Grade 11 Exam Bank - Resources and Sustainability

3.2 Choose the correct term/phrase that matches the description below. Write
the correct term/phrase next to the question number (3.2.1–3.2.8).

Acid rain, A-horizon; Natural resources; Biota;

Humus; Thermal electricity; Hydro-electricity; Carbon walk;
Greenhouse gases; Green economy; Sustainable development

3.2.1 Valuable materials/sources such as oil, coal and wood found in

nature

3.2.2 The organic matter in soil which consists of the remains of plants
and animals

3.2.3 Aims at reducing environmental damage

3.2.4 Energy produced by running water

3.2.5 To avoid the depletion of natural resources for use by future

generations

3.2.6 The type of precipitation that occurs in environments with excessive

air pollution

3.2.7 Gases that contain carbon dioxide and pollute the atmosphere

3.2.8 Living organisms like plants, animals, insects, etc. (8 x 1) (8)

Marking Guideline

3.2 3.2.1 Natural resources (1)

3.2.2 Humus (1)

3.2.3 Green economy (1)

3.2.4 Hydro-electricity (1)

3.2.5 Sustainable development (1)

3.2.6 Acid rain (1)

3.2.7 Greenhouse gases (1)

3.2.8 Biota (1) (8 x 1) (8)

4.2 Choose the correct term/word in brackets that will make each of the following
statements TRUE.
4.2.1 The factors caused by the work of plants, animals and humans are
known as (biotic / abiotic) factors.
4.2.2 (Deforestation / Afforestation) is planting trees on land that was
previously wooded but has been cleared.

4.2.3 To keep areas of the earth in their present condition, untouched by

humans, is known as (conservation / preservation).
4.2.4 The (Kyoto Protocol / Montreal Protocol) signed in 2002 requires
countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
4.2.5 Wind power is (reliable / unreliable) throughout the year.
4.2.6 Hydro-electricity is a (conventional / non-conventional) source of
energy.
4.2.7 The power utility (Eskom / Koeberg) produces most of the energy for
the people of South Africa. (7 x 1) (7)

Marking Guideline

4.2 4.2.1 Biotic (1)

4.2.2 Afforestation (1)

4.2.3 preservation (1)

4.2.4 Kyoto Protocol (1)

4.2.5 unreliable (1)

4.2.6 conventional (1)

4.2.7 Eskom (1) (7 x 1) (7)

3.2 Choose aterm from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A.
Write only word the letter (A to H) next to the question number (3.2.1 to 3.2.7),
for e.g. 3.2.8 J.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
3.2.1 The amount of carbon a person contributes to A Thermal
polluting the atmosphere through his/her daily energy
lifestyle.

3.2.2 A substance that releases atomic radiation. B Kinetic energy

3.2.3 Conference of the United Nations regarding C Carbon footprint

climate change in Durban.

3.2.4 Energy which is released when heat is D Conventional

transferred from one source to another. energy sources

3.2.5 Stored energy which is released due to E Radioactive

movement.
 3.2.6 The measures taken to regulate the type and F COP 17
amount of energy being used.

3.2.7 Consists of fossil fuels and other non-renewable G Energy

resources. management

H Kyoto protocol
(7 × 1)(7)

Marking Guideline
3.2 3.2.1 C
3.2.2 E
3.2.3 F
3.2.4 A
3.2.5 B
3.2.6 G

3.2.7 D

FIGURE 3.5: NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS

SWISS VOTE AGAINST NUCLEAR POWER

Swiss voters have voted overwhelmingly in favour of a policy proposal to phase out
nuclear power. Preliminary results of their referendum suggest that voters are in favor of
environmentally friendly electric power.

The Swiss government, after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Japan, indicated that
they wanted to move away from nuclear power. There is no indication when the country’s
five nuclear power stations will be closed.

Nuclear power currently provides a third of the country’s electricity. Solar, wind and hydro
power stations are beginning to play a larger role in providing electricity.

[Source: Rose City FM (100point6.co.za)]

3.5 Read the extract in FIGURE 3.5, about the Swiss’ vote against nuclear power.

3.5.1 Name the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy

sources. (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.2 State ANY TWO renewable electricity provision resources mentioned

in the CASE STUDY that can be used as an alternative to nuclear
power. (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.3 The Swiss government wants nuclear power phased out. Give TWO
reasons for this decision. (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.4 Discuss TWO negative effects of nuclear power that will support this
decision of the Swiss government as mentioned in QUESTION 3.5.3.
(2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5 If the Swiss government closes the five nuclear power stations,
explain TWO negative impacts it could have on the Swiss economy.
(2 x 2) (4)
Marking Guideline

3.5 3.5.1 Renewable energy sources can be replaced over a relatively

short time such as trees (1) but non-renewable energy sources
take a longer time to replace themselves such as oil (1)
(Concepts) (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.2 solar (1)

wind (1)
hydro-electricity (1)
(Any TWO) (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.3 The nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Japan in 2011 (1)

Solar, wind and hydro power stations are beginning to play a
larger role (1)
Referendum results suggest voters are in favour of
environmentally friendly energy (1) (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.4 High cost of building nuclear power stations. (2)

Previous accidents such as Chernobyl and nuclear powerplant in
Fukushima (2)
Like fossil fuels, nuclear fuels are non-renewable energy
resources. (2)
If there is an accident, large amounts of radioactive material
could be released into the environment. (2)
Nuclear waste remains radioactive and is hazardous to health for
thousands of years (2)
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5 Increase in electricity costs, will disadvantage the poor (2)

Production costs will increase, with a hike in product prices (2)
Industrial production will decline, with the export market being
influenced negatively (2)
Multiplier effect of job losses, e.g. decrease in quality of life (2)
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)
FIGURE 4.5: CARBON FOOTPRINT

[Source: www.google sources.co.za]

4.5 Study FIGURE 4.5, which illustrates ways in which the carbon footprint can
be reduced.

4.5.1 What is a carbon footprint? (1 x 1) (1)

4.5.2 Name TWO sources of CO2 emissions from the sketch. (2 x 1) (2)

4.5.3 Explain TWO ways in which households can reduce their electricity
use and thus reduce their carbon footprint. (2 x 2) (4)
4.5.4 Refer to recycling as a way of reducing the carbon footprint.

