Lec-01

GIS-801
Advanced Geographic
Information Systems

Institute of Geographical Information Systems (IGIS)

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
Islamabad
 PERSONAL & COURSE SCHEDULE
Instructors:
Name: Javed Iqbal
Phone: 051 9085 4473
Office Hours: feel free to drop-in any time
Email: javed@igis.nust.edu.pk
Website:
http://www.nust.edu.pk/INSTITUTIONS/Schools/SCEE/Institutes/IGIS/D
epartments/GIS/Faculty/Pages/Dr-Javed-Iqbal.aspx

Name: Mr. Junaid Aziz Khan

Phone: 051 9085 4494
Email: junaid@igis.nust.edu.pk

Class & Lab Schedule:

Class will be conducted 6:30 pm -8:00 pm on Monday.
Lab will be conducted on Tuesday from 6:30 pm to 8:00 pm.
 COURSE OUTLINE
S. No. Main Topic Sub-Topics
1 Introduction to GIS What is GIS? GIS applications, Geospatial Data, GIS Operations
2 Coordinate Systems Geographic Coordinate Systems, Map Projections, Commonly Map
Projections, Projected Coordinate System
3 Vector Data Model Representations of simple features, topology, geo-relational data
model, object based data model
4 Raster data model elements of the raster data model, types of raster data, raster data
structure, raster data compression
5 GIS Data Acquisition Existing GIS data, Meta data, conversion of existing data, creating
new data
6 Geometric Transformation Geometric Transformation, root mean square error, interpretation of
RMS error on digitized maps, resampling of pixel values
7 Spatial Data Accuracy and location errors, spatial data accuracy standards, topology errors,
Quality topology editing, non-topological editing, other editing operations
8 Attribute Data Management Attribute data in GIS, The relational model, joins, relates, and
relationship classes, attribute data entry, manipulation fields and
attribute data
9 Data Display and Cartography Cartography representation, types of quantitative maps, typography,
map design, map production
10 Data Exploration Data exploration, map based data manipulation, attribute data query,
spatial data query, raster data query
11 Vector Data Analysis buffering, overlay, distance management, pattern analysis, feature
manipulation
 COURSE OUTLINE
S. No. Main Topic Sub-Topics
12 Raster Data Analysis Data analysis environment, local operations, neighborhood
operations, zonal operations, physical distance measure operations,
other raster data operations, map algebra, comparison of vector and
raster based data analysis
13 Terrain Mapping and data for terrain mapping and analysis, terrain mapping, slope and
Analysis & Watershed aspect, surface curvature, raster vs. TIN
Analysis
14 Model Builder Overview; Model Components; Iterators
Inline variable substitution; Preconditions
Providing Help
15 Web Mapping & Packages; ArcGIS.com; Sharing data online; Embedding data into
Customization/Python a website.
Toolbars; Customise Mode;Python;Script Overview;
Import/Export
ArcPy;
16 Spatial Interpolations elements of spatial interpolation, global methods, local methods,
kriging, comparisons of spatial interpolation methods
17 GIS Models and Modeling Basic Elements of GIS modeling, process based and statistical
model
Students will present their research project completed during the
18 Students Presentations
semester
Students will present their research project completed during the
19 Students Presentations semester
 COURSE
Text:
Chang, Introduction to GIS McGraw-Hill,
6th ed.
Handouts

Software & Training:

