Introduction to Engineering

(ITME 1101)
Semester II – 2022 / 2023

Prepared by:
Dr. Eng. Mahmoud SHATAT
Common Engineering Formulas
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
Al Azhar University Gaza
SEM II 2022 / 2023
 Area

Irregular Area Circle Triangle Rectangle

Area is the amount of 2D space that an engineering shape covers.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒

Area is measured in (m2)

2 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Circle

Area of a circle :
D
𝑨= 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐 r
Or
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝝅. 𝑫𝟐
𝟒 Circle

where, r, is the radius of the circle in (m)

D = 2r, is the diameter of the circle in (m)

Circumference of a circle :

𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅. 𝒓 D
Or r
𝑪 = 𝝅. 𝑫
Circle

3 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Arc
S
Arc is a portion of the circumference of the circle :

𝑺 = 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓
𝜽
r
where, S, is arc length in (m)
r, is the radius of the circle in (m)
𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 , is the angle making the arc in (radians) or (rad)

Relationship between Radian and Degrees :

𝟐𝝅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Arc
𝝅
𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 = . 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
So, Arc length is also given by :
𝝅
𝑺= . 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 . 𝒓
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
where, 𝜃𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 , is the angle making the arc in (degrees) or ( °)

4 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Arc – Special Cases
𝝅
Quarter a Circle Arc length, 𝜽 = = 𝟗𝟎° :
𝟐 𝟗𝟎°
𝝅 r
𝑺 = 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓 = . 𝒓
𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝑺= . 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 . 𝒓 = . 𝟗𝟎°. 𝒓 = . 𝒓 Quarter a Circle Arc
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟐
S
Half a Circle Arc length, 𝜽 = 𝝅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° :
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝑺 = 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓 = 𝝅. 𝒓 r
𝝅 𝝅
𝑺= .𝜽 .𝒓 = . 𝟏𝟖𝟎°. 𝒓 = 𝝅. 𝒓
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
Half a Circle Arc
Full Circle Arc length , 𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° (Circle Circumference):
S
𝑺 = 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅. 𝒓
𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
r
𝑺= .𝜽 .𝒓 = . 𝟑𝟔𝟎°. 𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅. 𝒓
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
Full Circle Arc
5 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3 SEM II 2021/2022
 Concentric Arcs Rule

Concentric Arcs have the same, 𝜽 :

𝑺𝟏 S2
𝑺𝟏 = 𝜽. 𝒓𝟏 , or 𝜽 = 𝒓𝟏 S1

𝜽
𝑺𝟐
𝑺𝟐 = 𝜽. 𝒓𝟐 , or 𝜽 = 𝒓𝟐 r1
r2
So, the rule is :

𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐
𝜽= 𝒓𝟏
= 𝒓𝟐

Concentric Arcs

6 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Circle Sector Area
S
Circle Sector Area :
𝟏 A
𝑨 = 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓𝟐 𝜽
𝟐 r
where, A, is area of the sector in (m2)
r, is the radius of the circle in (m)
𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 , is the angle making the arc in (radians) or (rad)

Circle Sector Area is also given by : Circle Sector

𝝅
𝑨= . 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 . 𝒓𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
where, 𝜃𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 , is the angle making the arc in (degrees) or ( °)

7 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3 SEM II 2021/2022

 Circle Sector Area – Special Cases
S
𝝅
Quarter a Circle Sector Area, 𝜽 = = 𝟗𝟎° : A
𝟐 𝟗𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟐 𝟏 r
𝑨 = 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓 = . . 𝒓 = 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
𝝅 𝟐
𝝅 𝟏
𝑨= . 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 . 𝒓 = . 𝟗𝟎°. 𝒓 = 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐
𝟐 Quarter a Circle Sector
𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟒 S
A
Half a Circle Sector Area , 𝜽 = 𝝅 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° :
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏 r
𝑨 = 𝟐 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐
𝝅 𝝅 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° . 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 . 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° . 𝟏𝟖𝟎°. 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐 Half a Circle Sector

S
Full Circle Sector Area , 𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° (Circle Area Rule): A
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝑨 = 𝟐 𝜽𝒓𝒂𝒅 . 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟐 . 𝟐𝝅. 𝒓𝟐 = 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐 r