(a) What is recycling? (1 x 1)(1)

(b) Comment on the fact that recycling saves resources and

energy. (3 x 2)
(6)

Marking Guideline

4.5 4.5.1 The amount of carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere

because of the activities of an individual, organisation or
community (1)
(Concept) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2 Emissions by motor vehicles (1)
Burning of fossil fuels (1)
Generation of electricity (1)
(Any TWO) (2 x 1) (2)
4.5.3 Use energy-efficient appliances and turn them off when not
in use (2)
Switch off lights in empty rooms (2)
Use energy-efficient bulbs (2)
Use heaters less (2)
Use fewer ornamental lights (2)
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)
4.5.4 (a) The process of converting waste material into new
material and objects
(Concept) (1 x 1) (1)
 (b) Producing material from recycling utilise less energy than from raw
materials (2)
Recycling of paper means fewer trees will be cut down(2)
Fewer trees, means more oxygen in the air (2)
Recycling of material produces less CO2 (2)
(Any THREE) (3 x 2) (6)

FIGURE 4.6: ELECTRICITY PRODUCED IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 2005–2014

[Source: Stats SA]

4.6 The statistics in FIGURE 4.6 show the electricity produced in South Africa
from 2005 to 2014.

4.6.1 What is a conventional energy source? (1 x 1) (1)

4.6.2 Who produced the most energy in 2014 in South Africa? (1 x 1) (1)

4.6.3 How much gigawatt energy was produced in 2014? (1 x 1) (1)

4.6.4 Which years produced the least and most energy respectively?
(2 x 1) (2)

4.6.5 State THREE conventional sources of energy that are used for the
generation of energy. (3 x 1) (3)

4.6.6 Discuss, in a paragraph of EIGHT lines, the negative impact of

conventional energy sources on the environment. (4 x 2) (8)

Marking Guideline

4.6 4.6.1 It is the ordinary or traditional way to generate energy (1)

(Concept) (1 x 1) (1)

4.6.2 Eskom (1) (1 x 1) (1)

 4.6.3 252,578 gigawatts (1) (1 x 1) (1)

4.6.4 Least: 2005 (1)

Most: 2007 (1) (2 x 1) (2)

4.6.5 Coal (1)

Nuclear (1)
Wood (1)
Hydro (1)
(Any THREE) (3 x 1) (3)

4.6.6 Different types of pollution are released e.g. air pollution, noise
pollution and water pollution (2)
Coal burning increases emissions of carbon dioxide, sulphur
dioxide and methane (2)
Hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides create smog (2)
Heavy machines contribute to noise pollution (2)
Increased carbon emissions cause acid rain (2)
Increased greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global
warming and climate change (2)
Multiplier effect due to climate change e.g. decrease of forests,
natural disasters occur more frequently, etc. (2)
(Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)
[75]

FIGURE 3.5: SOIL EROSION

[Source: Google images]

3.5 The illustrations in FIGURE 3.5 show methods being used to prevent soil
erosion.

3.5.1 Name the soil erosion prevention practices at A and B respectively.

(2×1) (2)

3.5.2 Why is soil a non-renewable resource? (1×1) (1)

3.5.3 Explain TWO advantages of method A in protecting the soil. (2×2) (4)

3.5.4 The sustainable management of soil erosion is important for countries

 like South Africa. Discuss in a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines
the negative effects that soil erosion will have on the broader economy
of South Africa. (4×2) (8)

Marking Guideline
3.5
3.5.1 A Terracing
B Rotational grazing (2×1)
3.5.2 The formation of soil is a very slow process and takes millions of years.
(Concept) (1×1)

3.5.3 Inexpensive method of increasing the area of arable land.

The flat area makes it possible to use modern machinery. (2×2)
3.5.4 • Immediate and long term loss of production
• Leads to decrease in production
• Food prices will increase as agricultural products will have to be
imported or higher financial costs for production
• Loss of foreign currency as exports decrease
• Negative impact on the GDP of the country
• Negative ripple effect on the provision of services as money is lost
(Any FOUR – Accept other relevant responses) (4×2) (8)

FIGURE 3.6: ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA

Bold plan to tackle South Africa’s energy crisis

13 February 2015

President Jacob Zuma dedicated much of his State of the Nation Address (Sona) on 12
February to explain plans that are in motion to deal with the country’s electricity challenges.
Delivering the 2015 Sona in the National Assembly in Cape Town, Zuma unveiled a battle
plan aimed at resolving short- and long-term energy challenges. He was speaking as
Eskom’s power grid remained constrained, with the power utility being forced to implement
load shedding.
“We have developed a plan which involves short-, medium- and long-term responses. The
short- and medium-term plan involves improved maintenance of Eskom power stations,
enhancing the electricity generation capacity and managing the electricity demand,” said
Zuma.
“The long-term plan involves finalising our long-term energy security master plan. As a
priority we are going to stabilise Eskom’s finances to enable the utility to manage the
current period. In this regard, [the] government will honour its commitment to give Eskom
around R23-billion in the next fiscal year.”
Energy constraints hindered economic growth and were a major inconvenience to
economic growth.
 3.6 The extract in FIGURE 3.6 comes from president Zuma’s, State of the
Nations Address of 2015.
3.6.1 Name ONE short and medium term plans the government wants to
implement to deal with South Africa’s electricity challenges. (1×1) (1)

3.6.2 “The longterm plan involves finalising our long-term energy security
masterplan”, according to president Zuma. Explain TWO measures that
should be included in such a ‘masterplan’ to increase the energy output
in South Africa. (2×2) (4)

3.6.3 Eskom is forced to use load shedding as a measure to reduce the burden
on power stations. Discuss the effects that loadshedding has on small
businesses. (2×2) (4)

3.6.4 The use of diesel generators by Eskom, to fill the gap when power supply
runs low, is common practice. Evaluate how sustainable this process is
for the country as a whole. (3×2) (6)

