Department of Electrical Engineering

Chapter: 03

Protective Relaying
 Protective Relaying
LO’s of this session are;
Students will be able to Study in details :
Quality requirements of relay system
Basic Relay Terminology.
Classification Electromagnetic relay &Electromagnetic Induction relay
Block diagram, operation advantages& disadvantages of static and micro
processor based realys
CT & PT as protective transformers
Over current relay
Operation of Static overcurrent relay with block diagram
Operation of micro processor based overcurrent relay with block diagram
 Protective Relaying
LO’s of this session are;
Students will be able to Study in details :
Distance relaying-Principle ,operation of – Definite distance relay, Time
distance relay & MHO relay
Directional relay
Differential Relay – Operation of Current differential relay & Voltage
differential relay
 Function Of Protective Relaying
To sound an alarm or to close the trip circuit of circuit breaker
To disconnect the abnormally operating part
To disconnect the faulty part quickly
To localize the effect of fault by disconnecting faulty part from
healthy part
To disconnect the faulty part quickly so as to improve system stability
Primary & Back Up Protection
 Back Up Protection
• Methods of Back up protection
Relay back up
Breaker back up
Remote back up
Centrally co-ordinated back up
Back up protection by time –grading principle
Basic Connection of Trip Circuit
 Quality Requirements of Relay System.
• Fundamental requirements of protective relaying:
• i) Selectivity: It is the ability of protective system to select correctly
that part of system in trouble and disconnect the faulty part without
disturbing the rest of the system.
• ii) Speed: The relay system should disconnect the faulty section as
fast as possible to prevent the electrical apparatus from damage and
for system stability.
• iii) Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system to operate with
low value of actuating quantity
 Quality Requirements of Relay System.
• iv) Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under
predetermined conditions.
• v) Simplicity: The relay system should be simple so that it can be
easily maintained.
• vi) Economy: The most important factor in the choice of particular
protection scheme is the economic aspect. The protective gear should
not cost more than 5% of the total cost of equipment to be protected.
 Basic Relay Terminology.
• Relay Time : The time interval between occurrence of fault and closure
of relay contacts.
• Pickup current: The threshold value of operating current above which
the relay operates. OR
• It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to
operate
• Plug setting multiplier: PSM = ( Fault current in relay coil) / ( Pickup
current)
• Reset current: The value of current below which the relay resets and
comes back to its original position is called as reset current or dropout.
 Basic Relay Terminology.
• Plug setting:
The primary winding of the CT is connected in series with the line and
secondary winding of CT is connected to primary winding of relay which is
provided with number of tappings. These are connected to plug setting bridge
by which the number of turns on relay coil can be varied which gives the
desired current setting.
• Time setting:
The secondary winding is energized by induction from primary and is
connected in series with winding on lower magnet. The spindle of the disc
carries a moving contact which bridges two fixed contacts when the disc
rotates through a preset angle. This angle can be adjusted any value between
0 to 360 degrees. The relay time can be adjusted by adjusting this angle which
is the travel of moving contact.
 Types of Relay.
• Electrodynamic relays
Electromagnetic attraction type relay
Induction type relay
• Static relays
 Classification Electromagnetic Relay.
• Types of construction
Attracted armature type relay
Solenoid type relay
Balanced beam type relay
Attracted Armature Type Relay.
Solenoid Type Relay.
Solenoid Type Relay.
Balanced Beam Type Relay.
 Electro Magnetic Induction Type Relay.
• Types of Induction Type Relay
Shaded Pole structure/Relay
Watt-hour –meter or double winding structure/Relay
Induction cup structure/Relay
Shaded Pole Type Relay
Watt Hour Meter Type Relays
Watt Hour Meter Type Relays
Induction Cup Type Relay
Static relays
Static relays
 Static relays
• Advantages of static relays
Low power consumption
Resetting time and overshoot
No moving contacts
No Gravity effect
Single relays for several functions
Compactness
Superior charactristics and accuracy
Programmable operation
Online computation and functions
 Static relays
• Advantages of static relays:
Repeated operations possible
Effect of vibration and shocks
Self supervision and monitoring of relay
Simplified testing and servicing
• Limitations :
Auxiliary voltage requirement
Electro static discharges
Voltage transients
Temperature dependence of static relays
Cost
Microprocessor Based Relays
 CT & PT as Protective Transformer
• Safety precautions while using C.T. and P.T.:
• i) CT secondary terminals should never be kept open. CTs must be
energized only after connecting the burden across them.
