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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
ELECTRICAL
PRINCIPLES
PETER PHILLIPS
4th edition
Electrical Principles © 2019 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
4th Edition
Peter Phillips Copyright Notice
This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
Head of content management: Dorothy Chiu written permission of the Publisher. Except as permitted under the
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
ISBN: 9780170423670
A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of
Australia
Cengage Learning Australia

Level 7, 80 Dorcas Street
South Melbourne, Victoria Australia 3205
Cengage Learning New Zealand

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331 Rosedale Road, Albany, North Shore 0632, NZ
For learning solutions, visit cengage.com.au
Printed in Singapore by 1010 Printing International Limited.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23 22 21 20 19
v
Brief contents
Preface x
Acknowledgements xi
About the author xii
Guide to the text xiii
Guide to the online resources xv
Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01
Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects of an electric current 24
Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43
Chapter 4 Electrical power 63
Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87
Chapter 6 The series circuit 107
Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123
Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141
Chapter 9 Basic meters 155
Chapter 10 Capacitance 186
Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218
Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249
Chapter 13 DC generators 269
Chapter 14 DC motors 299
Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331
Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357
Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377
Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400
Chapter 19 Single-phase power 419
Chapter 20 Three-phase power 437
Chapter 21 Transformers 476
Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522
Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558
Chapter 24 Synchronous machines 572
Chapter 25 Test equipment and batteries 598
Appendix 644
Solutions 649
Index 656
vi
Contents
Preface x
Acknowledgements xi
About the author xii
Guide to the text xiii
Guide to the online resources xv
Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01

1.1 The electrotechnology industry 02
1.2 Workplace safety laws 04
1.3 Sustainable energy principles 05
1.4 Voltage 06
1.5 Current 08
1.6 Resistance 09
1.7 Basic electric circuit 12
1.8 Circuit diagrams 13
1.9 Open-circuit and closed-circuit 15
1.10 Measuring voltage 17
1.11 Measuring current 18
1.12 Meter connections 20
Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects

of an electric current 24
2.1 Producing a voltage 25
2.2 Effects of an electric current 32
2.3 Protection against effects of an electric current 40
Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43

3.1 Resistance and conductance 44
3.2 Ohm’s law 44
3.3 Metric prefixes 51
3.4 Scientific and engineering notation 55
3.5 Using engineering notation 56
Chapter 4 Electrical power 63

4.1 Energy and work 64
4.2 Power 69
4.3 Electrical power 72
4.4 Transposing the power equation 73
4.5 Power and Ohm’s law 77
4.6 Power change with I, V or R changes 83
Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87

5.1 Factors that determine resistance 88
5.2 Resistors 93
5.3 Resistor colour code 100
5.4 Measuring resistance 103
Chapter 6 The series circuit 107

6.1 The series circuit 108
6.2 Current in the series circuit 108
CO N T E N T S vii
6.3 Resistance in the series circuit 109

6.4 Voltage in the series circuit 111
6.5 Summary of the series circuit 115
6.6 Power in the series circuit 116
6.7 Faults in the series circuit 119
Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123

7.1 The parallel circuit 124
7.2 Voltage in the parallel circuit 125
7.3 Current in the parallel circuit 125
7.4 Resistance in the parallel circuit 128
7.5 Summary of equations 133
7.6 Power in the parallel circuit 135
7.7 Faults in the parallel circuit 136
7.8 Comparison to the series circuit 138
Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141

8.1 Introduction 142
8.2 Resistance in the series–parallel circuit 142
8.3 Ohm’s law in the series–parallel circuit 146
8.4 Power in the series–parallel circuit 151
Chapter 9 Basic meters 155

9.2 Analog meter movement 156
9.3 Digital meter module 158
9.4 The ammeter 160
9.5 The voltmeter 163
9.6 Voltmeter loading 167
9.7 The ohmmeter 170
9.8 Multimeters 173
Chapter 10 Capacitance 186

10.1 Electrostatics 187
10.2 Charge and capacitance 188
10.3 Factors that determine capacitance 191
10.4 Types of capacitors 194
10.5 Capacitors in parallel 198
10.6 Capacitors in series 201
10.7 Safety precautions 205
10.8 The RC circuit 205
10.9 The RC time constant 208
10.10 Time constants 210
10.11 Universal time constant curve 213
Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218

11.1 Magnetism 219
11.2 Magnetic effect of an electric current 227
11.3 The electromagnet 230
11.4 Magnetic circuit 234
11.5 Magnetisation curves 240
Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249

12.2 Electromagnetic induction 250
12.3 Lenz’s law 255
viii CO N T E N T S
12.4 Inductance 256

12.5 Mutual inductance 262
12.6 The RL circuit 263
Chapter 13 DC generators 269

13.2 DC generator operating principles 270
13.3 DC machine construction 273
13.4 Separately excited DC generator 278
13.5 Self-excited generators 285
13.6 Calculations 291
Chapter 14 DC motors 299

14.2 DC motor operating principles 300
14.3 Types of DC motors 307
14.4 Losses and efficiency 313
14.5 DC motor control and protection 316
14.6 Other types of DC motors 323
Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331

15.1 Introduction to AC 332
15.2 Waveforms 332
15.3 The sinewave 335
15.4 Sinewave values 340
15.5 Phase relationships 346
15.6 Tip-to-tail phasor diagrams 353
Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357

16.1 Power in AC resistive circuits 358
16.2 Capacitance in an AC circuit 360
16.3 Capacitive reactance 362
16.4 Power in a purely capacitive AC circuit 367
16.5 Inductance 368
16.6 Inductive reactance 369
16.7 Power in a purely inductive AC circuit 373
Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377

17.1 Series RL AC circuits 378
17.2 Series RC AC circuits 383
17.3 Series RLC AC circuits 388
17.4 Series resonance 393
Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400

18.2 Parallel resistors and AC 402
18.3 L and R in parallel 403
18.4 R and C in parallel 406
18.5 R, L and C in parallel 409
18.6 Parallel resonance 412
Chapter 19 Single-phase power 419

19.2 Power in reactive–resistive circuits 420
19.3 Power in any AC circuit 423
CO N T E N T S ix
19.4 Power factor 426

19.5 Power factor correction 430
Chapter 20 Three-phase power 437

20.2 Three-phase power generation 439
20.3 Star connection 442
20.4 Delta connection 447
20.5 Three-phase loads 450
20.6 Three-phase power 457
20.7 Measuring three-phase power 463
20.8 Harmonics 467
20.9 Faults in three-phase power systems 470
Chapter 21 Transformers 476

21.2 The ideal transformer 477
21.3 The practical transformer 482
21.4 Transformer operation 489
21.5 Voltage regulation 493
21.6 Transformer performance 497
21.7 Transformer connections 503
21.8 Transformers in parallel 507
21.9 High voltage safety 512
21.10 Auto-transformers 513
21.11 Instrument transformers 515
21.12 Insulation resistance test 518
Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522

22.1 Three-phase induction motor 523
22.2 Wound rotor induction motor 530
22.3 Induction motor load characteristics 537
22.4 Motor protection 544
Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558

23.1 Single-phase induction motors 559
23.2 Capacitor motors 563
23.3 Shaded-pole induction motors 567
23.4 Universal motors 568
Chapter 24 Synchronous machines 572

24.1 Alternators 573
24.2 Synchronous motors 587
24.3 Other types of synchronous motors 594
Chapter 25 Test equipment and batteries 598

25.1 The oscilloscope 599
25.2 Electrical test equipment 614
25.3 Batteries 627
Appendix 644
Solutions 649
Index 656
x
Preface
This book, now up to its fourth edition, presents the core knowledge component for
the Electrical Trades course as required by Training Package UEE11. Like the previous
editions, this new edition is written with the student in mind. Electricity is a source of
invisible energy, which is why the Electrical Trades is different to many other areas
of learning. Therefore, it is important to make a textbook about electricity as easy to
understand as possible. As in all previous editions of this book, the writing style is aimed
at Certificate III level while retaining the terminology used in the Electrical Trades. As well,
the technical content never exceeds that of Certificate III level and there are over 800
illustrations or photos integrated with the text to explain a topic.
In preparing this fourth edition, I have been greatly helped by feedback from teachers.
While there are no major changes to the book, there are lots of smaller changes, many
based on teacher feedback. Most of the review questions are new, with a focus on real
world situations. All questions can be answered by referring to the text and the examples,
to avoid the frustration of being unable to find the necessary information. Some parts
have been rewritten to reduce the number of words or to add bullet points to improve
clarity. Many illustrations have been revised, and a few new ones have been added. Where
applicable, the technical content has been updated, especially in Chapter 25.
This book coincides with the 2018 edition of the AS/NZS 3000:2018 Wiring Rules,
and all references to these rules are now updated. An important aspect is safety, and there
is greater reference in this new edition to the safety aspects associated with electricity. A
new feature is the FYI margin boxes, which give additional and brief information about a
particular item or topic. Reference to sustainability is also increased. An important update
is including useful internet sites, in particular YouTube videos. There are many YouTube
videos on electrical theory, but a lot of these are poorly presented or are of too high a
level. All of the suggested YouTube videos and websites have been reviewed, and some
of these give an excellent overview of a topic. These can be accessed using a mobile
phone via a QR code.
The sequence of information in this book has not changed. The first eight chapters
cover DC theory, perhaps the most important part of electrical theory. Understanding
Ohm’s law and all its possibilities is essential to a full understanding of electricity, which
is why this topic occupies a third of the book. Teachers are not obliged to follow the
sequence in this book which is based on that followed by a number of colleges I have been
associated with. Topics are presented in chapters, which can be presented in the order
that suits the college. My sincere thanks to those teachers who have made suggestions
that make this fourth edition that little bit better than the previous editions.
Peter Phillips
xi
Acknowledgements
There are many people who have helped me over the years in preparing this book. My
particular thanks go to Greg Robinson and Frank Cahill from Miller TAFE and to Alan
Birse from Granville TAFE who all provided considerable help and guidance in the original
edition of this book, from which this fourth edition has evolved. Others who have been of
great help are Col Berry from Dubbo TAFE, and teachers from Ultimo TAFE who provided
important feedback when the second edition was first published. Numerous teachers
(listed below) participated in a review of the third edition, providing valuable guidance and
advice for this new edition.
Thanks in particular to the team at Cengage, publishers of this book. My thanks
to Raphael Solarsh who was the first point of delivery of each revised chapter, also to
Chee Ng for his support and belief in this book. As well, thanks to the production team,
graphic artists, the sales team and the many others working behind the scenes. It’s through
the team effort of us all that saw the last edition of this book win two important awards.
The author and Cengage would also like to thank the following reviewers for their
incisive and helpful feedback:
Terry Buckridge, TAFE NSW
Derek Bailey, TAFE NSW
Garry Barbuto, TAFE NSW
Rodney Chant, Riverina Institute of TAFE
Jim Loughran, TAFE QLD
Paul Mansfield, TAFE SA
Marcus Lock, SA TAFE
Kevin Langham, Tasmanian Polytechnic
Carlo Gnaccarini, Gordon Institute of TAFE
Max Adams, West Coast Institute
Aldo Vergan, Endeavour Energy
Mick Jordan, TAFE SkillsTech
xii
About the author

