Prestressed Concrete Structures

References:
(1) Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures
Third Edition, SI Version
by T.Y. Lin
Ned H. Burns
John Wiley and Sons
1982

(2) Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design

Fundamentals
by Antoine E. Naaman
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
1982

(3) Prestressed Concrete

by Narbey khaehaturian
German Gurfinkel
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
1969
 SI Units

Base Unit American SI Conversion Factors

force pounds(lb) Newton(N) 1lb. = 4.448 N

length foot(ft) meter(m) 1N = 0.2248 lb.
time seconds(sec) seconds(sec) 1ft = 0..3048 m.
1m = 3.2808 ft.
mass slug kilogram(kg) 1slug = 14.594 kg.
1kg = 0.06852 slug

1 psi = 6895 Pascal (Pa)

1psi = 6895 = 0.006895 Mega Pascal = 0.006895 MPa

1psi = = = 0.006895
10psi = 0.06895 MPa
100psi = 0.6895 MPa
1000psi = 6.895 MPa

Unit weight of concrete = = = 150 x

= 150 x 157.079 = 150 x 0.1571

= 23.56
 Courses Contents
Definition of Terms
Comparison between RC and PSC
Historical Background
Sources of Prestessing
Elastic Analysis and Design of Statically Determinate Structures
 Balanced Design
 Approximate Design
 General design
 Magnel diagram
 Steel profile
 Variable Prestressing force
 Variable section
 Beams subjected to reversal of bending moment
Losses of Prestress
Post-tensioned beams
friction
elastic shortening
shrinkage
creep
anchorage take-up
steel relaxation
Pretentional Beams

Shear stresses – elastic analysis

Bond stress
Anchorage zone stresses
Torsion in PSC beams
Deflections of PSC beams
Elastic Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
PSC beams curved tendons
Design of Statically indeterminate beams
Summary of Elastic Design Procedure
Ultimate strength design in flexure

Definitions:
Concrete- is a non-homogeneous manufactured stone composed of graded granular inert
materials which are held together by the action of cement and water.

Reinforced concrete – is a composite materiall which utilizes the concrete in resisting

compressive stresses and some other materials, usually steel to resist the tensile stresses.

Prestressed Concrete- is one in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such
magnitude and distribution that the stresses resulting from the given external loading are
counteracted to a desired degree.
Comparison of RC and PSC Beams

RC :

1. There are always cracks even at working area.

2. Only part of the section is load carrying, portion below the neutral axis carries no
load.
3. The steel reinforcement carries the tensile stresses.
4. Highest stress occurs under load.

PSC :
1. There are no cracks at working load.
2. the whole of the section is load carrying.
3. the steel neutralizes the tensile stresses.
4. the highest stress occurs at prestressing.

RC:

( Figure )

PSC:

(Figure)

Sign Convention: Tensile stress = (-)

Compresseve Stress = (+)

Where P= prestressing force

 A= Gross area of section
C1= distance from the n.a to top fiber
C2= distance from the n.a to bottom fiber
I= second moment of the area of the section
MD= bending moment at sec.x-x due to dead load
M= Bending moment at sec. x-x due to line load
Z= I/C1 = Section module of the beam
Z= I/C2 = Section module of the beam

Checking the Stresses

At transfer:
ftop = + - Figure

fbot. = + +

At working Load

ftop = + - + Figure

fbot. = + +

where = η = (1- ) and ηP = Effective Prestressing

forse after losses

Historical Development
The Romans were known to be the first to use the principle of prestressing:
Example is the wooden barrel used to store wine.

1886 – 1908 – Development of prestressing in concrete

1872 – P. A. Jackson (USA)
1888 – C.E.W. Doehring (Germany)
1907 – J.G.F. Lund (Norway)
J. Mandl (Austria)
M. Koenen (Germany)
1908 – G.R. Steiner (USA)
1928 – F. Von Emperger (Australia) suggested the use of height strength steel
1923 – R.E. Dill (USA) proposed the concept of full prestressing
1928 – E. Freyssinet (France) started the development work
1940 – G. Magnel
Y. guyon, P. Abeles, F. Leonhardt

After World War II

Full scale applications
T.Y. Lin

Sources of Prestressing:

1. Jacks reacting against the abutments –

The principal difficulty associated with such a system is that even a slight
movement of the abutment will reduce the prestressing force.

Figure

2. Preteusioning:
The wires afre stressed before the concrete is cast. When the concrete is hard
enough, the wires are cut, thus inducing compressive stresses on the concrete.

Figure

3. Postensioning (Bonded of unbonded)

Holes are provided for the cables and when the concrete is hard enough to carry
the prestress, the wires are inserted through these holes and stressed against the
ends of the concrete member. For bonded postentioning, neat concrete is pump
inside the duct.

Figure
 Materials used in PSC.

1. Concrete- use high-early strength cement

2. Steel- use high strength steel

(Figure)

Development of Building Materials

Materials Materials Materials

Resisting Resisting Resisting Tension and
Compression Tension Compression

(Figure)

Examples:
A prestressed- concrete rectangular beam 500mm. by 750 mm. has simple span of
7:30 m and is loaded by a uniform load of 45 KN/m. including its own weight. The
prestressing tendon is located 145mm below the neutral axis and the initil prestressing
force is 1620 KN. Compute the stresses in the concrete at the midspan section. What
would be the stresses if the losses in prestress are 15%?

(Figure)

M= WL2 = x 7.32= 299.76 KN-m.

P= 1620 KN; A= 500x750= 375,000 mm2
E= 145mm. I= bd3 = = 1.758x1010 mm4.

C 1 = C2 = = 375 mm.

At transfer:
Ftop=

Ftop= + 4.32- 5.01 = -0.69 MPa (tensile)

 Ftop= +4.32+ 5.01 = +9.33MPa

At working load: (no losses of prestress)

Ftop=

Ftop= + 4.32 - 5.01 + 6.39 = 5.70 Mpa

Ftop= + 4.32 + 5.01 – 6.39 = 2.94 MPa

At. Working load (with losses of 15%)

Ftop= + 0.85(4.32)- 0.85(5.01)+ 6.39 = 5.81 MPa

Ftop = +3.67 + 4.25 – 6.39 = 1.53 MPa

Elastic Design in Hexure

(A) Balanced Design

Notations:
Ftt= Allowable concrete stress in tension at transfer
Ftw= Allowable concrete stress in tension at working load
Fct= Allowable concrete stress in compression at transfer
Fcw= Allowable concrete stress in compression at working load
Md= Dead load bending moment at agiven section
Ml= live load bending moment at a given section
P= Initial prestressing force
A= Gross area of the section
N= Efficiency of prestress
E= Eccentricity of prestress at a given section
I= Second moment of area of the section
C1= Distance of top fiber from n.a
C2= Distnace of bottom fiber from N.A
Z1= Section Module

Z2= Section module

Consider the stresses at transfer due to dead load and prestress only:
Figure

Consider the stresses at working load:

Figure

+ (1)

(2)

+η (3)

+ (4)

From Eqs. (1) And (3) [Eq. (3) - η x Eq. (1)]

Formula
From Eqs. (2) and (4)
Formula

From Eqs. (5) and (6)