Marking Guideline
3.6
3.6.1 • Improved maintenance of Eskom power stations
• Managing the electrical demand
(Any ONE) (1×1) (1)
3.6.2 • Increase the use of non-conventional energy production to reduce the
use of coal as power generator
• The management of energy in a more sustainable way
• Increased government investment to keep energy prices as low as possible to attract
foreign investment and stimulate local economic growth
• Embarking on an educational, information and awareness programs, to make all
stakeholders aware of the most cost efficient ways to save energy
(Any TWO – Accept other relevant responses) (2×2) (4)
3.6.3 • Retards economic progress in the community
• Businesses will have to pay more taxes and become less economically viable and will
be forced to close down
• Job losses due to shortage of production will increase economic and financial
instability
(Any TWO) (2 × 2)(4)
3.6.4 Not sustainable because:
• It increases the costs necessary to supply electricity as it is more expensive to
generate electricity from diesel than from coal
• Cost of diesel will increase and this will unfairly and negatively affect the consumer
• It will place a burden on the economy because imports of diesel will have to increase
• Pressure on financially challenged households because of an increase in food prices
due to electricity hikes
(Any THREE) (3 × 2)(6)

FIGURE 4.2 – ENERGY SOURCES

4.2 FIGURE 4.2 are sketches of different energy sources for electricity/power
generation. Various options are given as possible answers to the multiple-choice
questions below. Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A to D) next to
the question number (4.2.1 to 4.2.8) in your ANSWER BOOK.
4.2.1 Which of the sources is not a renewable resource?
A Biomass
B Water
C Natural gas
D Wind
4.2.2 Which type of electricity is produced in volcanic areas where the heat of the rocks is
used to create enough energy?
A Petroleum
B Coal
C Geo thermal
D Hydroelectricity
.2.3 Provide the name of the energy which produces ethanol fuel through the use of
sugar and maize.
A Biomass
B Geo thermal
C Nuclear power
D Thermal power
4.2.4 Which of the following sources is not a fossil fuel?
A Oil
B Natural gas
C Uranium
D Coal
4.2.5 Where panels are used to produce electrical energy.
A Coal
B Solar
C Geo thermal
D Wind
4.2.6 The source which produces nuclear energy.
A Uranium
B Coal
C Petroleum
D Natural ga
4.2.7 Which of the following sources has high potential, but is currently underutilised in
South Africa?
A Uranium
B Coal
C Water
D Geo thermal
4.2.8 Which of the sources causes more acid rain in urban areas?
A Natural gas
B Biomass
C Uranium
D Coal (8 × 1) (8)
Marking Guideline
4.2 4.2.1 C Natural gas
4.2.2 C Geo thermal
4.2.3 A Biomass
4.2.4 C Uranium
4.2.5 B Solar
4.2.6 A Uranium
4.2.7 A  Uranium
4.2.8 D Coal (8×1) (8)
FIGURE 4.5 – SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES

[Source : Google images]

4.5 The photo, FIGURE 4.5, illustrates the non-sustainable use of a resource. Use
the photo to answer the following questions.

4.5.1 Which term is used to describe the process in the photo? (1×1) (1)

4.5.2 Explain why the resource in the photo, can be seen as a renewable
resource. (1×2) (2)

4.5.3 Why do you think the use of the resource as observed (seen) on the
photo can be seen as resource depletion rather than resource
exploitation? (1×2) (2)

4.5.4 Discuss the impact that this non-sustainable use of the resource will
have on the environment. (2×2) (4)

4.5.5 How can the resource in the photo help the local community with
economic development? (2×2) (4)

Marking Guideline
4.5 4.5.1 Deforestation (1×1) (1)
4.5.2 It can be replenished. (1×2) (2)
4.5.3 • The people are using the resource for day to day living faster than it
can be replenished.
• The people are not using the resource for economic growth, which will
willingly cause environmental degradation.
(Any ONE) (1 × 2) (2)
4.5.4 • Removing trees and plants will increase greenhouse gases in the air and
contribute to global warming and climate change.
• Removing trees and plants will increase soil erosion.
• Habitats of animals will be destroyed.
• Biodiversity and ecosystems disturbed.
(Any TWO) (2 × 2) (4)
4.5.5 • Forestry as an industry creates jobs
• Selling of wood earns income for locals
• Creating an industry for making curios for tourists
(Any TWO – Accept other reasonable responses) (2 × 2) (4)
FIGURE 3.6: SOIL AS A NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE

[Source: Adapted by examiner from www.fao.org/resources/infographics/infographics]

3.6 Study the information in FIGURE 3.6 about soil as a non-renewable resource.

3.6.1 Name any ONE component of soil. (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.2 What is the biggest challenge facing soil as a resource by 2050?

(1 x 1) (1)

3.6.3 Mention how this challenge (answer to QUESTION 3.6.2) will impact
on soil resources. (2 x 1) (2)

3.6.4 From the information in FIGURE 3.6, provide TWO effects of

moderate to highly degraded soil. (2 x 1) (2)

3.6.5 Refer to sustainable soil management.

(A) What is the ultimate positive effect of sustainable soil

management? (1 x 2) (2)

(B) In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how

‘keeping soil vegetated’ and ‘promoting crop rotation’ as
sustainable soil management processes, will help to save soil.
(4 x 2) (8)
Marking Guideline

3.6 3.6.1 Mineral particles (1)

Air (1)
Water (1)
Organic matter (1)
Biota (1)
(Concept) (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.2 Increase in the global population (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.3 Increased demand for healthy and nutritious food (1)

Agricultural production will increase by 60% globally and 100% in
developing countries (1) (2 x 1) (2)

3.6.4 Hampering soil’s production (1)

Affecting food production (1) (2 x 1) (2)

3.6.5 (a) It can lead to an average crop yield increase of 83%

(1 x 2) (2)

(b) Keeping soil vegetated:

The roots of plants help to keep soil firm (2) It
therefore helps to prevent soil erosion (2)
Vegetation reduces the impact of rainfall on soil and
encourages infiltration (2)
Crop rotation:
Different types of crops give various nutrients to the soil,
therefore keeps the soil fertile (2)
Rotating crops helps to improve soil stability by alternating
between crops with deep roots and those with
shallow roots (2)
(BOTH MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES MUST BE
DISCUSSED) (4 x 2) (8)
FIGURE 3.2: SOIL-FORMING FACTORS AND SOIL HORIZONS

3.2 Study FIGURE 3.2 which illustrates soil forming factors and soil horizons.
Answer the questions below by providing a term/word from the figure that
best fits the description.