Peter Phillips began his working life as an apprentice electrical fitter at a large
manufacturing plant at Lithgow NSW. After completing his apprenticeship, he spent over
eight years working in various power stations, before starting his TAFE NSW teaching
career in 1974, where he taught a wide range of electrical subjects in various colleges
in NSW. He held numerous teaching and supervisory positions and became involved
in curriculum development during the 1990s, when the National Curriculum was being
introduced. In 1994, after leaving TAFE NSW, he started his own company that offered
services ranging from curriculum development to producing training resources.
He has written extensively for technical magazines and helped develop various Training
Packages and their support documentation, along with working in curriculum areas
associated with the manufacturing sector. As a result, he travelled extensively throughout
Australia, visiting a wide variety of manufacturing industries and RTOs. His first textbook,
Electrical Fundamentals, was released in 1993, and became a bestseller. It was followed
by a series of books for the Electrotechnology industry, with the series winning an award
in 1998. The second edition of Electrical Principles won two awards in 2014 and the third
edition was also equally awarded.
Peter remains actively connected to the electrical industry, and meets regularly
with trainers and others involved with the Electrical Training Package. He maintains his
connections with TAFE NSW and is widely known through his writings and involvement
in tertiary education. He holds a Bachelor of Education (Distinction) and a wide range
of technical qualifications including Electrical Trades, Advanced Diploma of Engineering,
Industrial Electronics and other Certificate IV qualifications. He was awarded a doctorate
by Sydney University in 2017.
xiii
Guide to the text

As you read this text you will find features in every chapter
to enhance your study of Electrical Principles and help you
understand how the theory is applied in the real world.
CHAPTER OPENING FEATURES
1
THE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
4 E L E CT R I CA L P R I N C I P L E S
This chapter provides an introduction to the electrotechnology
Identify the key concepts that the industry and two important laws that cover the entire workforce:
workplace safety and environmental legislation. The meaning of
terms such as voltage, current and resistance, the difference between
chapter will cover in the Introduction a conductor and an insulator, and what is meant by an open-circuit
and a short-circuit are also described. The electric circuit and some
electrical component symbols are presented, but first we look at how
and Chapter Outline. electrical power reaches our homes.
Chapter outline
1.2 Workplace safety laws

1.1 The electrotechnology industry
1.2 Workplace safety laws
1.3 Sustainable energy principles
1.4 Voltage
FYI Workplace safetyCurrent applies to all areas of the workforce, and all Australian states and territories
1.5
1.6 Resistance
A hazard is and New Zealand have legislation that covers the rights and responsibilities of employers and
1.7 Basic electric circuit
anything that can employees. Those undertaking
1.8 Circuit diagrams a Certificate III (trades) course will learn about workplace health
cause harm to 1.9 Open-circuit and closed-circuit
and safety (WHS) 1.10 Measuring voltage as part of the course. In general, WHS legislation imposes a duty of
legislation
people, plant or
the environment. care on employers and certain
1.11 Measuring current
obligations on employees. Briefly, employers are required to ensure
1.12 Meter connections
the health, safety and welfare at work of all employees and others who come into the workplace.
Employees are obliged to take care of the health and safety of co-workers, cooperate with
employers in matters of health and safety, work safely and to notify their supervisor of actual or
C H A P T E R 2 Vopotential
lTa g E S o hazards.
u r c E S Essentially,
a n d E f f E this cT S means
o f a n that E l E the
cT rWHS
I c c ulegislation
r r E n T places 2 5an obligation on every
person associated with a workplace in any way to ensure 4 his or her E L Eown
CT Rworkplace
ICAL PRIN health
C I P L Eand
S safety.
Working with electricity has its own special hazards, as well as those associated with other
industries. For example, working on a roof near overhead power lines, where there’s a risk of
falling and a risk of electric shock. The important thing, before starting any electrical work, is
to first identify the hazards and assess the risk associated with each hazard. Some employers
require work teams to complete hazard and risk identification paperwork before starting a
FEATURES WITHIN CHAPTERS
2.1 Producing a voltage job. This requires all team members to identify the potential hazards and their associated risk,
As explained further in Chapter 4, electricity is a form

determine how the risks will be dealt with (controlled), and when everyone agrees, to sign the
of energy.
completed form.A basic law, called the Conservation 1.2 Workplace safety laws
Use the Safety icons for
of Energy, says that energy 6cannot
SAFETY
beE L E CT
created R I
orCA L P R IUse
InN the
destroyed. P L Ethe
C I However,
S
above FYI
energyicons
example, can
theberisk for
converted
of falling from
is high, and FYIpotentially fatal. TheWorkplace safety applies to all areas of the workforce, and all Aus
control measures
one form to another. This means that electrical energy
wouldhas to come
include from aother
wearing safety sources
harness of energy,
plus other personal A hazard protective
is and New
equipment Zealand
(PPE), along have legislation that covers the rights and respo
important tips on safe process. Thehighlighted
by a conversion
Safety issues
most commonlyin
are
used more
energy sources useful
for this information
are: anything
with being very aware of the hazard and taking appropriate care. The electricalemployees. that can hazard would Those
alsoundertaking a Certificate III (trades) course will l
work practices.• mechanical needabout the topic.
chapters where cause harm to
to be controlled in a manner that ensures your safety. As a job proceeds, andyousafety (WHS)
might findlegislation as part of the course. In general, WHS
they apply. people, plant or
• chemical some of the control measures are not providing sufficient the safety, so a review becomes necessaryand certain obligations on employees. Briefly, emp
environment. care on employers
• heat and changes need to be made. The risk management process is shown in Figurethe 1.3,health, safetytoand welfare at work of all employees and others wh
and applies
Sustainability icons
• light. every job, whether outdoors or indoors.
Energy efficiency refers to using less energy for the same outcome. Products
Employees are obliged to take care of the health and safety of
include those with
SUSTAINABILITY
aKey concepts employers in matters of health and safety, work safely and to notify
highlight key energy Producing electricityFoften involves
E 1 . 3 several
I GSustainable
UR energy processes, high
suchefficiency
as rating, energy
first converting are
heat toefficient
mechanical lamps, andKEY in CONCEPT
particular, light emitting diode (LED) lamps
in fluorescent lamps and all types of filament 7lamps. 1 Essentially, this means that the WHS legislation
potential
C H A P T E R 4 E L E CT R I C A L P O W E R hazards.
issues are energy
highlighted which are replacing The fluorescent
basic cycle tubes, compact
energy, then using theRisk
sustainability issues
Figure 2.1, where an energy
mechanical
management is a to produce
in chapters where
source is converted to
emphasised
New
electrical
electricity.
buildings
energy, have
which to
is
inthen
the
conform
is shown
1toidentify
converteda set by hazards
ofanstandardsHeat and light
designed to reduce
person associated with a workplace in any way to ensure his or her own
energy and water usage.
constant process are both forms of Working with electricity has its own special hazards, as well as
they apply.
relevant to the electrical
electrical
appliance into another form of energy, such In margin
as heat. Southfor
New Wales, easythese are known as BASIX.‘radiant’ Other states
energyand territories and New Zealand
industries. For example, working on a roof near overhead power l
have similar legislation. is there a regulation, advisory standard,
industry. reference and revision.
WHS and environmental legislation have been
industry code or other guidance about
F I Gbriefly
U R E described
2.1
falling and a risk of electric shock. The important thing, before sta
before we start looking at
the identified hazards? to first identify the hazards and assess the risk associated with ea
electrical theory, as it is very important to be aware of these
Electrical energytwo is items of legislation, and to
energy source load that converts require work teams to complete hazard and risk identification p
(mechanical, chemical, understand
electrical energy your responsibilities.
5 monitor electrical energy to
produced by converting
EXAMPLE 4.4 other forms of energy job. This requires all team members to identify the potential hazar
radiant) and reviewheat, light, etc. follow the regulation,
determine how the risks will be dealt with (controlled), and when
Examples demonstrate Find the power (P) of a motor that is delivering 20 Nm of torque when standard,
it is codeat
running or 1440 RPM. 2 assess risks
completed form.
Key points... guide
step-by-step solutions to Solution • a Electrical power is 20
sentNm fromand power generators
SAFETY
In the above example, the risk of falling is high, and potentially
As you saw in ChapterValues1, torque
voltage (T) 5
is ‘electrical pressure’ current is a flowtoof electrons.• The Thevarious stateSafetyandissuesterritory
are WHS and include wearing a safety harness plus other personal protec
would
numerical problems that
current does the work (lights a substations
lamp,RPM
makes(n) over5 high
a motor1440 voltage
turn), as atransmission
voltage by itself lines and a pressure
is simply Environmental Protection
highlighted in Acts imposewith obligations
being very aware of the hazard and taking appropriate care. The
distributed
power to ofusers
(P) 5 ? over andlower voltage
Thatpower lines.energy ison both employerschapters andwheretheir employees.
need to be controlled in a manner that ensures your safety. As a j
you will face in source.
the So, electrical energy•is aThe combination
electrotechnology
voltage current.
industry has 4over
is, electrical
20
implement control •
used
Sustainable they 3apply.
energy is
decidemadethe up of two parts:
some of the control measures are not providing sufficient safety, so
(or more correctly, transformed) only when 2πcurrent
nT 6.28 3 20 31440
flows.
P5
Equationqualifications,
electrical industry. This means the energy source to produce 60 each
5 requiring a knowledge
electrical energy
60 is only measures
being of used when current renewable energy control
andmeasures
energy efficiency.
and changes need to be made. The risk management process is shown
flows. For instance, a Answer electrical
battery that’s power principles.
not connected5 3014 to watts
anything is not supplying electrical energy, every job, whether outdoors or indoors.
even though there’s a voltage developed across its terminals. Here’s a brief look at the various
ways of producing electricity. All these methods convert one form of energy into electrical FIGURE 1.3
energy.
Efficiency Risk management is a
1.4 Voltage constant process 1 identify hazards
The source of energy to power a motor has to come from another energy source. In Example 4.4,
Mechanical to electrical
the motor is delivering slightly Theover
three3 most
kW ofcommon
mechanicalelectrical
power.quantities are voltage,
This is called current and resistance. These three
the output
is there a regulation
industry code or oth
power. The input power is the termspower are closely
taken related,
by the motorwhich
frommeans that source.
its energy if any two are present,
If there were the third is also present. For the identified hazard
Mechanical energy is movement. The three main ways to convert mechanical movement into
no losses in the motor, it would instance,
requireif voltage
the same andinput
resistance
power are as
bothitspresent,
output so is current.
power. That
electrical
Copyright 2019 Cengage energy are:
Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole orbyina part. WCN 02-200-202
is, the motor would be 100 per cent A voltage is electrical pressure. As an example, lightning is caused
efficient. very high 5 monitor
voltage (or
• friction between two materials electrical Earth. When the pressure isand review follow the regulation,
It is impossible for any machine to bepressure) between
100 per cent a cloud
efficient, as and
thereanother point,
are always suchinasthe
losses high
• mechanical stress process
applied ofto converting
a piezo-electric element
enough, there’s a lightning strike. standard, code or 2 ass
energy from one form to another. In the caseAofcaran battery develops
electric motor, thea losses
voltage of 12 volts; there’s 230 volts
guide
72 E L E CT R I CA L P R I N C I P L E S
xiv G U I D E TO T H E T E X T
KEY POINTS...
• All forms of energy can be classified as either • Efficiency of a machine equals its power out
potential or kinetic. divided by its power in, multiplied by 100.
• Kinetic energy is energy in motion. • Efficiency gives a measure of the losses in a
• Potential energy is energy in storage. machine and is expressed as a percentage.
• Power is the rate of doing work. It has the symbol P
FEATURES WITHIN CHAPTERS and is measured in watts.
TASK 4.1
Practice your electrical 1 Calculate the force required to lift a toolbox weighing 15 kg.
calculations by 2 How much work is done if you lift the 15 kg toolbox through a vertical distance
of 1.5 m?
answering the questions
3 When tightening a bolt, the manufacturer specifies a maximum torque of 60 Nm.
in the Task feature. How much force can you apply if you hold the spanner at a point 200 mm from
the bolt head?
Find the answers in 4 You weigh 60 kg and are carrying tools weighing 5 kg. How much power do you develop
the Solutions section at if you climb a 20 metre long ladder in 30 seconds?
5 A machine requires 500 W of power and delivers 450 W of useful output power.
the end of the book.
72 E L E CT R I CA L P R I N C I P L E S Calculate the losses and the efficiency of the machine.
Review your understanding 4.3