Chang book will be used during most of the
exercises in the lab
ArcGIS ver. 10.4 License software (updated
on yearly basis)
ESRI online courses will be given to each
student
ESRI Issues Certificate of Course Completion
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Category Weightage
(%)
One Hour Test
30
(OHT)
Final Exam 40
Quizzes 10
Assignments 5
Term Project 15
 NUST CODE OF ETHICS
NUST code of ethics
NUST Code of Conduct
Hand Book (MS Students)-Academic Rules &
Regulation
Please read carefully the NUST code of conduct for
graduate students. You should have a copy.
 What is Geographic Information?
• is information about places on the Earth's
• surface knowledge about where something is
• knowledge about what is at a given location
• can be very detailed, for example:
• Infor. about the locations of all buildings in a city
• information about individual trees in a forest
• can be very coarse, for example:
• climate of a large region
• population density of an entire country
• in these examples it's the geographic resolution
that varies
 What is Geographic Information?
• other characteristics of geographic
information are:
• often relatively static
• natural features and many features of
human origin don't change rapidly
• only static information can be portrayed
on a static paper map
Geographic Information Technologies
• are technologies for collecting and
dealing with geographic information
• there are three main types:
1. Global Positioning System (GPS)
2. Remote sensing
3. Geographic information system (GIS)
Geographic Information Technologies
1. Global Positioning System (GPS)
 a system of Earth-orbiting satellites transmitting
precisely timed signals
 a similar system deployed by the Russian Federation is called GLONASS
(global navigation satellite system)
 signals are received by a special electronic device
 the smallest versions are hand-held and even smaller
 provides direct measurement of position on the Earth's
surface
 location is expressed in latitude/longitude
Geographic Information Technologies
2. Remote sensing
use of Earth orbiting satellites to capture
information about the surface below
satellites vary depending on how much detail can be
seen, what parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
are sensed
signals transmitted to Earth receiving stations where
they are transformed for dissemination as digital
images
Geographic Information Technologies
3. Geographic information system (GIS)
a system for input, storage, manipulation, and
output of geographic information
a class of software
a practical instance of a GIS combines software with
hardware, data, a user, etc., to solve a problem,
support a decision, help to plan
 GI Systems, Science and Studies
Systems
• technology for the acquisition and management of
spatial information
Science
• comprehending the underlying conceptual issues of
representing data and processes in space-time
• the theory and concepts behind the technology
Studies
• understanding the social, legal and ethical issues
associated with the application of GISy and GISc
• the legal context ; issues of privacy, confidentiality;
economics of geographic Infor.
 Defining Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• The common ground between
information processing and the many
fields using spatial analysis techniques.
(Tomlinson, 1972)
• A powerful set of tools for collecting,
storing, retrieving, transforming, and
displaying spatial data from the real
world. (Burroughs, 1986)
• A computerised database management
system for the capture, storage,
retrieval, analysis and display of spatial
(locationally defined) data. (NCGIA,
1987)
• A decision support system involving the
integration of spatially referenced data
in a problem solving environment.
 Another Definition for GISy
A system of integrated computer-based tools for
processing (capture, storage, retrieval,
analysis, display) of data using location on the
earth’s surface for interrelation in support of
operations management, decision making,
and science.
• set of integrated tools for spatial analysis
• encompasses processing of data
 capture, storage, retrieval, analysis/modification, display
• uses explicit location on earth’s surface to relate data
• aimed at decision support, as well as on-going
operations and scientific inquiry
 How GIS differs from Related Systems
• DBMS--typical MIS data base do not contain locational information
• city, county, zip code, etc. but no geographical coordinates
• is 100 N. High around the corner or across town from 200 E Main?
• automated mapping (AM) --primarily two-dimensional display devices
• thematic mapping (choropleth,etc such as SAS/GRAPH, DIDS, business
mapping software) unable to relate different geographical layers (e.g zip codes
and counties)
• facility management (FM) systems--
• lack spatial analysis tools
• CAD/CAM (computer aided design/drafting)--primarily 3-D graphic
creation (engineering design) & display systems
• don’t reference via geographic location
• CAD sees the world as a 3-D cube, GIS as a 3-D sphere
• limited (if any) database ability (especially for non-spatial data)
• scientific visualization systems--sophisticated multi-dimensional graphics,
but:
• lack database support
• lack two-dimensional spatial analysis tools
 WHY STUDY GIS?
• 80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically based
• plots, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage collection, land
ownership and valuation, public safety (fire and police)
• a significant portion of state government has a geographical component
• natural resource management
• highways and transportation
• businesses use GIS for a very wide array of applications
• retail site selection & customer analysis
• logistics: vehicle tracking & routing
• natural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.)
• precision agriculture
• civil engineering and construction
• Military and defense
• Battlefield management
• Satellite imagery interpretation
• scientific research employs GIS
• geography, geology, botany
• anthropology, sociology, economics, political science
• Epidemiology, criminology
 Examples of Applied GIS
• Urban Planning, Management & Policy • Civil Engineering/Utility
• Zoning, subdivision planning • Locating underground facilities
• Land acquisition • Designing alignment for freeways, transit
• Economic development • Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
• Code enforcement • Business
• Housing renovation programs • Demographic Analysis
• Emergency response • Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
• Crime analysis • Site Selection
• Tax assessment • Real Estate
• Environmental Sciences • Neighborhood land prices
• Monitoring environmental risk • Traffic Impact Analysis
• Modeling stormwater runoff • Determination of Highest and Best Use
• Management of watersheds, floodplains, • Health Care
wetlands, forests, aquifers
• Epidemiology
• Environmental Impact Analysis
• Needs Analysis
• Hazardous or toxic facility siting
• Service Inventory
• Groundwater modeling and contamination
tracking • Agriculture
• Political Science • use detailed maps and images to plan crops
• Redistricting • analyze yields
• Analysis of election results • plan efficient application of fertilizers, chemicals
• Predictive modeling • these techniques are known as precision
agriculture
 What GIS Applications Do:
manage, analyze, communicate

• make possible the automation of activities involving geographic data

• map production
• calculation of areas, distances, route lengths
• measurement of slope, aspect, viewshed
• logistics: route planning, vehicle tracking, traffic management
• allow for the integration of data (e.g property maps and air photos).
• Deriving complex spatial patterns (e.g environmental sensitivity).
• provides answers to spatial queries
• perform complex spatial modelling (what if scenarios for
transportation planning, disaster planning, resource management,
utility design)
 SUMMARY
• geographic information is information about
places on the earth's surface
• geographic information technologies include
global positioning systems (GPS), remote
sensing and geographic information systems.
• geographic information systems are both
computer systems and software
• GIS is used for a great variety of applications
• geographic information science is the science
behind GIS technology