Formula

Observation:
1. The section module are directly determining by Eqs. (5) and (6). The predominant
factor is the liveload bending moment ML.
2. Balanced design is not possible for slabs or symmetrical sections although the
difference between the balanced and symmetrical section is often very small.
3. With the section modkule known, Eqs. (11) and (17) remain for the determination
of the prestressing force P which also determines the area of steel AS and the
concrete area A which determines the depth of the section and the eccentricity e.
4. As in reinforced concrete, there are a number of sections which will satisfy the
condition of balanced design ranging from heavily reinforce deep sections. In
practiced the coice is limited by the following consideration:
a. The ratio of depth to width is limited by the possible danger of torsion buckling.
b. The ratio of web thickness to the overall width is limited by the shear stresses
and the ratio of the flange thickness to overall depth by secondary stresses in the
 flange. The thickness of the web must be sufficient to allow correct placing of the
concrete.
c. Since the cables must normally be inside the section, the eccentricity is limited by
the depth of the section.
B. Approximate Method of Design

Assumptions: Fcw = Fct = FC

Ftw = Ftt = 0
η = 1.0 (no losses of prestress

Figure

Due to prestress and MD

(1)

(2)

Due to presstress, MD and ML

(3)

(4)

Where: and
From Eqs. (1) and (3)

(5)
From Eqs. (2) and (4)

(6)
If an unsymmetrical section is used, it follows that

(7)
Cose A :
Suppose therefore; C2 > C1
From Eq. (1)
or (8)
Similarly, from Eq. (4)
(9)

Equating Eq.(8) and Eq.(9)

where C1 + C2 =h

(10)

But

(11)

Note that in Eq. (11) C1 is smaller than C2, thus Cmin = C1

From Eq. (9)

From Eq. (10)

Therefore:
 (12)
Cose B
Suppose
Then or
or Cmin = C2

From Eq. (10)

. (13)
From Eq. (11) and (13), it follows that

(14)
From Eq. (8)

But

or

Therefore, (15)
Note: that the eccentricity e as defined by Eq. (12) and (15) is the same.

Summary:
1. Find the minimum section modulus from
 2. Choose a suitable trial section
3. Find the prestressing force P

4. Compute MD from trial section

5. Determine the steel profile
(FIGURE)

(FIGURE)
6. Check stresses at transfer and working load

*Note: The equation in No. 5 is valid only when the direction of MD and ML are the same.

Design Example:

A post tensional beam simply supported at each end carrias a uniform load of 11.45
KN/m. on span of 16.3m. Calculate the midspan dimensions required for balnce design
is the following allowable stresses are assumed:

Fcw= Fct= 13.79 MPa

Ftw= Ftt= -0.89 MPa

Allowable steel stress is 931 MPa assume 15% loses o prestress. Use unsymmetrical I-
section.

Solution:

η= 1-
Assume dead weight of beam = 5.1KN/m.

MD=

ML=
Determine section module

From, Eq. (5); Z1=

Z1=
From Eq. (6); Z=

Z2=
From Eq. (11)
Pe=

Pe=
Pe= 388.64x106 Nmm.
From Eq. (17)

Ae=

Ae=
Ae= 55.73x106 mm3

From Eq. (18)

C2= h

C2= h

C2= 0.464 h lower flange is wider than top flange

 C1= 0.536 h

(FIGURE)
Assume that the tendon is located at 0.075h from the bottom of the flange.

e= 0.464h- 0.075h= 0.389h

In general, let e= Ø h, here; Ø= 0.389

Determine the ratio

In this example,
Note : the ratio is important in that by satisfying it means that the section is
deep enough to accommodate the tendons. From the tables, choose section width

Try the following proportion:

DF/D= 0.20 AC/bD=0 .64 IC/bD3= 0.064
Br/b= 0.50 ht/D= 0.46 2t/bd2= 0.138
BB/= 0.70 hB/D0.54 2B/bD2= 0.119

If D = 153mm. D=

ZB/ bD2 = 0.119 B=

BB = 0.070x401 = 281mm.
(FIGURE)
Br = 0.50x401 = 201mm.

Compute actual section properties

A = 281x153+401x153+459x201
A = 196,605 mm2 Trial Section

C2 = 353.9mm. ; C = 411.1mm.
I = 11,433.314 x106 mm4
Z 1= 27.89x106mm3
Z2 = 32.30x106mm3. > 32.16x106mm3

OK
e=

P=

=1,371 KN

Check Stresses:
Unit weight of concrete = 150 16/ft3
= 150x0.1571 KN/m3
= 23.56 KN/m3

WD = 23.56x

MD =

N/mm2 (MPa)

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2
At transfer:

Ftop= 6.973 – 13.934 + 5.477 = -1.484 N/mm2

Fbot = 6.973 + 12.031- 4.729 = + 14.75 N/mm2

At working load:

Ftop = 5.927 – 11.843 + 5.477 + 13.634 = 13.195 N/mm2

Fbot = 5.927 + 10.22 – 4.729 – 11.772 = -0.354 N/mm2

Note: The stresses at transfer exceed the allowable stresses. Redesign the section.

(C) General Design

(Figure)

Use the same notations

as in balanced design:

At transfer ( consider Pand MD )

( 1)

(2)

At working load ( consider ηP, MD and ML )

(3)

(4)

Multiply Eq. (1) by η and Eq. (3) by (-1),

(5)
 - (6)
Adding Eq. (5) and (6)

or (8)

(9)

From Eq. (2) and (4).

Multiply Eq. (2) by N and Eq. (4) by (-1),

(10)

(11)

Adding Eq. (10) and (11).

(12)

(13)

Magnel Diagram

Let GRAPH
 GRAPH
Similarly,

Rearrange Eqs. (1) to (4) and multiply to the sides by

From Eq. (1)

(14)

From Eq. (2)

(15)

From Eq. (3)

(16)

From Eq. (4)

 (17)

But and

From Eq. (14)

or (18)

GRAPH
If ;

If e=0;

From Eq. (15)

(19)
If

FIGURE

From Eq. (16)

(20) GRAPH

If

From Eq. (!7)

 e  A MD ML 
n 1      Ftw 
 K1  P  Z2 

(21) GRAPH

If
Magnel Diagram

(Diagram)

Note: The limiting lines therefore take the form shown in the figures.
The Hatched portion in each case represents the range of values of
and admissible by the inequality under consideration.

Minimum Maximum P
Maximum Minimum P

For points:
Below - overstressed in tension at transfer
Below - overstressed in compression at transfer
Above - overstressed in compression at working load
Above - overstressed in tension at working load
For Balanced Design:

(Graph) Note: The limiting lines combined into a Single

diagram and the hatched portions indicate the range of
values of and admissible for any given section.
For balanced design, and will coincide; and
will also coincide. The intersection of the resulting
two lines determine e balanced.

Example 3: Magnel Diagram

Design Example:
A post-tensional concrete beam shown below carries a line load of 11.45 KN/m.
on a simply supported span of 16.3m. in addition to its
dead stresses, find the amount of steel required and
eccentricity at midspan by Magnel Diagram.

Allowable Stresses:

Fct = 13.80 Mpa Fcw = 14.50Mpa

Ftw = -0.90 Mpa Ftt = -0.80 Mpa

Losses = 15% η = 0.85

Properties of Section (Figure)

A= 196,605 mm2
C1 = 411.1 mm.
C2 = 353.9 mm.
Z1 = 27.81x 106 mm3.
Z2 = 32.30x106 mm3.

Γc = 23.56 KN/ m3 ; W = 23.56x

= 4.6 KN/m.