3.2.1 Name a passive soil forming factor

3.2.2 In which horizon does the parent rock occur?

3.2.3 Name the horizon that consists of weathered parent material

3.2.4 The horizon that is aided by the decomposition of animal and plant
material

3.2.5 The horizon where leaching occurs

3.2.6 The horizon that determines the texture, mineral composition and
weathering speed of the soil

3.2.7 The active soil forming factor that determines the process of salination
(7 x 1) (7)
Marking Guideline

3.2 3.2.1 Parent rock √

3.2.2 R-horizon √

3.2.3 C-horizon √

3.2.4 O-horizon √

3.2.5 A-horizon √
 3.2.6 R-horizon √

3.2.7 Rainfall √ (7 x 1) (7)

FIGURE 3.5: SOUTH AFRICA’S ENERGY NEEDS

[Source: Focus on Geography-promotion copy

3.5 Study FIGURE 3.5, showing data information about South Africa’s energy
usage and needs.

3.5.1 Which household unit consumes the most energy in South Africa?
(1 x 1) (1)

3.5.2 State how the projected population from 2010 to 2030 will influence
energy consumption. (1 x 1) (1)

3.5.3 Describe the trend in the graph which illustrates South Africa’s
households with and without electricity. (1 x 2) (2)

3.5.4 Explain how the information in the graphs will negatively impact the
economy of South Africa. (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, comment on how

individuals in households of South Africa can use electricity more
sustainably. (4 x 2) (8)

Marking Guideline
3.5 3.5.1 Lighting √ (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 Population increase will increase energy consumption √ (1 x 1) (1)

3.5.3 More households use electricity √√

Bigger percentage of South Africa’s households are connected to
the electrical grid √√
(Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)

3.5.4 More financial expenses on the expansion of the energy grid and
the building of power stations √√
Pressure on current energy supply causes load shedding, which
retards economic growth √√
Extraction of more coal will exhaust the resource much quicker,
with job losses and decrease in exports √√
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5 Switch off lights in rooms where nobody is around √√

Shower rather than bath √√
Decrease the hot water cylinder setting by 5ºC √√
Use heaters only when necessary, instead wear warm cloths √√
Use solar power panels √√
Change the bulbs to higher efficiency, lower watt bulbs √√
Don’t make the water kettle too full, only boil the amount needed √√
Wash clothes in cold water rather than hot water √√
Use the washing line rather than the tumble dryer √√
Use few ornamental lights √√
Open the fridge door less √√ (any FOUR) (4x2)

FIGURE 3.6: IMPACT OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

3.6 Refer to FIGURE 3.6, a cartoonist’s impression of the use of a conventional
energy source.

3.6.1 Name the type of energy that the industries in the cartoon make use
of. (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.2 The question being asked in the cartoon is contrary (opposite) to what
is depicted in the industries. Substantiate this statement. (1 x 2) (2)

3.6.3 Refer to the gasses at A, being emitted by the industries.

(a) Name ONE type of gas being emitted by the industries. (1 x 1) (1)

(C) Account for TWO types of atmospheric consequences that these

gasses are responsible for. (2 x 1) (2)

3.6.4 Explain why the answer of ‘DENIAL’ is appropriate. (2 x 2) (4)

3.6.5 Despite the situation depicted in the illustration, the resource being
used to generate energy is still important and vital to South Africa’s
economy. Explain TWO reasons why. (2 x 2) (4)

Marking Guideline

3.6 3.6.1 Thermal energy/ Use of coal √ (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.2 The resource being used by the industries is a non-renewable

resource. √√ (1 x 2) (2)

3.6.3 (a) Carbon dioxide √

Carbon monoxide √
Nitrogen oxide √
(Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Global warming √

Acid rain √ (2 x 1) (2)

3.6.4 People continually use a non-renewable resource √√

Extracting the resource causes environmental harm √√
Ecosystems and habitat are destroyed √√
The gasses being emitted cause climate change √√
Biodiversity is destroyed √√
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.6.5 It is a huge provider of employment √√

South Africa has a lot of coal reserves and it earns foreign
exchange √√
Coal forms the basis of other industries like soap manufacturing,
Sasol, etc. √√
It is relatively cheap to extract and cheap to generate power,
therefore industries pay lower prices for energy compared to other
parts of the world. √√
 (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.2 Identify the use of the following natural resources as renewable or non-
renewable. Write ONLY renewable or non-renewable next to the question
number (4.2.1–4.2.8).

4.2.1 A company that uses bio-thermal methods to generate energy.

4.2.2 An iron company that makes corrugated iron for roofs.

4.2.3 A commercial farmer that cultivates organic vegetables.

4.2.4 A sawmill that cuts wood for the furniture industry.

4.2.5 A company that uses filters on their chimneys to reduce carbon

dioxide emissions.