of the mostElectrical
important power
points with the Key points box at the
end of each topic. As already explained, the power is one watt if one joule of energy is transformed in one second. Electrical
energy is used only when a voltage causes a current to flow (kinetic energy). Electrical power is the
rate at which electrical energy is transformed into another form, such as heat.
KEY POINTS... Electrical power, like mechanical power, is measured in watts. One watt of electrical power is
dissipated in a resistor when ae Lvoltage of one volt causes a current of one ampere to flow through
• All forms of energy can be classified as either
5 9 6 • eEfficiency
cT r i cA L P r i n c i P L e S
the resistor. (By Ohm’s law, the resistance isofone a machine
ohm.) equals its power out
potential or kinetic. The general equation to find electricalbypower
divided its power is: in, multiplied by 100.
• KEY energy
Kinetic CONCEPTis energy in motion.
power 5 voltage 3 current•(P Efficiency
5 VI) gives a measure of the losses in a
• Potential energy is energy in storage.
Calculating machine and is expressed as a percentage.
where:
• Power is the rate
electrical powerof doing work. It has the symbol P • Amortisseur windings, also called damping bars, are fitted to the rotor of a synchronous motor
and is measured in watts.
P 5 power in watts to prevent it hunting, and to also provide a means of starting the motor. In this case, the bars
V 5 voltage in volts allow the motor to start as an induction motor.
• When the load on a synchronous motor is increased, the rotor speed remains constant, but the
I 5 current in amperes. rotor shifts backwards by an amount called the torque angle.
•
The power factor of a synchronous motor depends on the level of DC excitation. An under-
TASK 4.1 excited motor has a lagging power factor, an over-excited motor has a leading power factor. The
optimum exciting current gives the minimum stator current for that load at unity power factor.
EXAMPLE 4.6
1 Calculate the force required to lift a toolbox• weighing
Because power factor can be determined by excitation, synchronous motors are sometimes
END-OF-CHAPTER2 FEATURES
15 kg.
used to improve power factor. In this application, the motor is a synchronous capacitor.
HowCalculate
much worktheispower
done being
if you dissipated by
lift the 15 kg the lampthrough
• toolbox
in Figure
Small synchronous motorsaare
4.8.
vertical
non-exciteddistance
and some types have a permanent magnet rotor.
of 1.5 m?
Solution
3 When tightening aVbolt,
Values 5 24thevolts
manufacturer specifies a maximum torque of 60 Nm.
At the end of each chapterHow you
much will
force can
I 5you
1.5 apply if you hold the spanner at a point 200 mm from
amperes
find several tools to help you to review,
the bolt head? P5? CHAPTER SUMMARY
The following equations apply to this chapter: • for an alternator, voltage regulation
4 You Equation
weigh 60 kg P and VI 5
5 are carrying
24 3 1.5tools weighing 5 kg. How much power do you develop
practise and extend your knowledge.
if you climb a 20 metre
Answer P 5 36 long
watts 
120f
ladder in •30n seconds?
p
where n 5 synchronous speed %
V 2V
s
V
 100 where V 5 no-load
s
NL
FL
FL
NL
in RPM, f 5 supply frequency in hertz, voltage, V 5 full-load voltage