M=
ML =

check Z1 ;

Actual OK
Actual Z2 > 31.96x106 OK

Draw the Magnel Diagram of the section:

K1 = Z2 = 32.3x106 = 164.28 mm
A 196,605
K2 = Z1 = 27.81x 106 = 141.45 mm
A 196,605

From Eqs: (14),(15),(16) and (17)

Ftt line: If A = 0; e = + K2 = + 141.45

P
If e=0; A = -1 = -1 = -0.1589
P (MD/Z1 - Ftt) (5.493+0.80)
Fct line:
If A = 0; e=-K1 =-164.28mm
 P
If e = 0; A = 1 = 1 = 0.0539
P (MD/Z1 – Fct) (5.493+13.80)

Fcw line:
If A = 0; e=+K2 = +141.45mm
P
If e=0; A= -n = -0.85 =-0.1814
P (MD+ML/Z1-Fcw) (19.184+13.80)
line:
If

If

Figure:
Magnel Diagram

From Magnel Diagram

Try
Check stresses:

At transfer:

At working load:

Design of Steel (tendon) Profile

I. Beams of uniform cross-section with constant prestressing force.

(DIAGRAM)

At section x-x, the four basic inequalities are:

(1)

(2)
 (3)

(4)
Multiply Eq. (1) by (-1) and solve for e, thus

(5)

From Eq. (2)

(6)

Multiply Eq. (3) by (-1) and solve for e, thus

(7)

From Eq. (4)

(8)

Taking equations (5) and (6) as a pair; choose the smaller of the two as the controlling
eccentricity. Similarly taking equation (7) and (8) as a pair, choose the greater of the two
as the controlling eccentricity. These two controlling eccentricities will form a safe
tendon zone where the wires can be placed.

Example 4: Design of steel profile

For the beam in wxample 3 (Magnel Diagram) draw the tendon zone profile.

For this beam:

MD = 152.77 KNm. Fct = +13.80 MPa
ML = 380.77 KNm. Ftt = -0.80
η = 0.85 Fcw = +14.50
Ftw = -0.90

Actual section properties

A= 196,605mm2 (Figure)
C1 = 411.1 mm.
C2 = 353.9 mm
Z1 = 27.81x106 mm3
P = 1,512,346 N

The tenzon zones are defined by the four equations for e, thus

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

At midspan:
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

At support:

MD=O; ML=O.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(above n.a.)

(4)

(above n.a.)

(Figure)

II. Beams of constant cross-section and with variables prestressing force.

(Figure)
To simplify the procedure, use the approximate method of design.

At transfer:

(Figure)

At transfer, the stress at the top of the beam due to prestress and MD is

(1)

At the working load:

(Figure)

At working load, the stress at the bottom of the beam is

(2)

Or

From Eqs. (1) and (2),

(3)

(4)

Equating Eqs. (3) and (4)

But C1+C2=h
Or P= (5)

For prismatic beams, A, C1, C2, I and h are constant from one end of the beam to another
end. It follows the P will very as ML.

Consider sec x-x where the first cable is to be cut. Assume that there are N cables at
midspan and they are all stressed equally.

Let P = total prestressing force

N = no. of cables or tendons

Assume that the inclinations of the cables are small so that cos θ 1.00. The cables force
is equal to the horizontal component.

(Figure)

Taking moments of forces at point E.

C1+

C1+ (6)

The eccentricities and should satisfy the stress requirements at transfer and working
load given by Eqs. (1) and (2).

Thus, if MDX and MLX are the dead load and live load bending moments at sec. x-x, then.
For the left of sec. x-x,
 (7)

And for the right of sec. x-x,

(8)

Substituting the values of Eqs. (7) and (8) into Eq. (6) yields,

1st cable: MLX = (9)

Eq. (9) defines the moment at sec. x-x where the first cable is to be out.

It can be shown that for the next cable.

2nd cable: MLX = (10)

3rd cable: MLX = (11)

etc……………

For a rectangular section,

K1 = K 2 =
Thus, from Eqs. (9) and (10) and (11), the bending moments MLX for the sections where
the first, second and third cables are to be cut are respetively:

MLX =

MLX = For the first cable

MLX = For the second cable

MLX = For the third cable

Etc……………….

Once the moment MLX is known, the point where to out the cable can be determined.

For simply supported beam with uniform load, MLX is related to the ML by the following:

(Figure)

From the property of the parabola

x=

Example 5: Cutting of cables

 For the beam in Example 4, assume that four (4) cables of equal prestressing force
are used. Determine the points where the cables can be cut.

Given:

I = 11,433.314x106mm4

A = 196,605 mm2

C1 = 441.1 mm. ML = 380.77 KNm.

C2 = 353.9 mm.

K1 = = 164.28mm.

K2 = = 141.45 mm.

P = 1,512,346 N

Forces per cable;

For the first cable: MLX =

Where N=4

MLX=

1st cable MLX = 253.45 KNm.

2nd cable:

MLX =

MLX =

MLX = 137.86 KNm.

3rd cable:

MLX =

MLX =

(Figure)

X=

Where x is measured from the ¢

First cable: x = 0.5L = 0.289L

2nd cable: x = 0.5L = 0.399L

3rd cable: x = 0.5L = 0.485L

(Figure)

III. Beams with variables section but with constant pretressing force
(Figure)

From fig: 1 MDX = dead load moment at sec. x

MLX = live load moment at sec. x

Or K2 = (1)

Similarly, from fig: (2)

Or K2 = (2)

(figure)

Fig 3

From fig: 3

MLX = P (K1+K2)

But
Thus (3)
Good for sections of any shape.

For a rectangular section

C 1 = C2 = I= : A=bh

Use (+) sign

(4)

At the support, where MLX = 0

(minimum height for rectangular beam) (5)

Beams subjected to reversal of bending moments

 (figure)

1. Approximate Method of Design

Fcw = Fct = Fc

Ftw = Ftt = 0

, no losses

Consider the section at a-a

MD = dead load bending moment at a-a

ML = live load bending moment at a-a (x)

MN = live load bending moment at a-a (-)

The beam has to be designed considering the following cases:

1. The presence of P, MD and ML only

2. The presence of P, MD and MN only

3. The presence of P, MD , ML and MN

1. Due to P, MD and ML

(Figure)

(1) (3)

(2) (4)

From (1) and (3)

Z1=

From (2) and (4)

 Z2=

2. Due to P, MD and MN

(Figure)

(1) (3)

(2) (4)

From (1) and (3)

Z1=

From (2) and (4)

Z2= .

3. Due to P, MD, ML and MN

(Figure)

Case I: P+MD+MN case II: P+MD+ML

For case I:

(1)
 (2)

For case II:

(3)

(4)

From Eqs. (1) and (3),

(5)

Note: (ML+MN) is the range of line load bending moment.

Likewise, from Eqs. (2) and (3)

(6)

The section module is dependent on the range of the line load bending moment.

From Eq.(1); (7)

From Eq.(2); (8)

From Eq.(3); (9)

From Eq.(4); (10)

From Eq.(6) and Eq.(8)

 (11)

Eq.(11) is the same as Eq.(10)

From Eq.(5) and Eq.(9)

(12)

Eq.(12) is the same as Eq.(7)

Equating Eq.(11) to Eq.(12)

But C1+C2 = h

Thus, (13)

Note that P is dependent on the range of line load bending moment.

Determine the value of e

From Eq.(13),

Substituting the above into Eq.(7) yields

 (14)

Consider sec. b-b.

(Figure)

Case I: Case II:

Let Z1=

C1+C2=h

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

From Eqs.(1) and Eqs.(3)

(5)

From Eqs.(2) and Eqs.(4)

(6)

It can be shown that

 (7)

And

(8)

II Balance Design

For sec. a-a

(Figure)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

From Eq.(1) and (3)

(5)

From Eqs. (2) and (4)

(6)

It can be shown that

(7)
 (8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

III. General Design

Consider sec. a-a Let Z1= and Z2=

(figure)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

From Eqs. (1) and (3)

(5)

From Eqs. (2) and (4)

(6)
Determine the Magnet Diagram

Let K1= and K2=

From (1)

when e = 0 ; (figure)

; e = +K2

From (2)

When e = 0 ;

e = -K1

From Eq. (3)

When e = 0 ; (figure)

; e = +K2

From Eq. (4)

When e = 0 ; (figure)

; e = -K1

From the value of e and , plot the magnel diagram of the beam.

