Lec2 - Fluidbasics - Spring 2023-New

1
CEE 211: FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE 2: BASICS OF FLUID MECHANICS(CONT.)
Prof. Nazmun Nahar, PhD., P.Eng.

Spring 2023
2/18/2023
What is FLUID
2
A fluid is defined as a substance

that deforms continuously when
acted on by a shearing stress of
any magnitude. A shearing
stress is force per unit area
whenever a tangential force
acts on a surface as shown by
the figure in the margin.
2/18/2023
Fluid Mechanics and its branches
3
 Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics can be defined as the study of the
behavior of liquids and gases, most especially the forces
that they produce. Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids
at rest (fluid statics) and in motion (fluid dynamics).
 Fluid Statics: Study of Fluid at rest
 Fluid Kinematics: Study of fluid at motion
 Fluid Dynamics: Study of fluid at motion with forces
2/18/2023
Continuum Assumption
4
While a body of fluid is comprised of molecules, most

characteristics of fluids are due to average molecular behavior.
The continuum assumption erases the molecular discontinuities by
averaging the microscopic quantities on a small sampling volume.
All macroscopic quantities of interest in classic fluid mechanics
(density ρ, velocity u, pressure p, temperature T, etc.) are
assumed to vary continuously from point to point within the flow.
2/18/2023
Dimension and related terms
 Dimension: represents a physical quantity. Ex:
mass, length, temperature etc
 Primary dimension (M, L, T)
 Secondary dimension (Area, Volume, F)
 Unit: quantitative description needs both a number

and standard. The standard is ‘unit’.
 Dimensional homogeneity: All theoretically derived
equations are dimensionally homogeneous that is
dimensions on the LHS =dimensions on the RHS.
5 2/18/2023
Types of Fluid
6
 Ideal fluid
Fluid assumed to have
no friction, no viscosity
 Real fluid
Fluid that has viscosity,

surface tension and
other characteristics
 Newtonian fluid
(NF)
Fluids for which
shearing stress is
linearly related to
rate of shearing strain.
Most common fluids
are NF. 2/18/2023
7
2/18/2023
FLUID PROPERTIES
8
 Mass density (ρ)

Ratio of mass to volume at a point.
 Specific volume (v)
Volume per unit mass. v = 1/ ρ

 Specific weight (γ)
Weight per unit volume of liquid or gravitational

force per unit volume of fluid. γ =ρg
2/18/2023
Class Assessment
9
2/18/2023
FLUID PROPERTIES
10
 Specific gravity (s)

Ratio of density of fluid to density of water at specific
temperature (usually 4 deg C). s=ρ/ρw
 Viscosity (µ)(aka dynamic viscosity)
Measure of fluid resistance to deformation under shear

stress.
 Kinematic viscosity ( opposite of dynamic viscosity)
2/18/2023
11
2/18/2023
12
2/18/2023
Fluid Properties: More on Viscosity
13
2/18/2023
FLUID PROPERTIES-Compressibility
14
 Compressibility of fluid- Bulk Modulus

A property that is commonly used to characterize
compressibility is called ‘Bulk Modulus’.
Bulk Modulus Ev = Bulk Stress/Bulk Strain
Here dp= differential change in pressure needed to create

differential change in volume dV of original volume V.
What does the negative sign stand for?
What is the unit of Bulk Modulus or Bulk Modulus of Elasticity?
Practice Problems
15
1. A vessel having a volume of 0.01m3 is completely filled up with a liquid

having bulk modulus of elasticity equal to 40 MPa. If the pressure in the vessel
is reduced by 19.62 Mpa, find the amount of liquid that will spill over.
2. Find the viscosity of a liquid having kinematic viscosity 5.5 stokes and
specific gravity 1.75.
3. Two parallel and horizontal flat plates of square shape are placed 13mm
apart. The space between the two plates is filled up with oil and the upper
plate is pulled horizontally with a force of 100N. Length of each plate is
620mm. The velocity of upper plate is 2.6 m/s. If the specific gravity of oil is
0.94, find the dynamic viscosity in poise and the kinematic viscosity of oil in
stokes.
4. (Ex. 1.5). The velocity distribution of a fluid is given by
u = (3V/2)[1- (y/h)2]
Where V = mean velocity = 2 ft/s µ = 0.04 ib.s/ft2 h = 0.02 in
Find shearing stress at the bottom and at the centerline.
2/18/2023
FLUID PROPERTIES-Surface tension
16
 Surface tension (σ)

 Material property. Usually liquid at a material interface
(liquid –gas or liquid-liquid) exerts a force per unit length
along the surface. This is called ‘surface tension’. The force
causes the surface to behave as if it were a ‘membrane’
stretched over a fluid mass.
 Engineering applications:
 Movement of liquid through thin tube
 Breakup of liquid jet
 Formation of bubbles and drops
2/18/2023
FLUID PROPERTIES
17
 Capillarity
It is the rise or fall of liquid in a capillary tube due to
surface tension and depends on cohesion and adhesion of
the liquids.
FLUID PROPERTIES
18
 No slip condition
Fluid has the velocity of the boundary that it sticks to. No
slip occurs between the boundary and fluid.
 Vapor Pressure
 Pressure at which liquid will vaporize or boil at given
temperature.
 Vapor pressure increases with temperature.
 Boiling occurs when vapor pressure= local pressure.
At standard atmospheric pressure and 100 deg C (212 deg

F) , the vapor pressure of water is 14.7 psi (abs.).
What happens to boiling point at higher altitude?
2/18/2023
Practice Problems
19
5. The atmospheric pressure outside a droplet of water of diameter
1.5mm is 101.3Kpa. Find the pressure within the droplet if surface
tension is given as 0.072 N/m of water.
6. Find the capillary rise of water in between two concentric glass tubes
of diameters 4 mm and 8mm respectively. The surface tension of water
in contact with air is 0.0728 N/m and the contact angle is 0 degree.
7. A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface with the
following velocity profile. Determine the magnitude and direction of the
shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface for U= 2 m/s
and h= 0.1m.
Practice Problems from the text book
20
From Chapter 1 of Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

by Munson et. Al.
1.1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 1.23, 1.26, 1.32,
1.36, 1.41, 1.45, 1.49, 1.51, 1.59,
1.65, 1.77, 1.81, 1.90, 1.94, 1.95, 1.96

Lec2 - Fluidbasics - Spring 2023-New

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec2 - Fluidbasics - Spring 2023-New

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec2 - Fluidbasics - Spring 2023-New

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

CEE 211: FLUID MECHANICS

LECTURE 2: BASICS OF FLUID MECHANICS(CONT.)

Prof. Nazmun Nahar, PhD., P.Eng.

A fluid is defined as a substance

While a body of fluid is comprised of molecules, most

 Unit: quantitative description needs both a number

Fluid that has viscosity,

 Mass density (ρ)

Volume per unit mass. v = 1/ ρ

Weight per unit volume of liquid or gravitational

 Specific gravity (s)

Measure of fluid resistance to deformation under shear

 Compressibility of fluid- Bulk Modulus

Here dp= differential change in pressure needed to create

1. A vessel having a volume of 0.01m3 is completely filled up with a liquid

 Surface tension (σ)

 Boiling occurs when vapor pressure= local pressure.

At standard atmospheric pressure and 100 deg C (212 deg

From Chapter 1 of Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

You might also like