PROJECT CLAID (Contextualized and Localized Activities Intended for Distance Learning)

Name : ___________________Date:____________Score:__________

EARTH AND SPACE 8

Quarter 2 – Week 3
Competency:
1. Differentiate the following:
1.1 epicenter of an earthquake from its focus and
1.2 intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude. (S8ES-IIa-15)

Lesson: Earthquake’s Anatomy

Earthquake’s Intensity and Magnitude

Objective/s:
1. Label the anatomy of an earthquake.
2. Differentiate epicenter from focus
3. Differentiate intensity from magnitude.
4. Discuss the scale adapted in the Philippines to describe the intensity and
magnitude of an earthquake.

TIME TO FOCUS…

KEY CONCEPTS
• The earthquake has several parts. Focus is the point where an
earthquake begins. It is where seismic energy is released. Seismic
energy travels through seismic waves which move away from the focus
and radiate in all directions towards the earth’s surface. The vibration of
the ground or the earthquake can be felt because of seismic waves.
Focus is located within the fault plane by which movement takes place. A
fault line is an edge at the fault plane that shows how much movement
has taken place. A fault line is defined as a geological fracture wherein
the movement of masses of rock has displaced parts of the Earth’s crust.
When a fault plane is exposed above the ground, it is called a fault scarp,
usually, the best sign that there is a fault in the area.
• When an earthquake happens, news report usually announces the
location of the epicenter, which is the point on the earth’s surface directly
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1
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 above the focus. The epicenter is usually described by its distance to the
closest populated areas, which gives us an idea of whether the
earthquake has caused its significant amount of damage.
• Epicenter is defined as the area which is direct receiver of the energy
released from the focus. It can be accounted for the movement or
shaking of the ground that people usually feel during an earthquake. The
epicenter serves as the geographical point of reference in determining
the relation of the area and the actual location of the earthquake’s
occurrence.
• In simpler terms, “epicenter” and “focus” are both determinants of the
origin of the ground movements. The epicenter, nonetheless, is found at
the crust while the focus is located way beneath the ground. It is because
of the difference in location that seismologists find it easier to first locate
the epicenter for them to detect the focus. In terms of determining the
cause of the earthquake, however, seismologists start first with the study
of the focus.
• Earthquakes may be classified based on the depth of the focus which is
shown in the table below. About 90% of all earthquakes occur less than
100 km from the surface, whereas only about 3% maybe classified as
deep. Shallow focus earthquakes cause more destruction than deep
focus because the seismic waves travel in shorter distance from the
focus to the surface. Less energy is lost along the way from shallow
focus earthquake than deep focus earthquake. However, there are many
factors that determine whether an earthquake will do a lot damage to a
certain area, though the most important factor to consider is the
presence of people.

Table 1
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES ACCORDING TO THE DEPTH OF FOCUS
Type of Earthquake Focal Depth from the Earth’s Surface
Shallow focus < 70 km
Intermediate focus 70-300km
Deep focus ➢ 300km

1 CAN YOU LOCATE IT?

Direction: Label the numbered anatomy of an earthquake.

Write your answer on the space provided below.

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Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 1 2

5
4
1. ___________________ 4.__________________
2. ___________________ 5. _________________
3. ___________________ 6. _________________

2 DIFFERENTIATE IT!!
Guide Questions:

Directions: Fill up the Venn diagram. Differentiate focus from epicenter.

FOCUS EPICENTER

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3
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. How does focus differ from epicenter?

2. Based on the depth of the focus, where does greater destruction possibly to
occur? Why?
3. Why we can feel the vibration or shaking of the ground?
4. When earthquake occurs, where would shaking of the ground be greater?
Near the epicenter or away from the epicenter?
5. Where would have greater damage? Near the epicenter or away from the
epicenter? Why?

READ IT FIRST!!!