For section b-b:

(figure)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Fro Eqs. (1) and (3)

(5)

From Eq. (2) and (4)

(6)

Draw the Magnel Diagram:

From Eq. (1)

 But Z1=AK2

When e = 0 ; (figure)

; e = -K2

From Eq. (2)

When e = 0 ; (figure)

; e = +K1

From Eq. (3)

When e = 0 ; (figure)

; e = -K2

From Eq. (4)

When e = 0 ; (figure)

; e = +K1

Losses in PSC Beams.

Post – tensioned Beams

1. Friction

(a) curvature effect

(b) wobble or length effect

2. Elastic deformation or elastic shortening

3. Shrinkage

4. Anchorage set

5. Relaxation of steel

6. Creep of concrete

Pretensioned Beams

1. Elastic deformation

2. Shrinkage

3. Relaxation of steel

4. Creep of concrete

Post – tensioned Beams

1. Losses due to friction

(figure)
Consider an infinitesimal length as of the cable (figure)

Let μ = coefficient of friction between the steel

and the surrounding materials

K = wobble effect which is a friction stress

created pr unit tensile force in the cable per unit length.

Therefore KP is the friction stress per unit length induced by wobble effect.

Let Po = tensile force at the jacking end

Px = tensile force at any section

S = curved length of the cable

x = horizontal length of the cable

From the figure,

The vertical components of P and (P+dp) is Pv,

thus (Figure)

Pv =

Note that for small angles,

Sin

Pv =

Or Pv = P.dθ.

The vertical force per unit length is ef the coefficient of friction is , then the

frictional force is

The total frictional force is F= KP+ per unit length.

The equilibrium of forces in the horizontal direction yields.

Dividing all terms by P and integrating,

Ln Px-ln Po+

Px=Poe

In practice,

Thus Px=Poe

For small values of say = 0.30

e- = 1- +

e- 1-

(*)

Friction loss; (Po-Px)= Po (*)

%loss = 100 (*)

Suggested values of and K

Wire cables 0.25 0.0015

High strength bars 0.30 0.0003

Galvanized strands 0.25 0.0015

Curvature wabble

effect effect
Angle of inflection;

For parabolic cables *****(FIGURE)*****

This is the equation of the parabola.

The slope at any point is

Slope=

At support, x=0 slope θ=

Thus, the angle of inflection is

For inclined cables

*****(FIGURE)*****

Consider a parabola cables shown:

***(FIGURE)****

E= 4X2+bx+c

Boundary conditions: x= o; e= +e1

x= ; e= +e2

x= L; e= +e3

hence:
C= e1

The slope at any point is

Where A and B are known. The angle of inflection can be calculated.

Example:

For a beam with cable configuration shown below, find the effective prestressing force at
the other end if μ is 0.30 and K is 0.0002

***(FIGURE)******

(A) By Approximate method:

%losses=

(B) Analyze the losses by segments:

Cable AB:

At B:

Cable BC:

At C:

Cable CD:

At D

Cable DE:

%losses =

*****(FIGURE)******

Effective cable force Profile

II Losses due to elastic shortening

***(FIGURE)****

Consider a post- tensioned beam with N cables stressed one after the other .

Let:

N= total number of cables

e1, e2, …ex…eN= vertical eccentricity of cables 1, 2, x… N respetively

e1, e2, …ex…eN= horizontal eccentricity of cables 1, 2, x… N respetively

As= total area of prestressing steel

A= gross area of the section

IXX= Arx2= second moment of area about the x-x axis of the section
 Iyy= Ary2= second moment of area about the y-y axis of the section

rx= radius of gyration about the x-x axis

ry= radius of gyration about the y-y axis

σ i= initial stress of each prestressing steel Force/ cable= (N)

If the (x+x)th cable is stressed, the effect on the xth cable can be calculated as follows:

The concrete stress at the vicinity of the Xth cable is

Or

(2)

The concrete strain is

Є C=

Є C= (3)

If no slip secure the concrete strain will be equal to the steel strain, and the corresponding
steel stress is

(4)

Setting which is the steel ration and m= which is the modular ratio of the
module of steel to concrete,

Thus:
 (5)

If N cable are stressed one after the other, the loss of stress in the xth cable is

(6)

The average loss in all cables is

(7)

When all the cables have the same vertical eccentricity and ignoring the effect of the
horizontal eccentricity, the average loss may be simplified as

(8)

When the number of cables is large enough, (N-1) the average

loss reduces to

(9)

Ef the cables are curved, the expression for is

Where the eccentricity must be expressed in terms of L.

Example:

*(FIGURE)*
1st cable:

2nd cable:

3rd cable:

4th cable:

5th cable:

Ave

Ave (%loss)=

Example: Beam with parabolic tendons

***(FIGURE)****

For a parabolic cable shown

 cable 1: ec= 5e

cable 2: ec= 3e

Cable 3: ec= e

Cabel 1: relative to n.a., the equation of the cables are:

e1=

cable 2

e2=

cable 3

e1=

loss of prestress:

Where e1 e2 and e3 are defined above

Evaluate and
Evaluate
Losses =

III. Losses due to shrinkage of concrete

Shrinkage is a time-dependent deformation it is influence by the following:

(a) type of cement

(b) type of aggregate

(c) mix design

(d) method of curing

(FIGURE)

Let: = shrinkage strain

= net concrete strain

= steel strain

= steel stress due to shrinkage

 A = gross area of the section

= total area of stress

= second moment of area

= radius of gyration about x – x

From the diagram

If the stress of the steel due to shrinkage is , then the concrete stress in the vicinity of
the cable is:

(2)

Setting

(3)

From Eq. (1)

(4)

or

(5)

Substituting values,

(6)
 (7)

Setting

(8)

To determine the value of , the shrinkage strain must be specified. Empirical

values are normally specified.

For example: (9)

Where H is the relative humidity in %.

Eq. (9) is suggested by schorer.

For sections where the steel ratio p is small, the term in Eq. (8)

Is close to 1.00, thus the loss of stress in the steel can be approximated as

(10)

IV. Losses due to creep of concrete

Creep is a non-elastic deformation under load believed to be due to the closure of

internal voids, viseous flow of the cement-water paste, crystalline flow in aggregate and
the squezzing of water from the cement under load.

(FIGURE) Let = initial stress before creep

= loss of stress in the steel due to creep

= final steel stress

The concrete stress in the vicinity of the wire is

(1)

Assume the loss due to creep is proportional to the stress in the concrete, thus

Thus; (2)

Where = creep / unit length / unit stress

From Eqs. (1) and (2)

(3)

(4)

% loss =

V. Losses due to anchorage stress

(FIGURE)

Let = slip of the anchorage

/L = modulus of elasticity of the steel

%loss = = initial stress of the steel

= length of the beam

/L

VI. Losses due to relaxation of steel

Let

= steel stress at any time t

= numbers of hours after initial stressing

= initial steel stress

= yield point stress of steel

The expression suggested by Magura, Sozen and Siess is

If is the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel,

For example:
 hrs.

log t = 3.9425

General Comment

If the total loss of prestress is not specified in the design, use the following:

For post-tensional beams:

where Fs is in lb./in.2

or where Fs is in N/mm2

Losses in Protensional Beams

I. Losses due to elastic deformation

(FIGURE) Let = initial steel stress

= steel stress at transfer

= total steel area

A = gross area of section

The stress at the vicinity of the concrete at transfer is

(1)

The concrete strain is

 (2)

Since perfect bond exist between the steel and the concrete, therefore .