4.2.6 A mining company which produces gold for the jewellery industry.

4.2.7 A petrochemical company that manufactures fuel for motor vehicles.

4.2.8 A utility company that provides huge amounts of water to the
municipality. (8 x 1) (8)

Marking Guideline

4.2 4.2.1 Renewable √

4.2.2 Non-renewable √

4.2.3 Renewable √

4.2.4 Renewable √

4.2.5 Renewable √

4.2.6 Non-renewable √

4.2.7 Non-renewable √

4.2.8 Non-renewable √ (8 x 1) (8)

FIGURE 4.5: NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

 [Source: http://www.epaw.org/multimedia]

4.5 Refer to FIGURE 4.5, showing the use of a non-conventional energy method.

4.5.1 Which non-conventional energy is being depicted by the cartoonist? (1 x 1) (1)

4.5.2 Name TWO disadvantages, illustrated in the diagram, of this type of
energy being generated. (2 x 1) (2)
4.5.3 Describe TWO advantages of this type of energy being generated. (2 x 2) (4)
4.5.4 Refer to the heading ‘Greening the Land’.
(a) What is meant by the heading ‘Greening the Land’? (1 x 2) (2)
(b) Explain how greening of the land will benefit the economy of South
Africa. (3 x 2) (6)

Marking Guideline

4.5 4.5.1 Wind energy √ (1 x 1) (1)

4.5.2 It kills birds √

It’s not always available √ (2 x 1) (2)

4.5.3 No coal or water is being used √√

No emissions of greenhouse gasses, thus it does not contribute to
global warming √√
There are no poisonous or dangerous waste products √√
The area beneath the windmills can be used for the cultivation of
crops √√
Farmers can get rental money from the wind power utility company √√
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.5.4 (a) When more environmentally friendly energy sources is used to

generate electricity √√ (1 x 2) (2)
(b) New machinery has to be manufactured, which leads to increased job
opportunities √√
Non-conventional energy can be generated in smaller areas and
regions, uplifting the economy of remote areas √√
Increased usage of non-conventional energy will lower the
price of fossil fuel, which might benefit South Africa √√(3 x 2) (6)
 FIGURE 4.6: RECYCLE AND REUSE

[Source: http://www.google.co.za/images]

4.6 Study FIGURE 4.6 showing the importance of recycling and reuse.

4.6.1 What is the meaning of sustainable use of resources? (1 x 1) (1)

4.6.2 Differentiate between recycle and reuse. (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.3 Discuss how recycling can cause economic development. (2 x 2) (4)

4.6.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, evaluate the impact of

recycling and reuse for environmental sustainability. (4 x 2) (8)

Marking Guideline
4.6
4.6.1 When we use the resource in such a way that future generations can
also benefit from the same resource √
(Concept) (1 x 1) (1)

4.6.2 Recycle is when a resource is used to make other products, whereas

Reuse refers to the use of a resource more than once without
destroying it √√ (1 x2) (2)

4.6.3 Creates job opportunities and self-employed opportunities √√

New machines and facilities broaden the skills and knowledge levels
of workers √√
Less use of products, save a lot of money for individuals, which can
be used somewhere else. √√
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.6.4 It reduces landfill waste √√

Conserves natural resources √√
Saves forests and other natural habitats √√
 Reduces energy consumption √√
Decreases pollution and global warming √√
(Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)

FIGURE 4.6 – POWERPLANTS CONTRIBUTING TO NATIONAL GRID

[Source:Google images
]
4.6 Refer to the diagram, FIGURE 4.6, illustrating the different power plants
contributing to the national grid in South Africa.

4.6.1 Name the types of power stations A, B and C respectively. (3×1) (3)

4.6.2 From the sketch, identify TWO uses of electricity in South Africa.
(2×1) (2)

4.6.3 Discuss the impact of power station B on the environment. (2×2) (4)

4.6.4 Use the diagram which shows how power is generated at B to explain in
a paragraph of eight lines, the process of generating thermal
electricity. (4×2) (8)

Marking Guideline
4.6 4.6.1 A Nuclear power station
B Thermal power station
C Hydro-electrical power station (3×1) (3)
4.6.2 • Transport
• Spoornet
• Farmers
• Domestic use
• Industries
• Recreational activities
(Any TWO) (2×1) (2)

4.6.3 • Burning of coal increases greenhouse gases

• Causes climate change and global warming
• Produces acid rain
• Mining of coal for generating energy cause environmental despoliation
• Waste of power stations destroys habitats of land and marine life
(Any TWO) (2 × 2) (4)
4.6.4 • Pulverising, grind the coal into powder
• Coal powder is mixed with hot air and moved to the furnaces
• Burning coal heats water in a boiler, creating steam
• Steam released from the boiler powers the turbine
• The turbine transforms heat energy into mechanical energy that spins the turbine
• Spinning turbine powers a generator, that turns mechanical energy
into electrical energy
(Any FOUR)(The WHOLE PROCESS should be explained for the FULL marks)
(4 × 2)(8)
2.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following
questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question numbers (2.1.1 to 2.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 2.1.8 D.

Refer to the map below showing the distribution of South Africa’s energy
sources, to answer QUESTIONS 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.

[Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Power-Plants-in-the-Republic-of-
South-Africa]

2.1.1 In which province is South Africa’s only operational nuclear power

plant located?

A Gauteng

B Mpumalanga
C Limpopo
D Western Cape

2.1.2 The majority of South Africa’s coal-fired power stations are in the

Mpumalanga Province due to ...

A rich coal deposits there.

B proximity to other countries.

C concentration of people.
D a high demand for electricity.
2.1.3 Conventional energy sources in South Africa include:

(i) coal

(ii) solar
(iii) hydro
(iv) gas

A. (i) and (ii)

B. (i) and (iv)

C. (i) and (iii)
D. (iii) and (iv)

2.1.4 Going green is an important step towards …

A an increased carbon footprint.

B a more sustainable lifestyle.

C increasing greenhouse gases.
D resource depletion.

2.1.5 Natural resources being used in an unsustainable way include …

and …

(i) afforestation.

(ii) extensive use of fossil fuels.

(iii) reforestation.
(iv) heavy use of agrichemicals.

A (i) and (ii)

B (ii) and (iii)

C (iii) and (iv)
D (ii) and (iv)
2.1.6 The country with the most ecological footprint per person is ...

A Botswana

B USA
C Qatar
D Mauritius

2.1.7 According to the pie chart below, the main causes of soil erosion
is/are …

A. climate change.

B. ndustrialisation.
C. agricultural activities.
D urbanisation. (7 x 1) (7)
Marking Guideline

2.1 2.1.1 D (1)

2.1.2 A (1)

2.1.3 C (1)

2.1.4 B (1)

2.1.5 D (1)

2.1.6 C (1)

2.1.7 C (1) (7 x 1) (7)

2.2 The photographs below show different ways how electrical energy is obtained
in South Africa. Match the descriptions below with the appropriate energy
source. Write only the energy source next to the question numbers (2.2.1 to
2.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 2.2.9 Thermal energy.