5 A machine requires 500 W of power andp 5delivers 450 W of useful output power. FL
number of poles
• η% 
P C H A P T E R 2 4 Sy n c H r O n O u S M A c H i n e S
 100 , where η% 5 percentage out 597
Calculate the losses and the efficiency of the 120fmachine. P in
• p , which is the above equation in
ns efficiency, Pout 5 output power in watts,
terms of number of poles Pin 5 input power to the machine when
4.3 Electrical
Review your understanding of the
power
the machine is producing its rated output
• V 5 4.44 NfΦk where V 5 phase voltage power
in volts produced by an alternator, • Pin 5 Pout 1 losses
key chapter topics with the 6 A 100
As already explained, the power is one watt if aone
N 5kVA
89 fper
number
5 frequency
joule
of armature
alternator
cent whenofoperating
ofofenergy
has anturns
the generated
per phase,
efficiency of
at fullvoltage
is How load with
transformed
46.5 A at unity power factor. Calculate the
• efficiency
in one
P  9.55
T  out ofC Hthe
second. motor.
A P Twhere
nElectricalE R 2 4TSy5ntorque
cHrOn inO u S M A c H i n e S
597
in hertz,
power factor Φ5 magnetic
0.85 lag.flux per polepower
much in 10 A three-phase six-pole 400 V 50 Hz
Chapter summary. energy is used only when a voltage causes a current
does
•these
webers,
the prime to
k 5flow
conditions?
apparent
mover(kinetic
machine needconstant energy).
to provide
power S 5 VI (single-phase
under Electrical newton metres (Nm), n 5 motor’s rotational
synchronous power
speed in RPM.
is
motor the
when delivering 40 kW
to a load takes a current of 62 A with normal
rate at which electrical energy is transformed
7 Aninto another
alternator),
8-pole S 5 form,
synchronous 3 Vmotor such
I (three-phase
L L
as heat.
is operating excitation applied to the motor. Calculate:
Electrical power, like mechanical power,from isalternator)
measured
a 50 Hz supply. inWhat
watts. is its One watt of electrical
rotational a the input power power to the is motor
speed? b the efficiency of the motor
dissipated in a resistor when a voltage of one
8 Give volt
threecausesmethodsaused current
to start of
a one amperec to flow through
rotational speed of the motor
6 A 100 kVA alternator has an efficiency of 46.5 A at unity power factor. Calculate the
synchronous motor. d torque produced by the motor.
the resistor. (By Ohm’s law, the resistance is 89 one perohm.)
cent when operating at full load with efficiency of the motor.
9 A three-phase REVIEW EXERCISES
50 Hz synchronous motor
Test your knowledge and consolidate
a power
The general equation to find electrical power
is rated is:atfactor of 0.85
250 mover
lag. How much
kW. Itsneed
nameplate
power
states
10 A three-phase six-pole 400 V 50 Hz
KEY CONCEPT 1 does
What
athese
the
is the
voltage
prime
synchronous
rating of 3.3 kVspeed
to provide
and a of
under
a 12-pole,
current of
synchronous
disconnected.motor Whatwhenis its delivering
percentage40voltage
kW
power 5 voltage 3 current (P 5 VI) conditions? to a load takes a current of 62 A with normal
your learning
Calculatingthrough the
50 Hz alternator? regulation?
7 A
2 Anthree-phase
8-pole synchronous motor 50
star-connected Hz alternator 5 excitation
is operating A 200 kVA,applied600 V to the motor. alternator
three-phase Calculate:
where: from300
has a 50turns Hz supply. Whata is
per phase, itsper
flux rotational
pole of ais the input power
supplying a full to
loadthecurrent
motor at a lagging
Review electrical
exercises power
and Worksheets. P 5 power in watts
speed? ONLINE RESOURCES
80 mWb and a machine constant of 0.88. bpowerthe efficiency of theItmotor
factor of 0.86. has friction and
8 Calculate
Give threethe methods used to start a cwindage
rotational speed
losses of the
of 2.5 kW,motor
an iron loss of
Information from alternator’s:
the internet about the topics in d4 torque produced
V 5 voltage in volts synchronous
thisachapter
phase voltage motor.
will vary in mathematical complexity, SCAN kW,
ME a copper lossbyofthe motor.
3 kW, an excitation
9 bA linethree-phase
voltage. 50 Hz synchronous motor Animated
loss of presentation
600 W and describing
stray losses of 2.8 kW.
content and terminology. The website addresses
I 5 current in amperes. is rated
3 A three-phase
suggested
at 250
below all
kW. Its
alternator nameplate states
is rated at 20
provide information kVA at
within
operation
Calculateof a three-phase
the alternator’s:
aa voltage rating of 3.3 kV and a current of synchronous alternator
a full load current
full-load
the scope of thislinebook.
voltage of 400 V. How much
line current can the alternator supply? b total losses
https://www.youtube.com/
YouTube
4 The full-loadvideosterminal voltage of an alternator c input power
watch?v=1tyBWqVSUfI
EXAMPLE 4.6
Extend your understanding of the key ONLINE RESOURCES is 400 V, rising to 430 V when the load is
SCAN ME
d percentage efficiency.
SCAN ME
Calculate the power being dissipated byInformation
the lamp fromintheFigure 4.8.the topics in
internet about
points through wider research using
Animated presentation explaining Animated
SCAN ME video explaining hydro-
this chapter will vary in mathematical complexity, operation of a synchronous motor power generation
Animated presentation describing
content and terminology. The website addresses
Solution operation of a three-phase
Online resources and the internet.

https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.youtube.com/
suggested below all provide information within synchronous alternator
watch?v=Vk2jDXxZIhs watch?v=Lx6UfiEU3Q0
Values V 5 24 volts the scope of this book.
Scan the QR code or follow the link I 5 1.5 amperes YouTube videos SCAN ME
watch?v=1tyBWqVSUfI
General information
P5? Promotional video showing rewinding
provided to access them.

Equation P 5 VI 5 24 3 1.5
SCAN machines
large ME
Animated presentation explaining
SCAN ME
SCAN ME
Animated
Covers video
most explaining
of the types ofhydro-
motors in
operation of a synchronous motor power generation
Answer P 5 36 watts watch?v=3s1QPleyJGU
this chapter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
watch?v=Vk2jDXxZIhs watch?v=Lx6UfiEU3Q0
Synchronous_motor
SCAN ME General information

Promotional video showing rewinding
COMPLETE
large WORKSHEET
machines TWENTY-FOURSCAN ME
https://www.youtube.com/ Covers most of the types of motors in
for students
watch?v=3s1QPleyJGU for
thisinstructors
chapter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
These worksheets give you the opportunity to You may use these worksheets to assess your
Synchronous_motor
assess your knowledge and consolidate your students’ understanding of key concepts in
understanding of the concepts learned in this this chapter.
chapter. • Download the student and instructor version
COMPLETE WORKSHEET TWENTY-FOUR

• Please contact your instructor for the
worksheet
of the worksheet, including solutions,
from the instructor companion website
accessible via http://login.cengage.com
for students for instructors
These worksheets give you the opportunity to You may use these worksheets to assess your
assess your knowledge and consolidate your students’ understanding of key concepts in
understanding of the concepts learned in this this chapter.
chapter. • Download the student and instructor version
• Please contact your instructor for the of the worksheet, including solutions,
worksheet from the instructor companion website
accessible via http://login.cengage.com
Another random document with
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river below the canal-head of Yaki-Yuz, Colonel Ridgeway is of
opinion that the necessary steps to obtain the assent of the
Amir might delay the conclusion of the present arrangement;
but he is nevertheless convinced that the assent of the Amir
to this cession, under the same conditions, of a tract of land
on the right bank can be obtained without difficulty, if later on
the Imperial Government should inform her Britannic
Majesty’s Government of their intention of proceeding to the
construction of a dam above the canal-head of Bendi Nadiri.
“(5) The British Government will communicate without
delay to the Amir of Afghanistan the arrangements herein
agreed upon, and the Imperial Government of Russia will
enter into possession of the territory adjudged to them, by
the present Protocol, from the 1st (13th) October of the
present year.
“(6) The frontier agreed upon shall be locally demarcated
by a mixed Commission according to the signed maps. In
case the work of demarcation should be delayed, the line
traced on the maps shall nevertheless be considered binding
by the two Governments.”
[45]This letter, which is generally referred to as the letter from the