Earthquake’s Intensity and Magnitude

• Intensity refers to the effect and damaged caused by an

earthquake. It is determined by actual observation or
onsite inspection of the affected areas, including
interviews with people. Several factors affect the
intensity of the earthquake. These are the following
factors: distance from the epicenter of the earthquake,
defective building design and substandard materials,
kind of ground where structure was built, and the slope
of land where is located. Intensity measures the
strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a
certain location. Earthquake intensity is a ranking based
on the observed effects of an earthquake in each place.
Therefore, each earthquake produces a range of
intensity values, ranging from highest in the epicenter
area to zero at a distance from the epicenter. The most
used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli
earthquake intensity scale. Mercalli Scale is a scale in
measuring the intensity of the earthquake which is
named after Giuseppe Mercalli.
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4
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 This scale is written in Roman Numerals, from I (the
weakest or not felt) to XII (the strongest or catastrophic
or destruction). In the Philippines, PEIS(PHILVOCS
Earthquake Intensity Scale) is the scale that
seismologists used in determining the effect of the
earthquake from I which is scarcely perceptible to X,
which is completely devastating.
• Magnitude is a measure of the energy released by the
earthquake measured by an instrument called
seismograph or seismometer. The seismograph
records the shaking of the ground and it is written on
the paper called the seismogram. The stronger the
shaking, the larger the waves are recorded. The
magnitude is calculated from the height of the largest
wave. Magnitude is expressed using the Richter Scale
which was developed by Charles Richter in 1935. The
Richter Scale is written in Hindu Arabic Numbers, with
the values from 1-10. It is logarithmic. For instance,
consider magnitude 3 of the earthquake: a magnitude 4
would be 10 times stronger and a magnitude 5 would be
100 times stronger.

3 LET’S COMPARE IT!!!

Directions: Fill the table below. Compare intensity from magnitude based on
comparison below.

Basis of Comparison Intensity Magnitude

1. What does it
measure?
2. How is it
measured?

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5
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 3. What scale is
being used?
4. How is it written?

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Since magnitude is a logarithmic measure of the strength of an earthquake,

determine how much stronger do the following magnitudes than the other:
a. Magnitude 6 vs Magnitude 5
b. Magnitude 7 vs Magnitude 4
c. Magnitude 8 vs Magnitude 3
d. Magnitude 5 vs Magnitude 3

2. If earthquake happens, where would be the intensity be higher? Near the

epicenter or away from the epicenter? Why?

4 WHEN INTENSITY MATTERS?

YOU NEED TO BE INFORMED!!!

PHILVOCS EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SCALE

PHILVOCS
Intensity
Scale Shaking Description

I Scarcely Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances.

Perceptible Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still
Water in containers oscillates slowly.

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6
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 PHILVOCS
Intensity
Scale Shaking Description

II Slightly Felt Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects

swing slightly. Still Water in containers oscillates
noticeably.

III Weak Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors

of buildings. Vibration is felt like one passing of a light
truck. Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some
people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in
containers oscillates moderately.

IV Moderately Felt generally by people indoors and by some people

Strong outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt
like a passing of heavy truck. Hanging objects swing
considerably. Dinner, plates, glasses, windows and
doors rattle. Floors and walls of wood framed buildings
creak. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in
containers are slightly disturbed. Water in containers
oscillate strongly. Rumbling sound may sometimes be
heard.

V Strong Generally felt by most people indoors and outdoors.

Many sleeping people are awakened. Some are
frightened, some run outdoors. Strong shaking and
rocking felt throughout building. Hanging objects swing
violently. Dining utensils clatter and clink; some are
broken. Small, light and unstable objects may fall or
overturn. Liquids spill from filled open containers.
Standing vehicles rock noticeably. Shaking of leaves
and twigs of trees are noticeable.

VI Very Strong Many people are frightened; many run outdoors. Some
people lose their balance. motorists feel like driving in
flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture move or may be
shifted. Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster may
crack. Very old or poorly built houses and man-made
structures are slightly damaged though well-built
structures are not affected. Limited rockfalls and rolling
boulders occur in hilly to mountainous areas and
escarpments. Trees are noticeably shaken.

VII Destructive Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People
find it difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects

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7
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 PHILVOCS
Intensity
Scale Shaking Description

and furniture overturn or topple. Big church bells may

ring. Old or poorly built structures suffer considerably
damage. Some well-built structures are slightly
damaged. Some cracks may appear on dikes,
fishponds, road surface, or concrete hollow block walls.
Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides
are observed. Trees are shaken strongly. (Liquefaction
is a process by which loose saturated sand lose
strength during an earthquake and behave like liquid).