[Adapted from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/primary-energy-source]

2.2.1 Obtained by splitting uranium atoms

2.2.2 Use of heat of underground rocks and water
2.2.3 Burning vegetation and organic material
2.2.4 Photovoltaic panels converting the sun’s rays
2.2.5 Energy obtained by burning coal in power stations
2.2.6 Energy that is a combination of renewable and a non-renewable
2.2.7 Using the force of running water
2.2.8 Referred to as heat energy (8 x 1) (8)
Marking Guideline

2.2 2.2.1 Nuclear (1)

2.2.2 Geo-thermal (1)

2.2.3 Biomass (1)

2.2.4 Solar (1)

2.2.5 Thermal (1)

2.2.6 Nuclear (1)

2.2.7 Hydro (1)

2.2.8 Thermal (1) (8 x 1) (8)

2.3 Refer to the infographic on soil erosion in the Drakensburg uplands of South
Africa.

2.3.1 How has the increasing population density and demand for land
caused soil erosion? (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.2 (a) Which image (A, B or C) is most vulnerable to soil erosion?

(1 x 1) (1)

(b) Explain your answer to QUESTION 2.3.2(a) by referring to the

impact of the grass cover. (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.3 Why is soil erosion ‘a major threat’ to the livelihood of subsistence
farmers who use the communal land? (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.4 In a paragraph of EIGHT lines, explain sustainable management

strategies that can be used to control and prevent soil erosion. (4 x 2) (8)
Marking Guideline

2.3 2.3.1 More cattle (overgrazing) (2)

Increased livestock causing increased compaction of soil (2)
Insufficient time for soil to rejuvenate (2)
Land is not being left fallow (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.2 (a) A (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.2 (b) A has the least protection (least grass cover) from heavy rain and
wind (2)
Exposed soil is more vulnerable to rain splash (losing the soil
particles) and runoff (2)
There is less infiltration and more runoff with bare ground (2)
Less vegetation to slow down water movement (2)
Less vegetation stabilising the soil (fewer roots to bind soil) (2)
Less vegetation to anchor and reinforce the soil with its root
system (2)
Less vegetation reducing the soil’s water holding capacity which
increases runoff (2)
Less vegetation to intercept rain increasing water’s energy (2)
Less vegetation which leaves the soil exposed to the wind blowing
soil away (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.3 Reduces agricultural productivity increasing poverty (2)

Lower yields make them vulnerable to food insecurity (2)
Malnutrition / starvation (people) (2)
Compromised water quality adds pressure (2)
Limited grazing makes farmers extra vulnerable to drought (2)
Forces farmers to slaughter or sell cattle at reduced rate (2)
Cattle are kept as a measure of wealth – farmers do not want to
farm fewer cattle (2)
 Limited financial resources spent on feed for animals causing
financial strains (2)
More people are unemployed increasing poverty (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.4 Contour ploughing (2)

Avoid ploughing downslope (2)
Crop rotation (2)
Avoid over-cropping (2)
Rotational grazing (2)
Afforestation / reforestation (2)
Protect grasslands (2)
Drainage basin management (2)
Public education (2)
Retain border of natural vegetation along river (not used for
farming) (2)
Build soil organic matter (2)
Practice no-till/minimal tillage (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
2.4 Refer the extract below on Africa’s renewable energy.

2.4.1 What is renewable energy? (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.2 Which region is the current leader on the African continent in

renewable energy capacity? (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.3 Which African region, when all their under-construction projects are
complete, will more than double their current capacity? (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.4 What physical factors contribute to Africa being described as exceeding

‘excellent conditions’ for solar power? (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.5 How will the development of solar power plants contribute to Africa’s
economic growth? (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.6 Explain the challenges Africa faces in increasing their capacity to

generate solar energy. (2 x 2) (4)
Marking Guideline

2.4 2.4.1 Energy produced from sources like the sun and wind that do not run
out (2)
It is an energy source that can naturally replenish itself (2)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.2 North Africa (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.3 Central Africa (1) (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.4 Land availability (1)

Reliable sunlight (1)
Abundance of sunlight (1)
Flat gradient (1)
Latitudinal positioning (heat) (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.5 It is cheaper than conventional energy (2)

Increase in employment (2)
Skill transfer / learnership that can be integrated into other economic
sectors (2)
Famers can rent out land to companies (2)
Save the country on fines for excessive carbon emissions (2)
Increase in foreign direct investment (2)
Multiplier effect (related industries open) (2)
Diversification of the economy (2)
Can sell electricity to other countries (earn foreign income) (2)
Capital injection into the economy (2)
Money spent on operations and maintenance (2)
Business can trade/operate with reliable energy (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.6 Insufficient funding to set up (2)

Less / no investment in solar plants (2)
Lack of professional expertise to implement (2)
Resistance from stakeholders (accept examples) causing delays (2)
Vandalism of infrastructure which is costly (2)
Limited capacity to upgrade / fix equipment can lead to
deterioration (2)
Climate change can adversely affect conditions (2)
Old / dilapidated infrastructure – expensive to fix (2)
Limited land for expansion drives up the costs (2)
Limited land for expansion causes stagnation
Corruption / mismanagement of funds deprives allocation of
funding (2)
Pressure from environmentalists slows down process (2)
Inability to access modern technology to increase output (2)
Political instability deters investors (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
2.5 Refer to the extract on South Africa’s energy management.