Foreign Secretary, dated July 20, 1880, is known to have been
sealed by Mr. Griffin and delivered by him on July 31, 1880.
[46] “Forty-One Years in India.”—Roberts.
APPENDIX V
a.—summer service of the oxus flotilla
KEY:
B: Number of versts from Charjui to Patta Hissar.
C: Cost of transport of 1 pood of baggage from Charjui.
D: Cost of transport of 1 pood of baggage from Patta Hissar.
E: Number of versts from Patta Hissar.
Cost of Cost of
passage passage
for Voyage from Charjui to Voyage from Patta Hissar for
Points touched
B passengers C Patta Hissar. to Charjui. passengers D E
from at. from Patta
Charjui. Hissar.
1 Cl. 3 Cl. Arrive. Depart. Arrive. Depart. 1 Cl. 3 Cl.
R K R K Kop. R K R K Kop.
56 1 68 - 56 5,6 Thur. & Mon. Wed. & Sun. Charjui ⎫ ⎫ 12 99 4 33 43,3 433
109 3 27 1 09 10,9 ” ” Thur. & Mon. Natizin ⎪ ⎬Sat. & Mon. 11 31 3 77 37,7 377
126 3 78 1 26 12,6 ” ” ” ” Burdalik ⎬Sat. & Mon. ⎪ 9 72 3 24 32,4 324
151 4 53 1 51 15,1 Fri. & Tues. ” ” Polvart ⎪ ⎭ 9 21 3 07 30,7 307
212 6 36 2 12 21,3 ” ” Fri. & Tues. Bashir ⎪ Fri. & Sun. 8 46 2 82 28,2 282
233 6 99 2 33 23,3 ⎫ ⎧Karki ⎭ ⎫ 6 63 2 21 22,1 221
225 7 65 2 55 25,5 ⎬Wednesday Wednesday ⎨Kundalem ⎫ ⎪ 6 00 2 00 20,0 200
271 8 13 2 71 27,1 ⎪ ⎪Mukri ⎬Sunday ⎬Sunday 5 34 1 78 17,8 178
303 9 09 3 03 30,3 ⎭ ⎩Ak Kum ⎭ ⎭ 4 86 1 62 16,2 162
322½ 9 98 3 33 33,25 Thursday Thursday Charshangu ⎫ ⎫ 3 90 1 30 13,0 130
358½ 10 76 3 59 35,85 Thursday Thursday Kelif ⎪ ⎪ 3 02 1 10 10,05 100½
385 11 55 3 85 38,5 ⎫ ⎫ Kuyu Kara Mazar ⎬Saturday ⎬Saturday 2 24 - 75 7,45 74½
399 11 97 3 99 39,9 ⎬ Friday ⎬ Friday Chushka-Gisar ⎪ ⎪ 1 44 - 48 4,8 48
404 12 12 4 04 40,4 ⎪ ⎪ Shur Ob ⎪ ⎪ 1 02 - 34 3,4 34
433 12 99 4 33 4,33 ⎭ ⎭ Patta Hissar ⎭ ⎭ - 87 - 29 29,9 29
b.—winter service of the oxus flotilla
Voyage from Charjui to Patta Hissar. Voyage from Patta Hissar Charjui.
Points touched at.
Arrive. Depart. Arrive. Depart.
Monday Sunday Charjui Tuesday Tuesday
Tuesday Monday Narizim Tuesday Monday
Tuesday Tuesday Burdalik Monday Monday
Wednesday Wednesday Polvart Monday Sunday
Friday Wednesday Bashir Sunday Sunday
Friday Friday Karki Sunday Saturday
Saturday Saturday Kundalem Saturday Saturday
Sunday Saturday Mukri Saturday Saturday
Sunday Sunday Ak Kum Friday Friday
Monday Monday Charshangu Friday Friday
Tuesday Monday Kelif Friday Thursday
Tuesday Tuesday Kuyu Kara Mazar Thursday Thursday
Wednesday Wednesday Chuska Gisar Thursday Thursday
Wednesday Wednesday Kuyu Shur Ob Thursday Thursday
Wednesday Wednesday Chur Ob Thursday Thursday
Wednesday Wednesday Patta Hissar Thursday Thursday
APPENDIX VI
return of articles exported from russia to khorassan during the period
march 21, 1903, to march 20, 1904, compared with 1900-03
Value. 1903-04.
Articles. Destination of Imports.
1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.
Khorassan only, though many of
£ £ £ £ the camels go to Azerbaijan.
Animals—
Specification of various
Camels 592 858 8,198 Number 293 1,806⎫ animals was only kept at
Donkeys — 56 832 ” 47 73⎬ Meshed. Those here entered
Horses — 584 2,901 ” 155 649⎪ as “Unspecified” are animals
that entered at Kuchan, and
Unspecified — — 94 ” 1,626 6,386⎭ of which no detail was kept
Animal Khorassan. Chiefly intestines
products, — — — Lbs. 232,700 2,926 and some silkworm eggs from
crude France
Beer, vinegar,
and other
122 221 319 ” 32,273 360⎫
fermented
beverages ⎬Khorassan
Butter and
other edible 62 195 967 ” 75,754 2,059⎭
fats
Khorassan, Seistan, Birjand,
Candles 2,283 2,139 2,726 ” 59,898 1,836 Yezd, Kerman, and
Afghanistan
Khorassan. Chiefly Turkoman
Carpets 506 348 248 ” 5,018 618
carpets
Chemical Khorassan, Afghanistan,
— — 299 ” 85,593 1,086
products Birjand, and Seistan
Cochineal 385 228 573 ” 34,775 1,377 Khorassan and Birjand
Copper and
nickel, in Khorassan, Birjand, and
— — 85 ” 1,697 58
sheets, bars, Afghanistan
&c.
Chiefly brasswork. Goes to
Copper, brass, Khorassan, Afghanistan,
and — — 355 ” 38,279 2,669 Birjand, Yezd, Kerman,
nickelwork Seistan, and samovars (tea-
urns) even to India
Cotton, raw — — — ” 6,045 126 Khorassan
Khorassan, Afghanistan,
Drugs 226 1,004 160 ” 15,048 640
Birjand, and Seistan
Dyes and
83 171 165 ” 14,600 321 Khorassan and Birjand
varnishes
Earthenware
2,343 1,236 1,090 ” 123,507 3,208⎫ ⎬Khorassan, Afghanistan,
and crockery
Seistan, Birjand, Yezd, and
Fabrics of hemp
4,746 2,764 3,858 ” 302,310 8,026⎭ Kerman
and flax
Fish, fresh and
61 69 — ” 1,528 45⎫
salted
Flour — — 232 ” 55,983 317⎬ Khorassan
Fruits— ⎪
Dried — — 620 ” 1,242 19⎭
Khorassan. Lemons, oranges,
Fresh 27 51 — ” 17,167 162 &c., brought from Resht via
Russia
Furniture 432 839 1,612 ” 76,174 1,994 Khorassan, Birjand, and Seistan
Glass, mirrors,
— — 1,077 ” 57,585 732⎫ ⎬Khorassan, Birjand, Seistan,
&c.
and Afghanistan
Glassware 7,127 4,330 1,591 ” 148,909 3,520⎭
Gold and silver
— — 22 ” 1 127⎫
work
⎬Khorassan
Grain, wheat,
556 849 1,430 ” 408,909 1,888⎭
and barley
Iron in bars,
&c., and 7,084 5,248 4,671 ” 1,084,090 7,646⎫
scrap-iron
Iron and steel,
4,784 3,308 2,483 ” 225,713 5,845⎬ Khorassan, Birjand, Seistan,
manufactured
and Yezd
Lead, zinc, and
tin in sheets — — 399 ” 32,474 972⎪
and ingots
Leather work — — — ” 4,316 543⎭
Lemonade and
194 261 147 ” 28,966 214 Khorassan
fruit syrups
Matches 573 5,127 2,005 ” 221,423 3,616 Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and
Kerman
Mercery and Khorassan, Afghanistan,
1,276 7,786 4,697 ” 25,266 2,590
hardware Birjand, and Seistan
Minerals not
98 45 16 ” 3,679 61 Khorassan
specified
Musical
— — — ” 410 269 Khorassan and Birjand
Instruments
Oil—
Afghanistan, Khorassan,
Petroleum 14,847 14,618 14,375 ” 4,007,985 19,619
Birjand, Seistan, and Yezd
Other 14 37 248 ” 17,889 153 Khorassan
Papers and Khorassan, Afghanistan,
1,123 1,928 1,044 ” 71,189 1,908
wares thereof Birjand, and Seistan
Printed matter — — 110 ” 5,480 270⎫
⎬Khorassan
Provisions 4 7 2,217 ” 6,819 120⎭
Comes from Resht in Persia via
Enzeli and Krasnovodsk to
Rice — 4,247 3,682 ” 2,329,587 22,878
Rope, &c. 87 89 134 ” 8,769 164 Khorassan
Rubber goods — — 5 ” 3,195 532 Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and
Kerman
Silk, raw 72 332 515 ” 4,830 1,630 Khorassan and Yezd
Skins
Untanned 50 633 921 ” 11,206 585⎫
Other 1,748 2,074 1,532 ” 23,713 1,186⎬
Soap 101 88 187 ” 9,322 352⎭
Spices — 448 92 ” 531 40 Khorassan, Birjand, and Seistan
Spirits 187 227 469 ” 6,176 245⎫
Stones, precious ⎬Khorassan
— — — ” 2,782 73⎭
and other
Sugar—
Loaf 107,032 118,422 132,090 ” 12,696,665 107,978⎬
Other 19,259 26,203 38,444 ” 4,330,320 37,694⎭
Largely Indian tea. Khorassan,
Tea 961 925 353 ” 110,949 7,937 Afghanistan, Birjand, and
Seistan
Thread—
Cotton 222 356 177 ” 8,457 604⎫
Imitation gold
1,112 — — ” 7,326 1,325⎬ Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and
and silver
Kerman
Other 449 3,565 610 ” 169 66⎭
Tissues—
Cotton 70,305 115,799 65,521 ” 1,682,447 604⎫
Silk 1,498 3,978 997 ” 1,245 1,175⎬ Khorassan, Afghanistan,
Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and
Woollen 1,405 2,548 3,361 ” 17,383 4,175⎪
Kerman
Other 476 2,600 — ” 2,009 296⎭
Tobacco and
2,345 1,794 3,634 ” 54,113 3,120 Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and
cigarettes
Kerman
Vehicles 82 410 653 Number 111 844 Khorassan
Vegetables and
vegetable — — — Lbs. 28,048 1,134 Khorassan and Birjand
substances
Watches 139 47 79 Number 83 146 Khorassan and Afghanistan
Wearing apparel 1,145 1,350 842 Lbs. 3,811 1,223 Khorassan, Birjand, and Seistan
Wines 98 127 297 ” 3,211 95 Khorassan
Wood,
— 126 44 ” 35,516 99 Khorassan and Seistan
manufactured
Miscellaneous 2,523 752 137 ” 293 56
Total £260,844 £341,447 £316,642 — — £405,028
APPENDIX VII
return of articles exported from khorassan to russia during the period
march 21, 1903, to march 20, 1904, compared with 1900-03
Value. 1903-04.
Articles. Remarks.
1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.
£ £ £ £
Included in “Fruits, dried”;
Almonds and
3,017 1,166 1,639 — — — separate figures not
pistachio nuts
obtainable
Animals—
Camels 540 — 94 Number 8 46
Cattle 1,719 7,913 13,702 ” 5,764 8,496
Donkeys — — 19 ” 14 18
Horses — — 136 ” 43 199
Sheep 429 2,008 1,905 ” 22,879 8,434
Unspecified 2 201 313 ” 8,947 178 Poultry, &c.
Animal products,
— — — Lbs. 38,590 505
crude
Butter and other
— 3 — ” 2,919 114
edible fats
For Constantinople,
Carpets 20,855 15,600 32,958 ” 66,125 6,233 American, and European
markets
Exported chiefly from
Charcoal 15 — 134 ” 421,512 928
Sarakhs district
Chiefly basins, ewers, and
Copper-work — — 317 ” 1,846 149
trays
Some for European, greater
Cotton, raw 162,318 74,330 121,906 ” 10,839,589 196,081
part for Russian, markets
Drugs 270 212 245 ” 4,921 135
Chiefly henna and a dye
made from the pistachio-
Dyes 2,783 1,918 1,999 ” 89,245 1,280
tree and used for dyeing
skins
Earthenware and
146 61 35 ” 1,547 99
crockery
Fodder — — 23 ” 132,392 91
Fruits, dried and
5,219 10,281 2,966 ” 10,244,286 54,716[47]
fresh
Glassware 16 1 40 — — —
Gold and silver
— — 6 Lbs. 2 30
work
Grain 696 765 2,378 ” 33,365 163
Gums 279 14 151 ” 13,462 181
Gut 233 627 195 — — —
Entered as “Animal
Indigo 717 352 241 Lbs. 761 53
products, crude”
Iron,
39 11 580 ” 1,243 73 Entirely Indian
manufactured
Mercery and
365 1,823 656 ” 9,438 1,859
hardware
Minerals, not
273 418 57 ” 1,287 74
specified
Oils 128 286 89 ” 1,950 24
Opium 36 6,681 2,975 ” 18,532 8,553
Precious stones 492 595 5,592 ” 1,638 4,597 Principally turquoises
Provisions, fresh
96 37 302 ” 15,457 1,245
and preserved
Included in “Fruits, dried”;
Raisins 2,948 20,483 37,041 — — — separate figures not
obtainable
Rope, &c. 6 51 37 Lbs. 130 4
Chiefly from Khorassan,
Shawls 12,763 16,579 12,833 ” 45,065 6,134
some from Kerman
Silk, raw 361 204 278 ” 72,326 5,074
Skins—
Untanned 29,006 26,466 18,951 ” 1,841,815 48,164
Other 2,270 6,070 3,448 ” 29,029 1,509
Spices 914 443 240 ” 32,050 684 Almost entirely Indian
Sugar—
Loaf — — 1,029 ” 114,862 1,302
Other 326 2,683 71 ” 41,757 293
Tea 25,197 34,062 10,255 ” 170,840 11,569 Entirely Indian tea
Thread—
Cotton 201 340 56 ” 345 21
Silk 211⎫ ⎧425 ” 1,547 561
⎬480⎨
Wool 10⎭ ⎩ 59 ” 13,429 218
Timber 106 38 175 ” 460,025 320
Tissues—
Chiefly turbans. Coarse
Cotton 15,721 21,110 13,703 ” 142,578 12,615
locally made cloth
From Khorassan chiefly, but
Silk 3,540 10,129 11,255 ” 460,764 28,030 also from Yezd and
Kerman
Woollen 291 1,874 2,853 ” 27,399 5,253
Other 39 199 — — — —
Tobacco and
462 152 181 Lbs. 559 36
cigarettes
Vegetables and
vegetable — — 1,929 ” 893,009 5,372
substances
Wearing apparel 1,032 372 1,403 ” 11,025 1,167
Woodwork — — — ” 7,781 154
Wool 62,770 34,498 68,121 ” 5,477,771 104,166 Largely Afghan wool, vide
“Imports from
Afghanistan”
Miscellaneous 1,078 3,415 170 ” 1,378 52
Total £359,935 £304,951 £376,166 — — £527,252
[47] Chiefly raisins.