• ii) PT secondary should never be shorted as they are designed for high
impedance burdens (extremely low currents).
• iii) To be used as per the specified rating of voltage, current & burdens
only. The burdens should never be exceeded when multiple ones are
connected across one instrument transformer. They are designed to give
the highest accuracy at the rated burdens only, else for lower and slightly
higher burdens, ratio & phase angle errors are present and compensation
is needed.
• iv) CTs for measurement must not be interchanged with those for
protection and vice versa.
 CT & PT as Protective Transformer
• C.T. Burden: It is defined as load connected across C. T. secondary. It is
specified in VA ( Volt –Ampere)
• If C.T. secondary is kept open, the secondary current becomes zero, the
secondary mmf also becomes zero. The working flux therefore increases
and core gets saturated. Due to this, voltage induced in secondary rises to
very high value. Also the primary gets over heated. The peak value of
secondary emf may be several times the rms value. This may cause danger
to person working on secondary side of CT.
• PT Burden: Burdens are specified in volt amperes at a rated secondary
voltage at a particular power factor .
• The total burden on a VT should be less than rated burden of VT.
 Over Current Relays.
• Types of overcurrent Relay
Induction type overcurrent relay
Induction type Directional over current relay
Induction type Non Directional over current relay
Static over current relay
Micro based over current relay
Induction Type Over Current Relay
Induction Type Directional Over Current
Relays
 Induction Type Directional Over Current
Relays.
• Induction type directional overcurrent relay:
• Under normal operating conditions, power flows in the normal
direction in the circuit. Therefore directional power relay does not
operate and overcurrent element remains un energized
• However, when a short circuit occurs, and if the current or the power
flows in the reverse direction, the disc of the upper element rotate to
bridge the fixed contacts 1 & 1’. This completes the circuit for over
current element. The disc of this element rotates
• and moving contact attached to its closes the trip circuit. This
operates circuit breaker which isolates the faulty section
Static Over Current Relay
 Static Over Current Relay
• The current derived from the main CT is feed to the input transformer
which gives a proportional output voltage.
• The input transformer has an air gap in the iron core to give linearity
in the current voltage relationship up to the highest value of current
expected, and is provided with taping on its secondary to obtain
different current settings.
• The output voltage is then rectified and then filtered at a single stage
to avoid undesirable time delay in filtering so as to excurse high speed
of operation.
 Static Over Current Relay
A zener diode is also incorporated in the circuit to limit the rectified
voltage to safe values even when the input current is very high under
fault conditions.
A fixed portion of the rectified filtered voltage is compared against a
preset pick-up value by a level detector and if exceeds the pick-up
value, a singal through an amplifier is given to the output device which
issues the trip signal.
Microprocessor Based Over Current Relays
Microprocessor Based Over Current Relays
 Microprocessor Based Over Current Relays
• The ac voltage proportional to the load current is converted into dc
through a precision rectifier. Thus the microprocessor accepts dc
voltage proportional to the load current.
• The schematic diagram is shown in the figure.
• The output of rectifier is fed to the multiplexer.
• The output of multiplexer is fed to the A/D converter to obtain the
signal in digital form.
• The A/D converter ADC 0800 is used for this purpose.
 Microprocessor Based Over Current Relays
• The microprocessor sends signal to the ADC for starting the
conversion.
• The microprocessor reads the end of conversion signal to examine
whether the conversion is over or not.
• As soon as conversion is over, the microprocessor reads the current
signal in digital form and then compares it with the pickup value.
• The microprocessor first determines the magnitude of the fault
current and then selects the corresponding time of operation from
the look up table.
