Webinar Summary Template

Course Code: CPS17

Course Name: Professional Certificate of Competency in Electrical Power System

Protection
7 AND 8
Module Number:
MODULE 7 – Relays and Auxiliary Power
Module Name:
MODULO 8- Protection Grading and Relay Coordination
KATIA ALINE CHAVES SANTOS
Student Full name:

Date: 16/10/2023

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Learning Objectives

Protective relays: types and applications

Basic principles

Relay setting approach

Numerical relays- advantages

Relay coordination by:

Current, time, time and current

Relays Types

1-Electromechanical

2-Static type

-Analogue

-Digital

3-The electromechanical type dominated the market earlier

The analogue type received mixed responses, and in today’s installations, digital relays are found to be
more important due to technology advancement.

The two basic protection types

Definite time (DMT)

Operates when a measured parameter exceeds a set value

A fixed operating interval

Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)

Higher the input faster operation and vice versa

Corresponds to the thermal withstand of equipment

Electromechanical and static relays

One main difference between them is electromechanical relays have moving parts, whereas solid-state
relays have no moving parts.

Solid state relay is an electrical relay in which the response is developed by electronic /magnetic/optical or
components, without mechanical motion of components.

DMT Characteristics by attracted armature relay (instantaneous) and a separate timer

-dropout value is lower than a pickup

IDMT characteristic by induction disk type relay

Pick up setting by a plug (PSM), which decides when the disk starts to rotate.

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Time setting by an adjusting knob which changes the angular rotation required to close the contact (TMS)

Time and current characteristics of electromechanical relays

Any protection relay must be set so that:

It will not operate for the highest normal value of current.

It will definitely pick up for the minimum value of fault current

Thumb rule:

Pick up setting in the case of DMT relays should be less than 50% of the minimum short circuit current

A minimum value of fault current will depend upon the system configuration. A system may normally have
a few parallel sources.

Under certain conditions, only a few of them may be in service and will result in a lower fault level.

Basic Types of Relays

Electromagnetic relay types

Attracted armature instantaneous

Induction disc type inverse time

Static relay types

Analog (discrete components like amplifiers).

Digital / Numerical (Microprocessor-based using DSP hardware).

Principle of IDMTL Relay

The current I1 from the line CTs, set up a magnetic flux A and also induces a current I2 in the secondary
winding, which in turn sets up a flux in B.

Fluxes A and B are out of phase, thus producing a torque in the disc, causing it to rotate.

Operation of IDMTL relay

Speed is proportional to braking the torque

Speed is proportional to driving the torque

Speed I/\2

Time=distance /time

Time=Distance /speed =1/I/\2

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This gives an inverse characteristic ( the higher the current – the shorter the rotating time)

Since IDMT characteristic is similar to the current vs. thermal withstand time characteristic of electrical
equipment, such relays are useful for obtaining a range of current values.

Attracted armature-type relay

An attracted armature relay picks up when the measured parameter (current/voltage) exceeds a set value
with no time delay and drops out when the value falls below the set value.

Simples construction

Instantaneous operation

Applications in several protection schemes

Time delay obtained using a timer relay in cascade

Current setting IDMT relay

The plug setting adjusts the setting current by means of plug bridge which varies the number of turns on
the upper magnet.

This setting determines the level of current at which the relay will start or pick up

BS142 says that – the relay must definitely operate at 130% setting and definitely reset at 70% setting

Normally, the relay picks up at about 105% -130% of its plug setting.

Current setting IDMT relay

Plug setting: This adjusts the setting current by means of plug bridge which varies the number of turns on
the upper magnet.

Factors influencing the choice of plug setting

Loads conditions: Must not trip for healthy conditions e.g starting currents.

Load current redistribution after tripping

Fault currents: can be high enough to saturate CT’s

Ratio choice: CT performance, mag curve

Internal Resistance: relay burden

Accuracy: better at the top curve

Time Multiplier setting

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The time multiplier setting rotates the tripping bar attached to the disc closer to or further away from the
tripping.

Effectively moves the curve Down the axis

This curve shows the relay will operate in 3 seconds at 10 times the plug setting.

IDMT uses PSM and TMS

Different Operating

The most common type used-normal inverse curve

Characteristics are shown a 3 seconds operation at ten times the current plug setting i.e if the plug bridge is
set at 1A, and when 10A flows through, the relay will close its contacts after 3 seconds -sometimes called a
3/10 relay.

Different operating curve

In the era of induction-type IDMT relays, two relay families were commonly used.

A 3 second relay family

A 1.3 sec relay family

The application will depend upon the expected time setting

Different operating curves

Very inverse

Extremely inverse

Long time inverse

Relay Burden

The burden is the load imposed on the cts by the relay in VA

Electromechanical relays- this normally 3VA

The selection of the plug setting increases or decreases this burden as more or fewer windings are inserted
into the circuit.

As there is a minimum ampere-turns required to produce the flux to start the disc turning – the lower the
current, the more turns are needed.