VIII Very People are panicky. People find it difficult to stand even
Destructive outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably
damaged. Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are
destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Railway tracks
are bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced,
twisted, or overturned. Utility posts, towers and
monuments mat tilt or topple. Water and sewer pipes
may be bent, twisted, or broken. Liquefaction and
lateral spreading cause man- made structure to sink, tilt
or topple. Numerous landslides and rockfalls occur in
mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown out
from their positions particularly near the epicenter.
Fissures and faults rapture may be observed. Trees are
violently shaken. Water splash or stop over dikes or
banks of rivers.

IX Devastating People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry and

shake with fear. Most buildings are totally damaged.
bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled or
destroyed. Numerous utility posts, towers and
monument are tilted, toppled, or broken. Water sewer
pipes are bent, twisted, or broken. Landslides and
liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand boils are
widespread. the ground is distorted into undulations.
Trees are shaken very violently with some toppled or
broken. Boulders are commonly thrown out. River water
splashes violently on slops over dikes and banks.

X Completely Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.

Devastating Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale
subsidence and uplifting of landforms and many ground
fissures are observed. Changes in river courses and

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8
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 PHILVOCS
Intensity
Scale Shaking Description

destructive seiches in large lakes occur. Many trees are

toppled, broken and uprooted.
(https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-intensity-scale)

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Why does PHILVOCS come up with the PEIS or the PHILVOCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale?
2. Using the PEIS, compare intensity V to intensity VII.
3. What intensity of the earthquake would liquefaction possibly to occur?
4. What is the description of an earthquake if it has intensity VI?
5. Why is it important to know the description of each intensity scale?

5 LET YOUR BRAIN WORKS!!!

TEST YOURSELF:

Direction: Write the word TRUE if the statement is stating the fact, and word
FALSE if it is not.

1. Magnitude measures the amount of energy released by the earthquake.

2. Seismogram is an instrument used to record the shaking of the ground.
3. Deep focus earthquakes cause more damage than the shallow earthquake
because of its depth.
4. Energy is released from the focus and travels into the deepest layer of the
earth such as the inner core.
5. Once earthquake occurs, the vibration of the ground can be felt more if it is
near the epicenter.
6. If intensity IV of an earthquake is recorded, it would have caused numerous
landslides and rockfalls occur near the mountainous and hilly areas.
7. Magnitude 5 is 10 times stronger than magnitude 3.
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9
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
References:

Alumaga, et. al. Science and Technology 8. Manila, Philippines. Vibal

Publishing House.pp.100-103.
Pavico, Josefina M., et.al, Exploring Life Through Science. Quezon City
Philippines. Phoenix Publishing House.pp. 127-135.
Science Learner’s Module: Grade 8 Level. Department of Education. Vibal
Publishing House, Inc. pp. 127-130.
Anatomy of an Earthquake. Accessed October 1, 2020.
https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/anatomy-of-an-earthquake

Devastating ‘faults’ of the ‘Big One’. Accessed. October 2, 2020.

https://business.inquirer.net/269314/devastating-faults-of-the-big-one

Difference Between Focus and Epicenter. Accessed October 4, 2020

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-focus-and-
epicenter/
PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS). Accessed October 4, 2020.
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-intensity-scale
Reading: Magnitude versus Intensity. Accessed October 4, 2020
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-magnitude-versus-intensity

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10
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;
 Prepared by:

HAZEL ANN T. TIVIDAD

(MANDALUYONG HIGH SCHOOL)
SDO Mandaluyong

Editors:

AGNES A. ALEGRE, PhD AGNES A. ALEGRE, PhD HAZEL ANN T. TIVIDAD

Content Language Layout

Approved:

MRS. ROXANE S. VILLANUEVA

Education Program Supervisor, (SCIENCE)

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11
Q2 Week No.3 Competency Code: S8ES-IIa-15 Competency/ies: Differentiate the:
1. epicenter of an earthquake from its focus;
2. intensity of an earthquake from its magnitude;