𝝅 𝝅
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° . 𝜽𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 . 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° . 𝟑𝟔𝟎°. 𝒓𝟐 = 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐
Full Circle Sector
8 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022
 Ellipse
Area of an ellipse :
b
𝑨 = 𝝅𝒂. 𝒃 a a
where, a, is the length of the semi-major axis of ellipse in (m) b
b, is the length of the semi-minor axis of ellipse in (m)
Ellipse

9 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 General Triangle
Area of a triangle :
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒃. 𝒉 h
𝟐
where, h, is the length of perpendicular to base “b”, in (m)
b, is the base length in (m) b
The Sine Rule : Triangle

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
= =
sin 𝜶 sin 𝜷 sin 𝜸
𝜶 = 𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒉𝒂 ; 𝜷 = 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒂 ; 𝜸 = 𝒈𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒂 𝜷
c
a
The Cosine Rule :
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄. cos 𝜶 𝜶 𝜸

𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄. cos 𝜷 b
Triangle
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃. cos 𝜸
10 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022
 Right Triangle
Area of a triangle :
𝟏 𝜷
𝑨 = 𝒂. 𝒃 c
a
𝟐
where, a, is the length of side “a”, in (m)
𝜶 90°
b, is the length of side “b”, in (m)
Sides “a”, and “b” form the right angle (90°) b
Triangle
Pythagorean rule :

𝒄 𝟐 = 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Angles rules :

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎

sin 𝛼 = = cos 𝛼 = = tan 𝛼 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏
sin 𝛽 = = cos 𝛽 = = tan 𝛽 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎

11 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Rectangle
Area of a rectangle.

𝑨 = 𝒂. 𝒃 a

where, a, is the length of the first side in (m)

b, is the length of the second side in (m) b
Rectangle

12 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Parallelogram
Area of a parallelogram.

𝑨 = 𝒂. 𝒃 a

where, a, is the length of perpendicular to base “b”, in (m)

b, is the length of the second side in (m) b

Parallelogram

13 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3 SEM II 2021/2022

 Speed

O = (0,0) x
P1 P2
Distance, D

Time, t1 Time, t2
Speed is the rate of change in position or distance of a moving object :
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑫 ∆𝑫 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏
𝑺= = =
𝒕 ∆𝒕 𝒕 𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏
where, S, is speed in (m/s)
D, is distance in (m)
t, is time in (s)
P, is position with respect to a reference coordinate in (m)
14 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022
 Acceleration

O = (0,0) x
S1 S2
Distance, D

Time, t1 Time, t2
Acceleration is the rate of change in speed of a moving object :
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑺 ∆𝑺 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏
𝑨= = =
𝒕 ∆𝒕 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏
where, A, is acceleration in (m/s2)
S, is speed in (m/s)
t, is time in (s)

15 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Angular Speed
Time, t1
A rotating circle will have an Angular Speed :
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 Time, t2
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = y
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
P1
∆𝜽 𝜽𝟐 − 𝜽𝟏
𝝎= = P2
∆𝒕 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏
𝜽𝟏

where, 𝜔, is angular speed in (rad/s) 𝜽𝟐 x

𝜃, is angle in (rad)
t, is time in (s)

Rotating Circle

16 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3 SEM II 2021/2022

 Angular Speed to Linear Speed
y
A rolling circle will move a distance
determined by the arc made by 𝜃.
𝑺 = 𝜽. 𝒓
x
So the distance change (Linear Speed)
is related to angle change (Angular Speed) :
360° ➔ Distance = Circumference
∆𝑺 ∆𝜽
= .𝒓
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕
𝑽 = 𝝎. 𝒓
where, V, is linear speed in (m/s)
𝜔, is angular speed in (rad/s)
r, is the radius of the circle in (m)

These relations are very useful in mechanisms like

“rack and pinion” to calculate the linear distance
or speed from angular displacement or angular speed.