(3)

(4)

where

now

(5)

Loss of stress

(6)

(7)

%1m =

2. Losses due to shrinkage use expression derived for post- tensioned beams
3. Losses due to creep use expression derived for post- tensioned beams

4. Losses due to relaxation of steel use expression derived for post- tensioned beams

General comment

FN pre- tensioned beams use

where FS is in eb/in2

Or where Fs is in N/mm2

Shear Stresses in PSC Beams

Consider a prestressed concrete beam with curve tendon as shown. The free- body of
the left portion of the beam is shown:

****(FIGURE)*****

Let VT= total shear at sec.x-x

VC = shear carried by the concrete

VP= shear carried by the tendons

V T = V C+ V P (1)

Where VP= P sin θx (2)

For small angles of

(3)

From Eq. 3, it is obvious that the cables when property shaped will help carry the
shear in prestress concrete beams. Consider a parabolic cable as shown:

(4) **************FIGURE*****
EX= (5)

The slope of the tendon is obtained as

(6)

Distribution of shear stress

*****(FIGURE)*******

(7)

(8)

(9)

Where Q= = statical moment of area about the N.a of a section above y1.

(10)

(11)

(12)

Or (13)
Where b= width of the section under consideration

I= second moment of area of the section

Q= statical moment of the area above Y1 width respect to the centroidal

axis

For rectangular beams:

***(FIGURE)******

Elastic Design of Shear Reinforcements

Consider the stresses of an element distance Y1 from the neutral axis of the beam
as shown below:

*************9FIGURE)*************

The longitudinal stress can be determined by considering the effect of the dead load,
live load and the pre-stressing cable, thus,

Similarly, T can be calculated from Eq. (13), thus,

The principal stresses can be obtained by the use of the Mohr circle.

Sign convention and notations:

is positive for compressive stress

= Principal compressive stress

= Principal tensile stress

 = Shear stress

XX = Horizontal plane

YY= Vertical plane

CC= Plane of principal compression

TT= Plane of principal tensile

(Figure)

x
 1  
2

Tan

(Figure)

Let Av = Area of Stirrups

Fv = Allowable stress of the Stirrups

S = Spacing of Stirrups

Avfv = (Figure)

Av=

Or

Note: the American practice is to use instead of in this formula. The Europeans
use the more conservative approach and use without regards to the allowable tensile
stress .
Example:

A rectangular PSC beam 406mm by 1220mm. with a span of 18m. carries two
concentrated loads of 222KN, each located at 6m. From each end plus its own dead
weight. The cable with an effective pre-stressing force of 3380KN is parabolic with sag
of 348mm at magnitude of the principal stresses of an element 3m from the support and
100mm. above the bottom of the beam. Assume concrete weight 23.56KN/m3

(Figure)

A=406x12220=495,320mm2

At 3m from the support:

R=222KN +11.669

Equation of cable

(Figure)

At

Slope:

At
(Figure) (Figure)

(Compressive)
 (Tensile)

Tan ;2

Effect of Vertical Pre-stressing

For beams subjected to high shear stresses, it is useful to provide vertical pre-
stressing.

(Figure)

Consider the stresses of an element A as Shown:

(Figure)

For no principal tensile stress to be present

Bond stresses in PSC Beams

There are two types of bond stresses

1. Hexural bond stress

2. Stress-Transfer bond

A. Hexural bond stress

(Figure)

At any point y from n.a.

At the vicinity of the wire, the concrete stresses are and at point A and B
respectively,

(Concrete strain=steel strain as there is no slippage)

The steel stress is:

let

Similarly,

Hence: where As= are of steel

But and

Or and

(Figure) let Perimeter of the wire

Where Vc=net shear force carried by the concrete at the sec.

M=Es/Ec

As = are if the steel =

Perimeter of the steel = for circular wires

y = distance of the wire from n.a.

Stress-Transfer Bond

(Figure)
 (Figure)

Let Poisson’s ratio of concrete

Poisson’s ratio of steel

Coefficient of friction between concrete and steel

Transfer bond stress at (x=0)

Transfer bond stress at x

Es = module of elasticity of steel

Ec = module of elasticity of concrete

= initial pre-stress

Shrinkage strain

Lt= transmission length

At any distance x from the end of the beam, the change in diameter of the steel is

(1)

The bond stress is

(2)

Since the beam is large compared to the wire, it may be assumed as a thick cylinder.
According to lame, the change in diameter of a thick cylinder under pressure of the
normal stress is

(3)

Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (3) and solving for ,

(4)
 (5)

Where (6)

Becomes

(7)

At the end of the beam, and thus

(8)

(Figure)

(9)

From Eq. (7), if the shrinkage strain is assumed constant, than the change in bond
stress is

(10)

Substituting Eq. (10) into Eq. (9) yield

Or (11)

(12)
 To determine the effective pre-stress at distance Lt from the end of the beam,
integrate Eq. (9) from 0 to Lt and equate it to

As, thus

(13)

The stress at any distance x from the end of the beam is

(14)
The transmission length Lt is obtained from Eq. (13), thus

(15)

(16)

The transmission lengths Lt suggested by other research workers are as follows:

From Hoyer LT =

Where

From Evans and Bennet, Lt = where =ship of the wire

From Kaar, La Fraugh and Mass , Lt= σsr is in kips/sq.in.

ACl code:
Lt = 50 D

Anchorage Zone Stresses:

(Simplified Approach)

Figure

The state of stresses at the end of the beam is very complicated. Several methods
of analysis have been tried in the past but these methods are two complicated to be used
in the design office. A simplified approach will be presented. The analysis is valid for
any shape of section but since in practice the end of the beam is normally rectangular,
therefore the equations will be derived for a rectangular section.

Consider a rectangular end block subjected to the force P at an eccentricity e as

shown

Figure

At any point y from the bottom of the beam, the stress in the end block is:

But A = bh, I=

Consider the equilibrium of the end block

For y < g Figure

P1 =
P2 =

∑MO = 0

for 0<y<g

For y>g

Figure

∑ MO = 0

M= P1

For g<y<h

In designing the anchorage reinforcement the maximum moment should be obtained for
use in design. The obvious point to check is at the level of the load.

Recommended Design Procedure:

1. Transverse reinforcement shall be provided within the distance from the
ends of the beam in the form of closed stirrups to carry the total force T by the
following expression:
T=

Figure )************ where T=total tensile force

M= maximum moment
Z= distance between end of beam and the
 centroid of stirrups within (h/2) from the
end.
As a first trial use Z= h/4
h= height of the beam
2. The allowable stress in the stirrup should not exceed the following

Where: fs= allowable stress of stirrup psi

ES= modules of elasticity of stirrup psi
AS= area of one leg of stirrup, in2.
W= crack width, inches
Fc1=ultimate compressive strength of concrete psi
Or

FS= 0.009492

Where fS, ES and fC1 are in N/mm2 and wis in mm, AS is in mm2

3. Number of stirrups (closed)

Total area of stirrups
(AS x no. of legs of stirrups)
Example:

Determine the magnitude and position of the maximum moment at

the anchorage zone of a beam subjected to concentrated prestressing
forces as shown. Determine the stirrups required.

***************(FIGURE)**************

For O<Y<3:”
M1= 240(15)

M2= 60(9)

M3= 60(6)

M=15.417y2-0.1929y3 (1)
 For 3”<y<9”

M1= 240(15)

M2= 60(9)

M2= 60(9)

M= 15.417y2-0.1929y3-240y+720 (2)

For 9”<y<12”

M1= 240x15

M2= 60x9

M3= 60x6

For y>12”

M1= 240x15

M2= 60x9

M3= 60x6

M= 15.417y2-0.1929y3-360y+1980 (4)

From (4)
 2(15.417)y-3(0.1929)y2- 360 =0

Y2-53.2y+622.08 =0

y 17” Mmax= - 632.2 Kup-in

design of stirrups:

assume no.4 stirrups

As=

FC1= 5000psi.; w= 0.005in.