The lower the setting, therefore – the higher the burden

The typical behaviour of an electro-mechanical relay is show in previous slide

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As the burden presented by the relay for lower settings is higher, the ct can go into saturation aerly and wll
be unable to drive a current through the relay proportional to the primary
current.

As the burden presented by the relay for the lower settings is higher, the CT can go into saturation early
and will be unable to drive a current through the relay proportional to the primary current.

Thus it requires a higher primary current to operate even though the relay setting current secondary may
be lower.

Why go to digital relays?

Cost

Flexebility

Functionality that is not given by electro-mechanical relays

Size

CT burden

DC power drain low

Improved sensitivity and speed

With microprocessor relays any characteristic is possible

IEC 60255 inverse curves

Where

T=operate time in secs

K=time multiplier

I= measured current

I>set starting current

β&α are constants for curve selection

Constante for different characteristics Curves

Normal β 0.02

Very β1.00

Extreme β 2.0

Long time β 1.0

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Normal α 0.14

Very α 13.5

Extreme α 80.0

Long time α 120

Basic Block diagrams for digital relays

Numerical relays obtain current and voltage input from the instrument transformer connected to the
circuit

The instantaneous values are sampled at a pre-determined rate and converted to numerical values

Based on the magnitude and sign, the relay can work out the nature of the waveform.

The higher the sampling rate, the higher the accuracy of this calculation. The relay can measure various
harmonic components present, the fundamental frequency, its peaky and RMS values, etc.

Asymmetry can also be computed and rejected where necessary. The tripping time is calculated using
specific mathematical functions or logical relationships.

Eliminations of DC components by mean value calculation of two consecutive half waves.

In a numerical relay, it is possible to compute the current, disregarding the initial asymmetrical behaviour.

This is done by taking an average of the first positive and negative peak current values.

Normally, a delay is given to avoid incorrect operation due to asymmetrical values. The advantage of this
feature is that it can have a shorter delay.

Technical features of digital relay

Low CT burden

Accuracy of settings of 1% -operating accuracy of 3% possible (em relays)

Not affected by harmonics

Closer grinding intervals possible 0.2 intervals for grinding

The starting time characteristic for digital relays is more accurate

Adaptative -multiple settings in a single relay

Integrate high-set overcurrent is more accurate than EM relays

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Integrate breaker fail protection

Digital display for information

Fault information in memory

Self-supervision

Voltage tolerant

Testing static relays

As per IEC255

Insulation test

Impulse test

Hugh frequency test

Spark interference test

Checking of healthiness during operation

Display

Trip tests

Intelligent Electronic Device

Control functions, including local and remote control isolators and breakers

Monitoring including condition monitoring breaker loads, number of trips, and gas density monitoring of
SF6 breakers.

Metering functions currents, voltages, frequency, kw, kVar , PF, Energy, harmonics and transient recorder.

Communications to substations automation/SCADA system.

Communication

They are able to communicate directly with SCADA system

One big drawback is manufacturers implement proprietary protocols that inhibit the networking of
different manufacturers’ equipment on a common platform.

The movement towards an open system to allow interworking is progressing.

Substations automation

IEDS and PLCS form the basic components

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Automation in existing substations

Feeders automation units,

Controls, status, target data, collection, operating information

Use computers

Human-machine interface

Basic Principles

Based on current

Based on time

On the base of combinations of the two

Impedance direction

When the coordination is based on time delay, a minimum interval us necessary between the operation of
the relays being coordinated.

Coordinations by current

Used in situations where the fault current differs significantly when proceeding upstream. Protection
coordination between secondary faults and primary faults in the transformer feeder can use this principle.

Cannot use MV low resistance earthed industrial system with short cable lengths as they do not
significantly differ in earth fault current at different points.

Coordinations by time

Used In industrial circuits where the fault current anywhere in the system may not be very different since
the source forms the major impedance.

DMT (TIME-BASED) coordination

Coordinate with a definite time of operation between successive relays.

Characteristics of IDMT relays

Use of electromechanical relays

Need about 0.4-second intervals between successive relays due to the acceptable errors.

Imposes restrictions based on network design

Use digital relays

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Can get coordination with considerably reduced time intervals due to better accuracies.

Impact on system configuration

Open point may not be the optimum from a copper loss or operational point of
view.

Loss of current sharing in parallel feeders

Loss of co-ordinations when the system rearranged for faulty plant

Loss of continuity of supply

Coordination rules

More than one relay should sense a fault

Time/current coordination delay must be realised at a maximum value of the fault current

Ideal coordination of setting curves

Two basic rules

Pick up the lowest level

Must coordinate for the highest level

Conclusion

Pick up for the minimum value of fault current

Coordinate dir the maximum value of fault current

When using IDMT relays, choose similar IDMT characteristics on the relays to be coordinated (nORMAL
inverse,VI, Etc) so that the chance of intersection of curves is minimal.

Reduction of coordination delay can be achieved by:

Having a lower number of steps

Using zone-based protection (unit protection) wherever possible since such protections do not depend
upon the operation of any other protection.

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