APPENDIX VIII
return of articles exported from afghanistan to khorassan and seistan
during the period march 21, 1903, to march 20, 1904, compared with
1900-03
Value. 1903-04.
Articles. 1900- 1901- 1902- Remarks.
Quantity. Value.
01. 02. 03.
£ £ £ £
Almonds and Included in “Fruits, dried”;
404 3,297 1,479 — — —
pistachio nuts separate figures not obtainable
Animal products,
22 68 25 — — —
crude
Decrease of importation in 1903-
Butter and other
2,070 14,100 6,486 Lbs. 38,318 1,231 1904, due to mortality among
fats
the sheep owing to drought
Camels — 188 351 — — —
Carpets 1,291 1,091 2,524 Lbs. 18,857 1,285
Cattle — — 357 — — —
Cotton, raw 18 388 358 Lbs. 57,779 1,061 Re-exported to Russia
Drugs 1,759 741 1,189 ” 78,072 1,742 Partly Indian
Fruits, fresh and
16 171 15 ” 69,999 607
dried
Grain 594 889 671 ” 4,355 56
Gum 5 — 21 ” 131 7
Horses — 33 1,116 — — —
This is entirely indigo come
Indigo 77 161 231 Lbs. 6,747 720
through Afghanistan from India
Iron,
— — 17 ” 3,419 58
manufactured
Leather work — — — ” 208 58
Mercery and
229 819 391 ” 2,399 400
hardware
Oils 47 118 — — — —
Decrease due to heavy increase of
Opium 682 865 197 Lbs. 104 46
duty under new tariff
These are woollen sacks for
Packing materials 164 630 1,015 — — —
packing wool, &c.
Provisions — 436 650 Lbs. 28,756 285
Raisins 1 440 201 — — — Included in “Fruits, dried”
Rice 5,791 5,737 2,426 Lbs. 74,302 731
Rope — 43 24 — — —
Decrease due to mortality among
Sheep — 2,039 12,223 Number 8,388 2,048
the sheep
Skins—
These are chiefly postins (sheep-
Tanned 3,493 1,635 8,638 Lbs. 11,363 833
skin coats)
Untanned 1,548 1,640 7,526 ” 324,617 8,235 Large part re-exported to Russia
Spices 24 1,347 305 ” 87,126 1,060 Come chiefly from India
Thread 62 113 702 ” 2,783 380
Tissues 1,062 1,703 774 ” 6,815 271
Tobacco 230 307 174 ” 1,762 22
Wearing apparel 781 1,184 1,120 ” 1,534 275
Re-exported to Russia, and to
Wool 11,245 29,156 45,113 ” 3,240,692 90,366 United Kingdom and America via
Russia
Miscellaneous 37 420 156 ” 80 3
Total £31,652 £69,759 £96,475 — — £111,780
APPENDIX IX
return of articles exported from khorassan and seistan to afghanistan
during the period march 21, 1903, to march 20, 1904, compared with
1900-03
Value. 1903-04.
Articles. 1900- 1901- 1902- Remarks.
Quantity. Value.
01. 02. 03.
£ £ £ £
Animal products,
— — — Lbs. 12,670 196
crude
Camels — — 120 Number 7 43
Candles 50 32 139 Lbs. 4,713 154 Entirely Russian candles
Carpets — — 28 ” 12,428 989
Cattle — — — Number 8 15
Chemicals — — 67 Lbs. 2,425 52
Copper in bars — — 2 ” 1,950 27⎫ Comes from Russia and is made into
trays, water vessels, &c., in
Khorassan and exported to
” work — — 125 ” 9,562 475⎭
Afghanistan
Drugs 39 120 158 ” 12,883 228
Dyes 5 298 205 ” 3,003 27
Earthenware and
71 27 197 ” 3,081 96 Comes from Russia
crockery
Fruits, fresh and
36 23 145 ” 24,649 192
dried
Glass, mirrors, &c. — — 166 ” 2,340 40⎫
⎬Comes entirely from Russia
Glassware 102 2 170 ” 11,213 364⎭
Gold and silver
— — 39 ” 5 34
work
Grain 1 — 2 ” 14,359 73
Lamps, boxes in wood and metal,
Hardware 248 515 1,324 ” 17,986 1,248 needles, &c., buttons and beads;
mostly from Russia
Horses — — 19 Number 34 115
Indian. Export ceased owing to heavy
Indigo 72 71 572 — — —
customs duty in Persia
Iron in sheets, &c. 260 152 38 Lbs. 28,900 229⎫
” and steel, ⎬Comes entirely from Russia
108 128 101 ” 5,259 151⎭
manufactured
Leather-work — — — ” 1,287 120 Both Russian and Indian
Oil— ”
Petroleum 31 27 428 ” 137,163 818 Entirely from Russia
Other — — 273 ” 3,553 87
Paper 10 106 102 ” 780 15 Chiefly Russian
Provisions — — 162 ” 1,346 8 Butter, flour, and salt
Sheep — 2 4 Number 1,067 195
Silk, raw 66 — 96 Lbs. 2,977 1,580
Skins— ”
Furs — — — ” 13 33
Tanned and
100 180 54 ” 1,742 91
untanned
Spices 255 524 801 ” 20,753 602 Almost entirely from India
Sugar— ”
Loaf 3,747 — 4,925 ” 615,180 7,743⎫
⎬Entirely Russian
Other 1,982 450 2,600 ” 357,494 4,751⎭
Tea 1,155 802 1,898 ” 1,112 88 ndian green tea
Thread— ”
Cotton — 144 266 ” 3,458 182
Imitation gold
— ⎫ ⎬ ⎧ 9 ” 533 115
and silver
601⎨
Silk 42⎭ ⎩2,547 ” 423 175
Tin and lead in
— — 51 ” 2,301 192 Russian
ingots
Tissues— ”
Cotton 9,588 12,713 24,550 ” 387,777 29,792 Chiefly Russian
Silk — 622 1,865 ” 9,065 4,635 ” Persian
Woollen 5,102 336 97 ” 17,108 2,843
Turquoises — — — ” 384 591
Vegetables — — — ” 4,589 117
Two Russian carriages exported for
Vehicles — — 24 Number 2 84
Commander-in-Chief, Herat
Wearing apparel 2 162 94 Lbs. 2,460 221
Wood,
— 4 63 ” 1,755 37
manufactured
Miscellaneous 215 204 129 ” 468 40
Total 23,287 18,245 44,655 — — 59,903
APPENDIX X
return of articles exported from india to khorassan via the seistan route
during the period march 21, 1903, to march 20, 1904
Value. 1903-04.
Articles. Khorassan and Seistan. Khorassan only.
1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.
£ £ £ Lbs. £
Camels — — 246 — —
Candles — 115 19 — —
Drugs 9 150 45 — —
Dyes — 32 21 — —
Earthenware and crockery — 83 35 1,750 37
Fruits, dried 2 — 389 — —
Glassware — 1,508 34 — —
Indigo 1,825 8,226 3,575 47,097 5,531
Iron and brass in bars and sheets — 96 3 1,120 64[48]
Leather work — — — 3,250 409
Machinery — — 121 — —
Mercery, &c. — 2,487 840 3,350 2 9[49]
Provisions, preserved — 113 69 — —
Rice — — 102 — —
Skins 89 195 721 10,925 1,463[50]
Spices — 556 183 7,345 236
Sugar — 64 131 — —
Tea — 9,011 434 79,579 4,134 [51]
Thread (cotton) and yarn — 2 101 6,500 818
Tissues— —
Cotton — 4,427 3,281 — —
Silk — 155 — — —
Woolen — 206 109 — —
Tobacco — 83 109 840 74 [52]
Wearing apparel — 245 464 — —
Wines — — — 728 49
Miscellaneous — 148 71 227 26
Total £1,925 £27,902 £11,103 — £13,060
[48] Entirely brass sheets used for manufacturing tea-urns.