ES= 30x106psi.

Assume Z= 9”= (h/4)

T= 633.2/(36-9)= 23.91kips

N=

*****(figure)******

TORSION IN PSC Beams

Torsional stresses in PSC beams occur because of the loads applied with certain
eccentricities.

************(FIGUR)************

Circular Section

When a circular section is twisted plane sections remain plane and the shear stress
is therefore directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
****(FIGURE)************

MT=

MT=

or Vmax=

for rectangular sections

****************(FIGURE)********* B<D

Vmax=

D/B
1.0 0.208
1.2 0.219
1.4 0.227
1.6 0.234
1.8 0.240
2.0 0.246
2.5 0.258
3.0 0.267
5.0 0.292
10 0.312
1/3

Approximate formula for

For I or T- sections

****(FIGURE)**** VW

Where

Hollow Sections
*****(FIGURE)****** consider the area of the shaded portion
Da=

Or ds=

MT=
MT= 2q.A

q
But q= Vt or V=
t

Or V=
A refers to the shaded area as shown.
*********(FIGURE)***********

Total shear stress = V(due to load)

Determine principal stresses by Mohr Circle.

Deflections of PSC Beams

Deflections in PSC structure are due to the following:
1. Live loads and dead loads
2. Prestress
3. Axial shortening of members (this is not included for beams but its effect may
be significant in portal frames

Since superposition is assumed valid in prestress concrete analysis, the deflection

at any point in the beam is taken as the sum and prestress , thus
Yt = Y P Yw
Where Yt= total deflection
YP= deflection due to prestress
Yw=deflection due to loads

Consider a prestress concrete beam with a curved tendon shown below:

**********(FIGURE)************

The moment at section due to prestress P is

M= Pe
Where e is positive below the n.a and negative above the n.a

The deflection due to prestress is obtained by integrating the expression

Or

The equation of the tendon is determined first before any integration is done. In
deriving the equations of the tendons, eccentricities below the n.a are positive and
those above the n.a are negative. Hence, deflections above the n.a are negative
and those below are positive

Suppose we have a second- degree curve as shown below:

***(FIGURE)****

Let e= Ax2+Bx+C

Boundary conditions:

X= 0; e= 0

X= L/2; e= eC

X= L; e= 0

Hence: 0= A(0)2 + B(0) + C C= 0

Ec = A=

O= AL2+ BL B=

therefore: e=

Consider the simply supported beam with a second- degree curve as the shape of
the tendon. Find the deflection at any point x:

Solve for A and B using the boundary conditions:

X= O; Y= O B= 0

X=L; Y=O A=
The equation of the curve is

At

Hence:

(upward deflection)

Consider this example:

***(FIGURE)******

Boundary conditions:

X= O; Y= O B= 0

X=L; Y=O A=

at

(Upward deflection)
 Consider a cable with a profile as shown below.

***(FIGURE)*******

Regume: 1-2 e= A1X2+B1X+C1

2-3 e= A2X2+B2X+C2

3-4 e= A3X2+B3X+C3

There are 9 unknown and 9 boundary conditions

1. x= 0; e1=

2. x= e1= 0

3. x= e1= solve for A1, A2, A3

4. x= e2= B1, B2, B3

5. x= e2= 0 C1, C2, C3

6. x=L(1- e2= e3

7. x=L(1- e12= e13

8. x= L; e3=eb

9. x= L; e31=0

0<

EI

EI
EI Y1=

EI

EI

EI Y2=

EI

EI

EI Y3=

The unknown in the above equations are

D1, D2, D3, E1, E2 and E3.

Boundary conditions:

x= 0; y1= 0 Y2=Y3
x= y2= y1

x= Y3= 0

solve for D1, D2, D3, E1, E2 and E3.

Deflection by conjugate Beam Method
Consider this simple example:

*****(FIGURE)**********

Real Beam conjugate beam

load

shear

moment ( ÷EI) load

slope shear

deflection moment

The moment at midspan of the conjugate beam with a uniform load

the deflection of the real beam at midspan is YP=

Deflection by Moment – Area Method

Figure

YBA=

YC1=

But (YC1+YP)=
 :YP=

Where YBA=deflection from point B to the tangent drawn at A.

YC1=deflection from point C to the tangent drawn at A.

Using this method, it will be helpful to remember the areas and centroids of common
areas.

Figure

A= A=

Long – Term Deflections of PSe Beams

Changes in the prestressing force P due to creep, shrinkage, etc.will change the
magnitude of the deflection. Creep itself will cause a change in the apparent value of E.

Let γ = specific creep, strain / unit stress

σ = stress after creep

E1 = instantaneous modulus of electricity

E2 = effective modulus of electricity

Figure

E=
 γ σ+

E2=

Analysis and design of Statically Indeterminate PSC Beams

Assumptions:

1. The concrete acts as an elastic material within the range of stresses permitted in the
design.
2. Plane section before bending remains plane after bending.
3. The principle of superposition is valid.
4. The effect of friction on the prestressing forced is small and can be neglected.
5. The eccentricity of the cable is small compared with the span, hence the horizontal
component of the tendon force can be considered equal to the tendon force and is
assumed to be uniform throughout the length of the member.
6. Axial deformation of the member is assumed to take place without restraint.

Example:

Figure Release support B and find YB

YB =

Find deflection due to RB.

YB =

Equating the two,

Pe
Moment diagram R B=
 due to P.

Moment diagram due to RB.

Combine Moment diagram

Pressure diagram or diagram

Find stresses at sec. B due to prestress only:

Example:
Linearly transpose the tendon at B such that the shape is as shown:

From the conjugate beam

Figure
F1 =

F2 =

RA =

YB =
 Moment diagram due to prestress

YB =

:.RB=0.

Conjugate Beam

Combined Moment diagram

Pressure or diagram
Diagram

Note: The cable is “CONCORDANT”

Example:

F=

Figure RA =

But YB =
 R B=

Moment due to prestress

Moment due to RB

Combined moment diagram

Pressure or diagram
diagram

The cable is not – concordant

Notes:
The three examples shown that the fixing the eccentricities at the ends of the
beam, the pressure diagram is the same irrespective of the position of the cable at the
intermediate support. These examples illustrate the very important principle of linear
transportation which can be defined as follows.

“The trajectory of the prestressing force in any continuous prestresses beam is said
to be linearly transformed if the location of the trajectory at the interior supports is altered
without altering the positions of the trajectory at the ends or support and without
changing the basic shape of the trajectory between any support. Linear transformation of
any tendon can be made without altering the location of the pressure diagram.”

Figure

Linear Transformation of Cables

Elastic Analysis of PSC Beams with curved Tendons

 “The Equivalent Look Method”

The forces that the prestressing tendon exerts on the concrete are the forces on the
anchorage, the frictional forces which act on the concrete along the contract points of the
steel and concrete and the forces that are perpendicular to the frictional forces that the
steel exerts on the concrete.

Figure

Consider a small element ds of the cable from the diagram:

The pressure w over the length ds is w= or w=

But is the curvature of the tendon equal to where R is the radius of curvature.

IN general for a curve y=f(x) the curvature is = =

For flat curves, Y1 ,

hence the curvature may be approximated as

Therefore, the pressure W exerted by the tendon is

W=
Example
Consider a cable with the following configuration
***(FIGURE)*****

Let e=
0 e= +e1 A=

L/2 e=+e2 B=
L e=+e3 c= e1

The equation of the curve is:

e=

and e1= 2A + B (slope)

e11= 2A= (curvature)

hence: W= P(2A)= upward if negative

Note: It follows that for the cable of he shape e= the pressure W is

constant.