COAL STILL HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY IN SOUTH AFRICA:

TODAY AND TOMORROW
South Africa’s coal-fired power stations are linked with South Africa’s
energy crisis. The government-owned national power utility, Eskom
Holdings – which generates 90% of the electricity used in South Africa
and 30% of the electricity generated on the African continent – has
been unable to keep up with the national demand for electricity.
Eskom’s 14 coal-fired power stations are either old and inadequately
maintained or poorly designed and not operating to capacity. Due to
these issues, South Africa experiences a daily shortfall of around 4 000–
6 000 megawatts, roughly equivalent to 10% of current use. What result
are scheduled power outages (or loadshedding*).
Unstable access to electricity does not only impact negatively on daily
lives of the public, but power outages also cause disruptions to
businesses, damaging the very economic backbone of the nation.
To address this problem, South Africa has been working to shift its
energy mix from coal to renewables like wind and solar. However, from a
holistic perspective, coal has a crucial role to play in stabilising the
country’s energy sector and business environment.
*Loadshedding: when a power station cannot meet demand for electricity,
power is switched off to parts of the grid to protect power generating assets

[Adapted from https://energycapitalpower.com/like-it-or-not-coal-still-has-an-

important-role-to-play-in-south-africa-today-and-tomorrow/]

2.5.1 According to the extract, what percentage of South Africa’s electricity

does Eskom generate? (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.2 Quote from the extract, why Eskom’s fourteen (14) coal-fired power
stations are unable to meet the national demand for electricity.
(2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3 How does unstable electricity supply (loadshedding) affect small

businesses? (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4 In what ways do South Africa’s reliance on coal-fired power stations

 impact the environment? (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.5 Explain why reducing the country’s dependency on coal as a source of

energy would be detrimental to the economy. (3 x 2) (6)

Marking Guideline

2.5 2.5.1 30% (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.2 Too old (1)

Inadequately maintained (1)
Poorly designed (1)
Not operating to capacity (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3 Increases operating costs (accept examples) (2)

Decreases trading hours (2)
Reduced productivity (2)
Expensive to supply alternative energy (accept examples) (2)
Loss of revenue (2)
Decline profit margins (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4 Coal is a non-renewable resource (2)

Negative impact of coal mining (2)
Pollution from the transportation of coal (2)
Pollutants in the ash and cinders that remain after coal is burned (2)
Burning coal increases greenhouse gases (2)
Gases contribute to global warming and climate change (2)
Produces acid rain (2)
Mining causes environmental despoliation (2)
Poisonous chemicals leach out of mine dumps (2)
Pollution of water (mines) (2)
Waste of power stations destroys habitats of land and aquatic
life (2)
 Removal of forests and other natural vegetation for the mining area
threatens animal and plant species (2)
Solid waste from the coal mines and coal processing plants (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.5 Job losses in the mining industry (2)

Decrease in employment in power plants (2)
Increase in unemployment and poverty (2)
Increase reliance on social grants (2)
Decrease in money circulating in the economy (2)
Coal production contributes significantly to SA’s GDP (2)
Coal mining towns would suffer economic decline (2)
Reskilling and training of workers have financial implications (2)
South Africa has a lot of coal reserves and it earns foreign
exchange (2)
It is relatively cheap to extract and cheap to generate power (2)
Large amounts of money have been invested in coal mining and
power stations (2)
Very expensive to move from coal to greener sources of energy (2)
Expensive to repay national debt for infrastructural investment (2)
Communities and livelihoods tied to the coal industry is negatively
impacted (2)
Very expensive to fix the old / poorly-maintained power plants (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)
2.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following
questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to
the question numbers (2.1.to 2.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, for
example 2.1.8 A.
2.1.1 Desertification is a(n) … agent of erosion.
A. human

B. physical
C. animal
D. economic

2.1.2 Acid rain is a form of …

A. land pollution.

B. precipitation.
C. air pollution.
D. energy.

2.1.3 The Kyoto Protocol requires South Africa to …

A. develop nuclear energy.

B. continue using coal to generate electricity.

C. decrease industrialisation.
D. develop renewable energy resources.

2.1.4 Uranium is a mineral that is necessary to produce… energy.

A. thermal

B. wind
C. nuclear
D. solar
 2.1.5 Gullies or dongas are the effects of soil erosion caused by …

A. overgrazing.

B. strip cropping.
C. afforestation.
D. reforestation.

2.1.6 Solar power is a … source of energy.

A. non-renewable

B. renewable
C. thermal
D. conventional

2.1.7 The loss of soil is a factor that affects …

A. energy production.

B. river deltas.
C. droughts.
D. food production. (7 x 1)
(7)
Marking Guideline

2.1 2.1.1 B (1)

2.1.2 C (1)

2.1.3 D (1)

2.1.4 C (1)

2.1.5 A (1)

2.1.6 B (1)

2.1.7 D (1) (7 x 1) (7)

2.2 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets which will make
each statement geographically CORRECT. Write only the word(s) next
to the question numbers (2.2.1 to 2.2.8).
2.2.1 (Downslope/Contour) ploughing can cause run off that
contributes to soil erosion.

2.2.2 Soil erosion is more prevalent in areas where

(subsistence/commercial) farming occurs.

2.2.3 (Biofuel/Geothermal) energy is developed from natural organic matter.

2.2.4 The only functional nuclear power station in South Africa is in
the (Western Cape/Eastern Cape).

2.2.5 The conventional energy source that adds the least to the
electricity grid in South Africa is (gas/hydroelectricity).

2.2.6 (Afforestation/Overgrazing) reduces soil erosion caused by

water and wind.

2.2.7 Thermal power stations contribute to changes in the (economy/climate).

2.2.8 (Fallowing/Over cropping) is a farming practice that allows nutrients
and fertility to be restored. (8 x 1) (8)

Marking Guideline

2.2 2.2.1 Downslope (1)

2.2.2 subsistence (1)

2.2.3 Biofuel (1)

2.2.4 Western Cape (1)

2.2.5 gas (1)

2.2.6 Afforestation (1)

2.2.7 climate (1)

2.2.8 Fallowing (1) (8 x 1) (8)

2.3 Refer to the extract below on soil erosion in the Amazon Rainforest.

The Amazon is the world’s largest rainforest and the largest river basin
on the planet.