Rack and Pinion Mechanism

17 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Angular Acceleration
Time, t1
A rotating circle will have an Angular Speed :
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 Time, t2
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = y
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝝎𝟏
∆𝝎 𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏
𝜶= = 𝝎𝟐
∆𝒕 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏
𝜽𝟏

where, 𝛼, is angular acceleration in (rad/s2) 𝜽𝟐 x

𝜔, is angular speed in (rad/s)
t, is time in (s)

Rotating Circle

18 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Volume

Irregular volume Sphere Cylinder Parallelepiped, Box, Slab

Volume is the amount of 3D space that an object or a material occupies.

Materials can be solid or fluid.
Fluids can be liquid or gas.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒

Volume is measured in (m3)

19 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Sphere
Volume of a sphere :
r
𝟒
𝑽 = 𝝅. 𝒓𝟑
𝟑
where, V, is the volume of the sphere in (m3)
r, is the radius of the sphere in (m)
Sphere

20 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Cylinder
Volume of a cylinder : r

𝑽 = 𝝅. 𝒓𝟐 . 𝒉
where, V, is the volume of the cylinder in (m3) h
r, is the radius of the cylinder’s base in (m)
h, is the height of the cylinder in (m)

Cylinder

21 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Parallelepiped, Box, Slab
Volume of a Parallelepiped, Box, Slab:
c
𝑽 = 𝒂. 𝒃. 𝒄
where, a, is the width in (m) b
b , is the height in (m)
c, is the depth in (m)
a
Parallelepiped, Box, Slab

22 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Density

Less mass in fixed volume More mass in fixed volume

Low density High density
Density is mass per unit volume.
It is a material property that defines how compact the material is for a given volume.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽
where, 𝜌, is density in (kg/m3)
m, is mass in (kg)
V, is volume in (m3)
23 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022
 Density

Less mass in fixed volume More mass in fixed volume

Low density High density

The density of aluminum alloys is 2700 kg/m3 and the density of steel is 7850 kg/m3.
For a fixed volume of both materials; steel will have about 3 times more mass.

Compare them with the following material densities:

- Water : 1000 kg/m3.
- Air : 1.3 kg/m3.
- Honey : 1360 kg/m3.
- Wood : 650 kg/m3.

NOTE: The above density values are general and approximate.

24 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Volume Flow Rate
Time, t

P Area

Water is flowing in the pipe

Water Pump
Volume flow rate is the volume of fluid (liquid or gas) passing a given point through an
area during a period of time.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑽
𝑸=
𝒕
where, Q, is volume flow rate of fluid in (m3/s)
V, is volume in (m3)
t, is time in (s)
25 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022
 Volume Flow Rate
Time, t

d
Water Pump
For a known volume of fluid passing a given point P through area A.

𝑽 𝝅𝒓𝟐 . 𝒅 𝑨. 𝒅
𝑸= = = = 𝑨. 𝒗
𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
where, A, is cross-sectional area of the pipe in (m2)
r, is radius of the pipe in (m)
d, is the length of the known volume in (m)
t, is time taken to pass point P in (s)
𝒗, is velocity of fluid flowing in the pipe in (m/s)

26 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3 SEM II 2021/2022

 Volume Flow Rate

Water is filling the tank

Time, t

Water Pump A
For a known time taken to fill a known d
volume of a tank.

𝑽 𝝅𝒓𝟐 . 𝒅 𝑨. 𝒅
𝑸= = = = 𝑨. 𝒗
𝒕 𝒕 𝒕
where, A, is cross-sectional area of the tank in (m2)
r, is radius of the tank in (m)
d, is the height of the fluid in the tank in (m)
t, is time taken to fill the tank in (s)
𝒗, is velocity of fluid filling the tank in (m/s)

27 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022

 Mass Flow Rate
Time, t

P Area

Water is flowing in the pipe

Water Pump
Mass flow rate is the mass of fluid (liquid or gas) passing a given point through an area
during a period of time.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = ×
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝒎ሶ = 𝝆. 𝑸
where, 𝑚,ሶ is mass flow rate of fluid in (kg/s)
𝜌, is density of fluid in (kg/m3)
Q, is volume flow rate of fluid in (m3/s) NOTE: Q is calculated as shown earlier
28 Introduction to Engineering (ITME 1101), Lecture 3, SEM II 2021/2022