Suppose: e=

e1=

e11= ***(FIGURE)*****

In this case, he pressure W will vary linearly with X.

Suppose: e=

e1=

e11= ***(FIGURE)*********

In this case, the pressure W will vary as a second- degree curve.

Example:
 By equivalent load method, check the stresses at midspan of the beam due to
prestress only.

***********(FIGURE))))***********

FIND W:

W=

Moment at midspan =

Find the stresses:

****(figure)*********

Note:

For tendons that are linear in shape, e= Ax+B, e11= 0, hence there is no
lateral pressure exerted on the concrete. However, where there is a discontinuity, an
equivalent concentrated load will be present.

Consider the following:

****(FIGURE)****

Segment A-B

0< <L1
 ex=

Slope; ex1=

For BC: 0<X<L2

ex=

Slope; = ex1=

The angle of inflection at the junction B is

The vertical force at B is:

VP=P.

Consider the example: ***(figure)***

***(FIGURE)****
Check the stresses:

**(Figure)***

Example:

Draw the pressure diagram of the beam shown below:

****(FIGURE)******

Let ex= Ax2+Bx+C

Where A=

A=

A=

A= -

ex1= -

ex11= -

w=

let M=
 at B: 3/2 M=

At midspan

Moment=

Check stresses: (From moment diagram)

At midspan: at support

***(figure)***

Check stresses:

Using the pressure diagram

***(figure)***
At midspan A support

Draw the pressure diagram of the beam shown below:

***********(FIGURE)***********************

Calculate the inflection angels:

At B:

e:

D:

Forces at B, C and D:

VB= P.

Vc= P.

VD= P.

***(figure)****
Moment Diagram:

****(FIGURE)*****

RAL+ 1.242Pe= 8.25

RA= 2.058

****(figure)****

REL+1.242Pe=4.8

RE=1.158 x.5L=0.579Pe

Beam is not concordant !

Check stresses at c: (use pressure diagram)

***(figure)****
Sec. at C.

Draw the pressure diagram of the beam shown below:

***(figure)****

Find the equation of the cable

***(figure)***

e= Ax2+Bx+C

x=0; e=e1 A=

x= L/2; e= e2 A=

x=L; e= e3

Evaluate equivalent load, C= e1

e1=24x+B

e11= 2A
Pay moment Distribution

0 1 1/2 1/2 1 0

-0.50Pe +1.1Pe - 1.1Pe +1.1Pe -1.1Pe +0.50Pe

-0.6Pe - 0.3Pe +0.3Pe +0.6Pe

-0.5Pe +0.5Pe -1.4Pe +1.4Pe -0.5Pe +0.5Pe

FIGURE
(FIGURE)

Design of Statistically Indeterminate PSC Beams

Consider this two-span Continuous beam shown below:

A 1) B 2) C

For this structure, there are three critical sections to consider: D, B and E. Investigate
loading patterns so that maximum positions and negative moments can be obtained for
sections D, B and E.

Investigate section D:

***(figure)****

 To produce positive bending moment at D1 load the span AB.

 To produce negative bending moment at D1 load the span BC.

***(figure)****

Investigate sec B.

***(figure)***

To produce bending moment at B1 load spans AB and BC.

****(FIGURE)******
Design of Sec. D

Approximate method of design: ***(FIGURE)****

(2)

(3)

(4)

From (1) + (3) Z1= (5)

From (2) + (4) Z2= (6)

From Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

e= (7)

e= (8)

e= (9)

e= (10)

Substituting Eq. (6) into (8)

e=
e= (11) this is the same as Eq (10)

thus Eq. (8) is equal to (10). Similarly, we can show that Eq.(7) is the same as (9).

Equating (7) and (10)

But

Or (*)

Substitute P into Eq. (7)

e=

e=

e=

Design of Sec B

Note: sec. B is always subjected to negative bending moment. However, to

generalize the derivation, let us assure that there is a positive bending moment present.

(1) ***(figure)****

(2)
 (3)

(4)

From (1) and (3) Z1= (5)

From (2) and (4) Z2= (6)

From (2) and (3)

(7)

(8)

Equatin (7) and (8)

(ML+MN)1/P = (Z1+Z2) 1/A.

But (Z1+Z2)=

P= (ML+MN) (*)

And e= (*)

C1 C2

The design procedure appears to be the following:

 1. Compute and plot the maximum and minimum bending moments which results
from the various possible combinations of live load and dead load.

2. Compute trial section from

Z1=

3. Compute section properties and determine P from

4. Adopt trial cable profile and determine the pressure diagram by equivalent load
method.

5. If desired, adjust the cable profile by linear transformation to make the cable
concordant.

6. Check stresses at critical sections.

*or for the case where e is above the n.a.

Example:

Design a two-span continuous PSC beam of rectangular section to carry a live load
of 7.3 KN/m in addition to its own dead weight. The live load may be positioned
accordingly to produce the most severe conditions. Assume Fc=13.8 MPa and Ft=0, Unit
weight of concrete is 23.56 KN/m3.

(Figure)

Investigate Section B:
 Load both spans to produce maximum negative moment.

(Figure) (Figure)
(Figure)

B.M. diagram due to loads on both

spans.

Note: Draw moment on the compression side of the beam.

Investigate Sec. D or E
(Figure)

Let

B.M. diagram

Load span BC

(Figure)

Let

B.M. diagram
Section B:

(Figure)
 Section D or E:

(Figure) , , .

Design Sec. B

ML=

Z2=Z1=

try b = 250mm.

d2=

d=478mm.

Compute section properties:

A = 250x478=119,500mm2

I=

C1=C2=

w/ of beam = 0.25x0.478x1x23.56=2.815kN/m!

MD =

P=ML.

P=824.68KN
Design of sec. D or E:

ML= ; MN = :ML+MN= . (same as in sec. B)

Section chosen appears to be adequate at D or E.
Tendon profile:
At D: at A:

MD= MD=0

ML= ML=0

MN= MN=0
:e=0

e=

e= +

e=68.12mm.(below n.a.)

at B:

MD=

ML=

MN=0

e= + (above n.a.)

figure cable profile

Check if cable is concordant.

By equivalent load method:

W=

W=

W=6,353 KN/m. (↑)

at D

at B.

eA=0

eD= (below n.a.)

eB= (above n.a.)

Pressure diagram is shown:

Figure

If cable is made concordant, what is the upward pressure w exerted by the tendons?

W=

W=6.353 KN/m. ↑

Check Stresses

Sec. D and E: (By the equivalent load method )

P=824.68KN
(A) figure

(B) figure

Case A: +6.90+2.66+10.35-6.00=13.91 MPa.

MPa.

Case B:

Use pressure diagram

P= 824.68KN MD,ML and MW are the same as above.
***(FIGURE)****

Case A=

Case B=
Section B
By equivalent load method
***(figure)*****

At working load.

=-0.21 N/mm2 check

=+14.01N/mm2
Check the stresses at transfer also!