• Then it goes in delay subroutine and sends a trip signal to the circuit
breaker after the predetermined time delay
 Distance Relaying
• Principle of Distance relaying:
• In distance relaying the action of relay depends upon distance (or impedance)
between the point where the relay is installed and the point of fault. It is
nothing but an impedance relay. It is double actuating quantity relay with one
coil is energized by voltage and other coil is energized by current.
• The relay operates when ratio (V/I) reduces below a set value. Since it
protects a certain length of line, it is called as distance relay. In distance relay
the ratio (V/I) is measured. The current gives operating torque and voltage
gives restraining torque. Hence for values of ‘Z’ above certain settings, the
relay does not operate.
• This type of protection is used for high voltage long distance transmission
lines.
 Distance Relaying
• Types of Distance relaying
Definite Distance Relaying
Time distance Relay
Static Distance Relays(Electronic Relays)
Static Distance Relays(Micro processor based Distance Relays)
MHO Relay
Definite Distance Relays
Time Distance Relays
Static Distance Relay(Microprocessor Based
Distance Relay)
MHO Relay
 MHO Relay
• In this relay, poles 1, 2, 3 are energized by a voltage V through polarizing
coil to produce flux, the capacitor connected provides phase shift. The left
pole 4 is energized by a current which is the operating quantity.
• Here the rotor is hollow cylindrical type which turns around its axis. Inside
the rotor stationary core is there. The rotating field is produced by
operating coil flux and polarized flux. This rotating field induces currents
in the cup to provide necessary driving torque, which closes the trip
contacts of CB.
• The relay operation depends upon polarized flux because of voltage and
operating flux because of current hence on the ratio (I/V) = Y i.e.
admittance, hence called as MHO relay.
Directional Relay(Reverse Power Relay)
 Differential Relays
• A differential relay is one that operates when the phasor difference of
two or more similar electrical quantities exeeds a pre-determined
value.
• There are two systems of differential protection:
• Current Balance Protection
Current Differential Relay
Biased or Percentage Differential Relay
• Voltage Balance Protection
Voltage Balance Differential Relay
Current Balance Differential Protection
 Current Balance Differential Protection
• Working of current differential relay:
• Figure shows an arrangement of an overcurrent relay connected to
operate as a differential relay for alternator protection under fault
conditon.
• Under normal operating conditions, suppose the alternator winding
carries a normal current then the current in the two secondaries of
CTs are equal.
• These currents will only circulate between the two CTs and no current
will flow through relay coil. If a fault occures on alternator winding,
the two secondary currents will not be equal and resultant current
flows through relay coil, causing the relay to operate.
Biased or Percentage Differential Relay
 Biased or Percentage Differential Relay
• The percentage differential relay is defined as the relay that operates
on the phase difference of two or more similar electrical quantities.
• It is the advanced form of differential protection relay. The only
difference between them is the restraining coil.
• The percentage differential relay consists restraining coil for
overcoming the trouble arising out of differences in the current ratio
for the high value of an external short circuit current
 Biased or Percentage Differential Relay
• The torque due to the restraining coil prevents the closing of the trip circuit
while the torque due to the operating coil tends to close the trip circuit
contacts.
• Under normal operating conditions and through load condition the torque
developed by the restraining coil is greater than the operating coil torque.
Thus the relay remains inoperative.
• When an internal fault occurs, the operating torque exceeds the restraining
torque then the trip circuit contacts are closed to open the circuit breaker.
• The restraining torque may adjust by varying the number of turns of the
restraining coil
Voltage Balance Differential Relay
 Voltage Balance Differential Relay
• Here two similar CTS are connected at either end of the element to be
protected by means of pilot wires.
• The secondaries of CTs are connected in series with a relay in such a way
that under normal conditions their induced e.m.f. s are in opposition.
• Under healthy conditions, because of equal incoming and outgoing
currents, the secondary voltages of two CTs are balanced against each
other and no current flows in relay operating coil.
• When a fault occurs in the protected zone , the currents in two primaries
will differ and their secondary voltages will also differ causing a current
to flow through relay operating coil and relay operates.