Today, the Amazon is facing a multitude of threats as a result of

unsustainable economic development: 20% of the Amazon biome has
already been lost, and the trend will worsen if left unchecked, with
erosion being the major concern
The logging and clear-cutting of rain forests are some of the leading
causes of land degradation worldwide. In the Amazon Rainforest of
Brazil for example, an area the size of a football field is cut every
second, leaving vast swaths of land vulnerable to wind, rains and floods
that cause erosion.
The Amazon is the biggest deforestation front in the world and
interventions are urgently needed to prevent a large-scale, irreversible
ecological disaster due to man.
Deforestation by activities such as unsustainable logging, ranching and
mining can lead to fast and widespread erosion of rain forest soils.
Logging companies clear-cut large areas of rain forest, and ranchers
with little land allow cattle to overgraze delicate rain forest grasses.
Agriculture is another major cause of deforestation and erosion.

[Source:http://wwf.panda.org/our_work/forests/deforestation_fronts/
deforestation_in_the_ amazon/. Accessed on 28 August 2018.]

2.3.1 According to the extract, name ONE human activity that has led to
soil erosion. (1 x 1) (1)
 2.3.2 List TWO physical factors that have caused soil erosion. (2 x 1) (2)
2.3.3 State ONE way in which soil erosion will impact on the environment of
the Amazon rain forest. (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.4 Explain the effects of soil erosion on the environment in the Amazon
rain forest. (2 x 2) (4)
2.3.5 Explain THREE sustainable management strategies that can be used to
prevent and control soil erosion in the Amazon rain forest. (3 x 2) (6)

Marking Guideline
2.3 2.3.1 Logging (1)
Ranching (1)
Mining (1)
Agriculture (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.2 Wind (1)

Floods (1)
Rains (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.3 Loss of natural habitat (2)

Loss of trees (2)
Endanger species (2)
Loss of depth of species (2)
Extinction of ethnic tribes (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.4 Loss of vegetation which helps land to retain water and top soils /
provides rich nutrients to sustain environment (2)
Increase in run-off as vegetation does not protect soil (2)
Silting of dams due to sedimentation in streams effects waterways
and fish/species (2)
Desertification created due to removal of trees due to run-off (2)
 Gullies created due to removal of trees due to run-off (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.5 Contour ploughing (2)

Crop rotation (2)
Rotational grazing (2)
Increase vegetation cover (2)
Plant groundcover between row crops (2)
Protect grasslands (2)
Drainage basin management (2)
Conserving rivers and wetlands (2)
Public education (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)
2.4 Refer to the extract below on coal as a conventional energy source.

Electricity load shedding will halve GDP growth this year and cost the
country 275 000 in potential jobs, say analysts.

In June, president Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the requirements

for the private sector to obtain a licence for own power generation had
been relaxed, with the official change to be made in a government
gazette within the next two months.
Ramaphosa has raised the threshold to 100 MW. According to
Ramaphosa, firms will also be allowed to sell any excess power
generated back into the grid. However, it could take more than a year
to see the effects of the change, says economists at the Bureau for
Economic Research (BER).
“In terms of the impact on the economy, it is important to realise that
own generation (renewable) projects can take up to 18 months to
complete. This does imply that periodic load shedding is likely to
remain a feature of the South African landscape in the foreseeable
future.”
The South African Photocatalytic Association estimates that the lifting
of the licensing cap could add up to 5 500 MW of additional power over
the next two years.
“The key message here is that in line with our thinking since the end of
2019, there is scope to be more optimistic about the prospects for the
South African economy beyond 2022,” the BER said.
 [Adapted from
http;//www.ber.ac.za]

2.4.1 Name the power utility that provides South Africa with electricity.
(1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 According to the extract, what are the effects of load shedding on the
economy of South Africa? (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.3 State the causes of load shedding in South Africa. (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.4 Explain how president Cyril Ramaphosa’s decision positively impacted
on the amount of electricity available to South Africa. (1 x 2) (2)
Why does South Africa favour a non-conventional
2.4.5 source of energy,
such as coal, to be its main source of energy? (2 x 2) (4)
Explain the negative impact that coal mining has on
2.4.6 the environment.
(2 x 2) (4)

Marking Guideline

2.4 2.4.1 Eskom (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.2 Job losses (1)

Halve the GDP (1) (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.3 Failure to build new power stations to keep up with economic

growth (1)
Reduced production from ageing/faulty equipment (1)
Mismanagement and corruption (1)
No renewable energy to supplement the grid (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.4 The private sector can generate its own power and sell the excess
back to the grid. (2) (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.5 Large amounts of money have been invested in coal mines/power

stations (2)
They provide jobs and contribute to the GDP (2) (2 x 2) (4)
2.4.6 Degradation/alteration of the land occurs because of mining (2)
Biodiversity is reduced (2)
Habitats of ecosystems are destroyed (2)
Methane (greenhouse gas) is released that contributes to global
warming (2)
Acid mine drainage cause water pollution (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
2.5 Refer to the fact file below which shows the advantages and
disadvantages of wind energy as a non-conventional source of energy.

[Source:
energysage.com]

2.5.1 Why is wind a renewable source of energy? (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.2 How can wind power as a renewable source of energy reduce

greenhouse emissions? (1 x 1) (1)

2.5 3 State the negative environmental reasons for using wind as a source
of energy. (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.4 Why has South Africa’s location favoured the development of wind
energy? (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explain the benefits of

wind energy to the economy of South Africa. (4 x 2) (8)
 Marking Guideline

2.5 2.5.1 It is an energy source that can naturally replenish itself (2)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.2 Lowers the demand and use of fossil fuels (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.3 It is a threat to wildlife e.g. birds (2)

Destroys ecosystems (2)
Destruction of habitats (2)
Removing natural vegetation/deforestation is required to set
up wind farms (2)
It is not aesthetically pleasing/visual pollution (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4 Located at latitudes that receive enough sunlight to cause

pressure differences (2)
The coastline provides enough windy areas for its energy to be
harnessed (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.5 It is cheaper as it only requires wind to work (2)

Creates jobs in the setting up and maintenance of wind turbines (2)
People learn skills that could be put to use in other sectors of the
economy (2)
Maintenance costs are minimal (2)
It is affordable for homeowners and businesses to set up their own
power grids (2)
Farmers can rent out land to wind farms (2)
It is a green source of energy which saves the country on fines for
excessive carbon emissions (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)