Stresses at transfer:
Sec. D ( use equivalent load method)

***(figure)****

=6.90+2.45-6.00=3.35MPa

At Sec. B (by equivalent load method)

***(figure)***

Ultimate strength Analysis and Design

Load- Deflection Response

*****(figure)******

ΔG = depletion due to self-weight

ΔFe = camber of weight less beam due to prestress
ΔFi = camber of weight less beams due to initial prestressed

Figure : Typical load-deflection curve of prestressed beams

Points 1. and 2. theoretically predicted camber of the beam assumed weight less due to
initial and effective prestress

3. camber due to weight of beam and effective presstress assuming losses have taken
place
4. point of zero deflection
5. decompression or zero stress at the bottom of the beam
6. Onset of cracking
7. Non-elastic behaviour
8. Yielding of steel
9. Ultimate strength

Types of flexural failures

1. Fracture of the steel immediately often creaking of concrete and thus, sudden
failure
2. Crushing of the concrete compression zone, preceded by yielding and plastic
extension of the steel
3. Crushing of the concrete compressive zone before yielding of the steel

****(figure)****

Calculation of Cracking Moment

C1

e0
P
C2 Mcr
M

fr

Let fr = cracking stress or modulus of rupture of concrete

Ac = area of concrete
Zb = section modulus
Aps = area of prestressing steel
Fpe = effective pretress

For the bottom fiber,

(1)
Ultimate Strength of PSC Sections
Assumptions:
1. Plane sections remain plane under loading.
2. Perfect bond exist between concrete and steel (additional assumptions by ACI
Code)
3. The limiting compressive strength of the concrete is 0.003 regardless of the
strength of the concrete
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected
5. The total force in the concrete compressive block can be approximated by
considering a uniform stress block of magnitude 0.85 over a rectangular
block of width b and depth where C represents the depth of the neutral
axis and B1 a factor defined as
for
for
for
for
Fc1 0.85fc1
.003
a/2
a=B1C
C
h dp

T Apsfps
Aps

(2)
(3)

Values of

(1) For members with bonded prestressing tendons:

 where is the ultimate strength of prestressing steel
is the reinforcement ratio given as
(2) For members with unbonded prestressing tendons:

in

or in

But

or

From Eq. (2)

or

Let = reinforcement ratio

and

= reinforcing index

The design moment of resistance is

thus
where for flexure
The ACI Code specifies that the equation for Mn is only applicable for
or under reinforced beams.

For over-reinforced members; , thus Mn becomes

T-Beams, I-Beams and Box-Beams

****(figure)****

The compressive force on the concrete is

where
Determine if is less than
and
If ; then is less than and the stress block is within the flange.
Analyze the section as a rectangular section.

If Cf >T the stress block extends to the web.

*****(figure)*****

Tnf= 0.85f1c (b-bw) hf (1)

Tnw= 0.85f1c bw a (2)
T= Aps fps (3)

0.85f1c bw a + 0.85f1c(b-bw) hf= Aps (4)

Mn= Tnf= (5)

From Eq. (4)
 a=

a= (6)

Substituting in (5)

Mn= 0.85f1cbw a (dp- + 0.85f1c(b-bw)hf(dp- (7)

Design Nominal Moment= Ø Mn
Check if Pp= as in a rectangular sec.
If section is over- reinforced and T<Cf the stress block will be within the
flange, hence
Mn= 0.25f1cbd2p (8)
If section is over- reinforced and T< Cf the stress block will be in the web,
thus,
Mn= 0.25 f1cbw d2p+ 0.85f1c(b-bw) hf (dp- (9)

Over load Factors

Ae1 code 318-77

Dead load + Live Load: 1.4WD + 1.7WL

Wind load, live load + Dead Load: 0.75 (1.4WD+1.7WL+ 1.4WW)

Or 0.75(1.4WD+ 1.7WW)
Or (0.9WD+ 1.3WW)

Which ever is the greatest?

Where WD= dead load
WL= live load
WW= wind load

Reduction Factors:
Prestressed Concrete: Hexure= 0.90
Shear= 0.85
Torsion= 0.85
Compression= 0.75(spiral reinforcement
= 0.70 (others)
Axial Tension= 0.90
Reinforcement Index for T- Beam, I- Beam and Box- Beams
For rectangular section q=

Where P P=

For T section:

qT=

qt=

qrectangle= ; map value= 0.30

qT=
if section is over- reinforced.

Example 1:
Given: Aps= 1750mm2 fpu= MPa; f1c= 48MPa
Fse= 1100 MPa

****(FIGURE)****

PP =
Check if fse is greater than 0.50 fpu= 930 MPa
For bounded beams.
ok, thus

check

section is under reinforced.

 or stress block is in the flange

Analyze the section as rectangular section

Example 2:
Suppose and all other data are the same:

Figure

Check PP=

` 0.5fpu = 930 MPa (fSC=100θMPa>0.5fpa)

fp s= fpu (1-0.50xPpx )

fps = 1860 (1-0.50x.00651x )

Cf = 0.85x48x460x175 = 3284.4KN

T= APS x fPS = 2350x1625 = 3818.75 KN

T > Cf : stress block extends to the web.

Area of compression zone =

Area of flange = 460x175 = 80.5x103mm2.

: Web area below flange = (93.20-80.5)103mm2. = 13.1x003mm2

 a = 175+ = mm.

Check qT:

qT = 0.30

qT = 0.30

qT = 0.0913+.1318 = 0.2231<0.30

Section is under – reinforced.

Mn = 0.85fc1bw a (dp- ) +0.85fc1(b-bw) hf (dp- )

Mn = 0.85x48x140x269(785- )+0.85x48(460-140)175(785- )

Mn = 999.81+1593.65 = 2593.46 KNm.

Mn = ØMn = 0.90x2593.46 = 2334.11 KNm.

Shear and Diagonal Tension – Ultimate strength

Strength of the PSC Beams without web Reinforcement

The mechanism of diagonal cracking associated with stress and the manner in
which shear reinforcement behaves are no more susceptible to theoretical analysis in
prestressed concrete beams than they are in reinforced concrete. Extensive testings have
been done during the period 1955 – 1965 and these results form the basis of the present
AC1 formulas.
Test the results showed that there are basically two (2) types of shear failure in
PSC beams:

1. Shear compression failure

2. Web distress failure.
The first is due to diagonal cracking associated with flexural cracks. The second is due to
cracking in regions without flexural cracks.

Shear Compression Failure:

 Figure

Consider a section at the shear span:

Figure

= MO=0 M = Mcr + V

Mcr =

V=

Figure

From test results:

Or Vci = 0.6bwd + + Vd (an AC1 formula)

Where fc1 is in psi:

Where:

Mcr = net flexural cracking moment

M = bending moment due to externally applied load.

 Vci = shear due to externally applied load when such cracking is the result of
combined shear and moment.

Vd = shear due to dead load

bw = minimum width of web.

V = shear due to LL. and DL.

The expression for Vci has been modified by dropping the term d/2 in the denomination,
thus

Vci = 0.6 bwd +

Or in SI Units

Vci = 0.05 bwd + *

Where

Mcr = ; fc1 in psi.

Or
Mcr = ; fc1 in MPa *

Where
fpe = stress at extreme tensile fiber due to prestress

fd = stress at extreme tensile fiber due to dead load

Y = distance from the neutral axis to extreme tensile fiber

d = distance from compressive face to central of steel or 0.8h whichever is greater

To fit all test results to the equation, an upper limit has been suggested for Vci, thus
Vci the following:

Vci 1.7bwd in psi.

Vci 0.14bwd in MPa.

Web – Distress Failure

Consider the principal stress of an element at the neutral axis of a psc beams.

Figure

From the Mohr Circle of Stress

R= figure

f2 = R-

f2 =

V2 = f22+

V = f2

Assuming f2 = 3.5 in psi.

V = 3.5
This can be approximated by

V = 3.5 +0.3ft

The nominal shear stress may also be used as a measure of diagonal tension for web
distress failure and the stress Vcw is given as

Vcw = bwd

Or in SI units,

Vcw = bwd *

If the cable is draped,

Vcw = bwd