[49] Chiefly palm-leaf fans.
[50] Largely fox-skins, which are mostly re-exported to Russia.
[51] Of this, £517 worth was green tea and the rest black.
[52] Entirely snuff.
APPENDIX XI
return of articles exported from khorassan to india via the seistan route
during the period march 21, 1903, to march 20, 1904
Value. 1903-04.
Articles. Khorassan and Seistan. Khorassan only.
1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.
£ £ £ Lbs. £
Almonds and pistachio nuts 261 44 37 ” 87,750 1,039[53]
Butter (ghi) — 1,039 — ” — —
Carpets — 134 273 ” — —
Copper, brass, and nickel work (tea-urns) — — — ” [54] 10
Drugs 153 507 316 ” — —
Earthenware and crockery — — 32 ” 700 94
Fruits, dried — 62 8 ” 10,400 87 [55]
Grain — — 179 ” — —
Horses 862 2,493 3,631 Number 192 1,792
Mules 338 162 — ” — —
Silk, raw — — — Lbs. 312 218
Skins, untanned — — 429 ” — —
Tissues— ”
Cotton 50 — 55 ” — —
Silk 1,255 2,046 7,336 ” 7,598 3,658
Woollen — 2 106 ” — —
Turquoises — — — ” 180 326
Miscellaneous — 179 32 ” — 32
Total £2,919 £6,668 £12,434 — £7,256
[53] Almonds only.

[54] Not stated.
[55] Plums.
APPENDIX XII
trade value of the seistan route compared with competing routes
By the—
Trebizond-Tabriz- Baghdad-Kermanshah-
Year Quetta-Seistan Route. Bunder Abbas Route.
Teheran Route. Teheran Route.
Imports. Exports. Total. Imports. Exports. Total. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports.
£ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £
1900-
1,925 2,919 4,844 [57] [57] — [57] [57] [57] [57]
01[56]
1901-
27,902 6,668 34,570 85,813 [57] — 18,060 — [57] [57]
02[56]
1902-
11,103 12,434 23,537 108,319 [57] — — — [57] [57]
03[56]
1903-
13,060 7,256 20,316 80,261 38,165 118,426 21,780 — 20,800 —
04[58]
[56] For Khorassan and Seistan.

[57] Not recorded.
[58] For Khorassan only.
APPENDIX XIII
agreement between the united kingdom and japan
Signed at London, August 12, 1905
Preamble.
The Governments of Great Britain and Japan, being desirous of
replacing the Agreement concluded between them on January 30,
1902, by fresh stipulations, have agreed upon the following Articles,
which have for their object—
(a) The consolidation and maintenance of the general peace in
the regions of Eastern Asia and of India;
(b) The preservation of the common interests of all Powers in
China by ensuring the independence and integrity of the Chinese
Empire and the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce
and industry of all nations in China;
(c) The maintenance of the territorial rights of the High
Contracting Parties in the regions of Eastern Asia and of India, and
the defence of their special interests in the said regions:—
Article I.
It is agreed that whenever, in the opinion of either Great Britain
or Japan, any of the rights and interests referred to in the preamble
of this Agreement are in jeopardy, the two Governments will
communicate with one another fully and frankly, and will consider in
common the measures which should be taken to safeguard those
menaced rights or interests.
Article II.
If by reason of unprovoked attack or aggressive action, wherever
arising, on the part of any other Power or Powers either Contracting
Party should be involved in war in defence of its territorial rights or
special interests mentioned in the preamble of this Agreement, the
other Contracting Party will at once come to the assistance of its ally,
and will conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual
agreement with it.
Article III.
Japan possessing paramount political, military, and economic
interests in Korea, Great Britain recognises the right of Japan to take
such measures of guidance, control, and protection in Korea as she
may deem proper and necessary to safeguard and advance those
interests, provided always that such measures are not contrary to
the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of
all nations.
Article IV.
Great Britain having a special interest in all that concerns the
security of the Indian frontier, Japan recognises her right to take
such measures in the proximity of that frontier as she may find
necessary for safeguarding her Indian possessions.
Article V.
The High Contracting Parties agree that neither of them will,
without consulting the other, enter into separate arrangements with
another Power to the prejudice of the objects described in the
preamble of this Agreement.
Article VI.
As regards the present war between Japan and Russia, Great
Britain will continue to maintain strict neutrality unless some other
Power or Powers should join in hostilities against Japan, in which
case Great Britain will come to the assistance of Japan, and will
conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual agreement
with Japan.
Article VII.
The conditions under which armed assistance shall be afforded by
either Power to the other in the circumstances mentioned in the
present Agreement, and the means by which such assistance is to
be made available, will be arranged by the Naval and Military
authorities of the Contracting Parties, who will from time to time
consult one another fully and freely upon all questions of mutual
interest.
Article VIII.
The present Agreement shall, subject to the provisions of Article
VI., come into effect immediately after the date of its signature, and
remain in force for ten years from that date.
In case neither of the High Contracting Parties should have
notified twelve months before the expiration of the said ten years
the intention of terminating it, it shall remain binding until the
expiration of one year from the day on which either of the High
Contracting parties shall have denounced it. But if, when the date
fixed for its expiration arrives, either ally is actually engaged in war,
the alliance shall, ipso facto, continue until peace is concluded.
In faith whereof the Undersigned, duly authorised by their
respective Governments, have signed this Agreement and have
affixed thereto their Seals.
Done in duplicate at London, the 12th day of August, 1905.
LANSDOWNE.
(L.S.) TADASU HAYASHI.
APPENDIX XIV
chronological sketch of afghan history
1747.—Nadir Shah, a Turcoman bandit, conquers Persia with an

