is detected");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "Movement is detected");
}
if ((x > 105) && (x < 120)) {
Serial.println("Movement is detected");
Blynk.logEvent("alert", "Movement is detected");
}
}
BLYNK_WRITE(V3) {
if (param.asInt() == 1) {
digitalWrite(l1, 1);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}
else {
digitalWrite(l1, 0);
digitalWrite(l2, 0);
}
}
63
APPENDIX 2
❖ To embed contemporary technical knowledge and problem solving skills in core and
allied field by having collaboration with industry.
64
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO1: To enable graduates to pursue research, or have a successful career in academia or
industries associated with Electronics and Communication Engineering, or as
entrepreneurs.
PEO2: To provide students with strong foundational concepts and also advanced techniques
and tools in order to enable them to build solutions or systems of varying complexity.
PEO3: To prepare students to critically analyze existing literature in an area of
specialization and ethically develop innovative and research oriented methodologies to
solve the problems identified.
66
CHAPTER 6
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