army composed largely of Afghans. Sacks Delhi and is assassinated
in camp on return from India.
Sirdar Ahmed Khan, an Afghan cavalry general of the Saddozai
section of the Abdali Afghans, seizes the treasure near Kandahar and
has himself crowned king of the Durani with the title of Ahmed
Shah, Duri Duran. With Ahmed commences history of Afghan nation
as an independent kingdom. He builds Kandahar shortly afterwards,
calling it Ahmed Shahior Ahmed Shahr. (These events occur about
1747.) Ahmed Shah reigns twenty-six years. He replenishes his
treasuries by frequent invasions of India. He is succeeded by his son
Timour Shah.
1773.—Timour Shah’s succession to the throne. He removes the
seat of government from Kandahar to Kabul. He reigns twenty years
and dies 1793, leaving three sons:
(1) Zaman Shah, who reigns four years, living chiefly at Peshawar.
He is deposed by his half-brother, Mahommed, and blinded as
retaliation for having caused to be executed Wazir Surfaraz Khan
Barakzai (called Paindah Khan).
(2) Mahommed, who is attacked and imprisoned by
(3) Shah Shujah, full brother of Zaman Shah. He ascends the
throne of Kabul, but lives principally at Peshawar.
1800.—Proposed invasion of India by the emperors Paul and
Napoleon.
1807.—Scheme of Indian invasion by the emperors Alexander and
Napoleon.
1809.—News having been received that Emperor Napoleon and
Tsar Alexander had agreed to invade India through Persia, Mr.
Elphinstone is sent as an ambassador to Kabul, meets Shah Shujah
at Peshawar, and concludes a treaty.
1809.—Fateh Khan, son of murdered Wazir Surfaraz Khan,
releases Mahommed and places him on the throne. Flight of Shah
Shujah from Peshawar to take refuge with Ranjit Singh at Lahore,
the latter extracting from him the famous Koh-i-Nur diamond, but
refusing to protect him.
1818.—Murder of Fateh Khan by order of Shah Mahommed and
his son Kamran. Country again convulsed with anarchy. Mahommed
and Kamran retire to Herat, the rest of the country being divided
between the brothers of Fateh Khan, the murdered Wazir, amongst
whom Dost Mahommed Khan got Kabul, Jelalabad, and Ghazni.
1826.—Accession of Dost Mahommed, Amir of Afghanistan.
1832.—Lieutenant A. Burnes’ journey to Kabul, Bokhara, Merv,
and Meshed.
1833.—Unsuccessful Persian expedition against Herat.
1837.—Persia, instigated by Russia, marches against Herat.
1837.—Siege of Herat and defence by Eldred Pottinger, November
1837, to June 1838.
1837.—Mission of Sir Alexander Burnes to Kabul to make peace
between Dost Mahommed and Ranjit Singh, September 1837.
1837.—Russian agent, Vitkievitch, at Kabul, December 1837.
1838.—Wood explores the Upper Oxus to Lake Siri-kol.
1838.—Rupture of relations with Dost Mahommed. Recall of
Burnes.
1838.—Beginning of first Afghan War, November 1838.
1839.—Capture of Kandahar.
1839.—Capture of Kabul, flight of Dost Mahommed, and
restoration of Shah Shujah (August).
1840.—Rising of Dost Mahommed (September).
1840.—Defeat and surrender of Dost Mahommed at Bamian
(November).
1841.—Assassination of Sir A. Burnes at Kabul (November).
1841.—Murder of Sir W. Macnaghten at Kabul (December).
1842.—Siege of British forces in Kabul (December 1841, to
January 1842).
1842.—Retreat and massacre of British army (January).
1842.—Advance of British relief column under General Pollock
(April).
1842.—March of General Nott from Kandahar to Kabul (August to
September).
1842.—General Pollock re-enters Kabul (September).
1842.—Evacuation of Afghanistan (October).
1842.—Dost Mahommed restored to throne.
1854.—Meeting between Ghulan Hydel, Envoy of Dost
Mahommed and Sir John Laurence at fort Abbotabad to discuss
question of alliance.
1855.—First treaty between Great Britain and Dost Mahommed
(January).
1856.—Surrender of Herat to the Persians (October).
1857.—Meeting between Sir John Laurence and Dost Mahommed
at Peshawar.
1857.—Second treaty between Great Britain and Dost Mahommed
(January).
1857.—Grant of subsidy to Dost Mahommed of 12 lakhs.
1857.—Mission of Major Lumsden to Kandahar (March to April).
1857.—War between Great Britain and Persia upon behalf of
Afghanistan (November 1856, to March 1857).
1857.—Appointment of British agent to Kabul. Removal to
Kandahar.
1857.—Treaty of Paris between Great Britain and Persia (March).
1858.—Recall of Kandahar Mission: agent remains.
1858.—Russian Mission of Khanikoff to Herat.
1858.—Death of Ghulam Hyder, son of Dost Mahommed; and Shir
Ali nominated successor to Dost Mahommed.
1863.—Death of Dost Mahommed (June). Accession of Shir Ali;
return to Kabul with British Agent from Kandahar.
1863.—Requests recognition of Mahommed Ali; treaty of peace,
and grant of 6000 rupees.
1863-1868.—Civil War in Afghanistan.
Consequent upon the nomination of Shir Ali, serious dissension
occurred in the family of Dost Mahommed. Upon the succession of
Shir Ali, rebellion broke out, and Azim, brother to Shir Ali by a
different mother, fled into British territory. Afzal, the brother of Azim,
serving as Governor of Balkh, also revolted. Shir Ali defeated Afzal,
imprisoning him in August 1864. Abdur Rahman, the son of Afzal,
was pursued by Shir Ali. Abdur Rahman was joined by Azim, the two
marching on Kabul, released Afzal and attacked Kabul in 1866. Shir
Ali fled to Kandahar, Afzal entering Kabul as Amir on May 21, 1866.
Recognised by the Government of India, he died suddenly in 1867.
He was succeeded by Azim, who was never recognised officially by
the Government of India. Shir Ali then marched against Azim in
1869, defeating him. Azim died in flight to Teheran, the final triumph
and the concluding act of the rebellion being the accession to the
throne of Shir Ali Khan in 1869.
1865.—Mahommed Ali killed.
1869.—Flight of Abdur Rahman Khan to Samarkand.
1869.—Shir Ali endeavours to obtain recognition by British
Government of his son Abdullah Jan as successor. Refused.
1869.—Umballa Conference between Lord Mayo and Shir Ali
(March).
1869.—First overtures from Lord Clarendon to Prince Gortchakow
about Afghanistan.
1872.—Gortchakow-Granville Agreement as to boundaries of
Afghanistan (October).
1872.—Seistan Boundary Commission.
1873.—Evidences of estrangement of Shir Ali from Government of
India.
1873.—Abdullah Jan proclaimed heir-apparent. Yakub Khan
revolts. Flight to Herat.
1874.—Imprisonment at Kabul of Yakub Khan.
1876.—Cool reception of Mission from Lord Lytton to Kabul.
1876.—Quetta occupied.
1877.—Abortive Conference at Peshawar between Sir L. Pelly and
the Prime Minister of Shir Ali, Nur Mahomet Shah (February).
1877.—Estrangement of Shir Ali completed.
1878.—Kauffman threatens invasion of Afghanistan and India
(June).
1878.—Pamir column despatched under General Abramoff (June).
1878.—Arrival of Stolietoff mission at Kabul (July).
1878.—Refusal of Shir Ali to allow the Mission under Sir Neville B.
Chamberlain, Commander of the Madras army, to enter Afghanistan.
Major Cavagnari and party threatened with attack at Ali Musjid if
progress through Khyber Pass maintained (September 20 and 21).
1878.—Advance continued, November 21.
1878.—Colonel Grodekoff’s ride from Samarkand to Herat
(October to November).
1878.—Denunciation of alliance with Dost Mahommed by Lord
Lytton (November 21).
1878.—Second Afghan War begun (November).
1878.—Flight of Shir Ali from Kabul and release of Yakub Khan.
1879.—Death of Shir Ali in February and accession of Yakub Khan
(February).
1879.—Treaty of Gandamak with Yakub Khan (June 8).
1879.—Assassination of Sir L. Cavagnari at Kabul, Dr. Ambrose
Kelly, Lieut. Hamilton, and Mr. Jenkins and others (September 3 and
4).
1879.—Third Afghan War begun (September 6). March of General
Roberts on Kabul.
1879.—General Roberts arrives at Kabul (September 28), and
occupies Dakka (September 22).
1879.—Execution of murderers of Sir L. Cavagnari (October 20-
24).
1879.—Twenty-five thousand Afghans defeated by Generals
Roberts and Gough (December 23).
1879.—Kabul deserted by Afghans; re-occupation by British
(December 26).
1879.—Yakub Khan deported to India (December).
1880.—Recognition of Abdur Rahman Khan as Amir (July).
1880.—Disaster of Maiwand (July 27). Defeat of General Burrows
by Ayub Khan.
1880.—March of Sir F. Roberts to the relief of Kandahar (leaving
Kabul August 8, arriving Kandahar August 31).
1880.—Rejection of Ayub’s terms by Sir F. Roberts and defeat of
Ayub at Mazra (or Battle of Kandahar on September 1).
1881.—Evacuation of Kandahar and entry of Abdur Rahman
(September 30).
1882-1883.—Surveys of Lessar.
1882.—Moslim agent appointed to represent British Government
at Kabul.
1882.—Quetta district handed over on a rent to the British.
1882.—Prince Lobanoff converses with Lord Granville re Prince
Gortchakow’s circular of 1873.
1883.—Occupation by Russia of Tejend oasis (October).
1883.—Quetta district ceded to Great Britain.
1883.—Shignan and Roshan occupied by Abdur Rahman Khan.
1883.—Abdur Rahman passes a law concerning the status of
women.
1883.—Subsidy of 12 lakhs, granted by Lord Ripon to Abdur
Rahman, due.
1884.—Frontier negotiations between Great Britain and Russia. Sir
Peter Lumsden proceeds with British Mission to Herat to demarcate
Northern Boundary of Afghanistan.
1884.—Recommencement of Quetta Railway.
1884.—Sir P. Lumsden sent as British Boundary Commissioner
(October 1884).
1884.—The Russians occupy Pul-i-Khatun (October).
1885.—The Russians occupy Zulfikar and Akrobat, and advance
upon Pendjeh (February).
1885.—Fight between the Russians and Afghans at Tash-Kepri on
the Kushk (March 30).
1885.—Rawal Pindi conference between Lord Dufferin and Abdur
Rahman Khan. Amir received K.C.S.I. (April).
1885.—War scare in Great Britain (April).
1885.—Sir P. Lumsden recalled. Colonel West Ridgeway remains
on the scene of activities of Mission.
1885.—British and Russian Boundary Commissioners meet again.
First boundary pillar formally erected (November 12).
1886.—Bolan Railway constructed to Quetta.
1886.—Demarcation of Afghan boundary up to separation of
Commission (September).
1886.—Return of British Commission through Kabul to India
(October).
1887.—Occupation of Karki by Russia (May).
1887.—Negotiations at St. Petersburg continued and concluded
(July).
1887.—Final settlement and demarcation of Afghan frontier
(winter).
1887.—Escape of Ayub Khan from Persia; failure of rebellion in
Afghanistan.
1887.—Surrender of Ayub Khan to General Maclean, Viceroy’s
Agent at Meshed, and detention in India.
1888.—Quetta Railway continued to Kila Abdulla (January).
1888.—Revolt of Is-hak Khan against Abdur Rahman Khan (July
to September).
1888.—Retreat of Is-hak Khan to Samarkand.
1889.—War scare on the Oxus boundary (February to March).
1891.—Abdur Rahman introduces the Oath of Allegiance on the
Koran among his councillors.
1891.—Abdur Rahman appoints Habib Ullah to hold public
Durbars.
1893.—Sir Mortimer Durand goes to Kabul to explain drift of
negotiations between Great Britain and Russia in connection with
Northern frontier and Pamir region.
1893.—Durand Agreement.
1893.—Increase of subsidy granted to Abdur Rahman by six
lakhs, and permitted to import munitions of war as required.
1893.—Abdur Rahman recognises British protectorate over Chitral
and agrees to respect Bajaor and Swat.
1893.—New Chaman occupied as railway terminus.
1894.—Abdur Rahman invited to England by Queen Victoria;
unable to accept.
1895.—Abdur Rahman abolished slavery in Afghanistan.
1895.—Oath of Allegiance accepted from whole of the State of
Afghanistan by Abdur Rahman.
1895.—Abdur Rahman adopts title Zia-ul-Millat-ud-Din.
1895.—Visit of Nasr Ullah Khan, second son of Abdur Rahman, to
England.
1901.—Death of Abdur Rahman (October 1). Habib Ullah
proclaimed (October 3).
1902-1903.—Re-erection of boundary pillars on Perso-Afghan
border.
1903.—Construction Quetta-Nushki Railway begun.
1903-1904-1905.—McMahon Mission for delimitation of Seistan
boundary.
1904.—Opening of the Orenburg-Tashkent Railway.

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Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01

Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects of an electric current 24

Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43

Chapter 4 Electrical power 63

Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87

Chapter 6 The series circuit 107

Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123

Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141

Chapter 9 Basic meters 155

Chapter 10 Capacitance 186

Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218

Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249

Chapter 13 DC generators 269

Chapter 14 DC motors 299

Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331

Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357

Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377

Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400

Chapter 19 Single-phase power 419

Chapter 20 Three-phase power 437

Chapter 21 Transformers 476

Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522

Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558

Chapter 24 Synchronous machines 572

Chapter 25 Test equipment and batteries 598

Chapter 1 The electric circuit 01

Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects

Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43

Chapter 4 Electrical power 63

Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 87

Chapter 6 The series circuit 107

6.3 Resistance in the series circuit 109

Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 123

Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 141

Chapter 9 Basic meters 155

Chapter 10 Capacitance 186

Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 218

Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 249

12.4 Inductance 256

Chapter 13 DC generators 269

Chapter 14 DC motors 299

Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331

Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 357

Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377

Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects

Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 522

Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 558