Term 4 - Earth and Space

The Adventure of Tactless Tectonics and Crazy Cosmos

Lesson 4
Earthquakes

“When the earthquake hit Haiti in 2010, I was on vacation in the Cayman Islands.”
- Jose Andres
Learning Intentions:

- Understand the causes of earthquakes and their impacts.

Success Criteria:

- I can understand how earthquakes are caused from tectonic movement.

- I can recognize the effects that earthquakes have.
Overview
Week Topic

1 The Structure of the Earth

2 Tectonic Activity

3 Wegener the Sea Floor

4 Fault Lines

5 CAT (Presentation)

6 Observing the Universe

7 The Big Bang

8 Cosmic Structures

9 Examination Preparation

10 Examinations

11 Project Week
Tune In - Inside the Earth
The hotter liquid layers of the Earth move
out to the surface while the colder layers
move in. This is convection.
Learn - Earthquakes
Learn - Earthquakes
Learn - Earthquakes
Learn - Earthquakes
Learn - Earthquakes
Learn - Earthquakes
Learn - Earthquakes
We have experienced earthquakes in Melbourne.

Many earthquakes happen daily around the world.

You can see the latest Earthquakes globally with the USGS website.

You can see just the Aussie earthquakes at our own Earthquakes website.
Learn - Earthquake Terminology
Earthquake - Large scale sudden shaking of the ground.

Focus (Hypocentre) - The point inside of the Earth where the earthquake begins.

Epicenter - The point on the surface of the Earth above the hypocentre, where the
earthquake is strongest.

Seismic waves - The release of energy causes waves of movement, compression,

and sound.
Learn - Causes of Earthquakes
Tectonic movement:

- Convergent: Plates collide, causing one to

slide beneath the other (subduction).
- Divergent: Plates move apart, forming
new crust.
- Transforming: Plates slide past each other.

Volcanoes: The movement of magma can

cause earthquakes.
Learn - Impacts of Earthquakes
Earthquake impacts include:

- Cracks and openings

- Destroying roads
- Destroying buildings
- Destroying towns
- Landslides
- Tsunamis
- Liquefaction of soil (sinking)
Learn - Moment Magnitude
Learn - Moment Magnitude
We use the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) to measure the energy of an
earthquake.

This represents the size

of the tectonic activity,
and therefore how
powerful the resulting
quake is.

Note how often

earthquakes happen.
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
1976 Tangshan Earthquake, China

Casualties: 242,000 - 655,000

Magnitude:
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
1976 Tangshan Earthquake, China

Casualties: 242,000 - 655,000

Magnitude: 7.6
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquakes

Casualties: 55,000 - 70,000

Magnitude:
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquakes

Casualties: 55,000 - 70,000

Magnitude: 7.8
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquakes

Casualties: 55,000 - 70,000

Magnitude:
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquakes

Casualties: 55,000 - 70,000

Magnitude: 7.8
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquakes

Casualties: 131

Magnitude:
Learn - What is the Magnitude?
2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquakes

Casualties: 131

Magnitude: 9.2
Apply
Complete Stile 5.1
Reflect
Raise your hand if you believe that earthquakes are scary.
Lesson 5
Volcanoes

“If your heart is a volcano, how shall you expect the flowers to bloom.”
- Khalil Gibran
Learning Intentions:

- Understand the causes of volcanoes and their impacts.

Success Criteria:

- I can understand how volcanoes are caused from tectonic movement.

- I can recognize the effects that volcanoes have.
Tune In - Inside the Earth
The hotter liquid layers of the Earth move
out to the surface while the colder layers
move in. This is convection.
Tune In - Richter Scale
We use the Richter scale to measure
earthquakes.

This is a logarithmic scale.

The energy increases by 10 for each
time the scale increases by 1.
Learn
We have learned about earthquakes and their impacts.

We will now learn about volcanoes and their impacts.

This will help us understand the effects of tectonic activity, and allow us to better
map the Earth.
Learn - Volcanoes
Learn - Volcanoes
Learn - Volcanoes
Learn - Volcanoes
Learn - Volcanoes
Learn - Volcanoes
Learn - Volcanoes
Learn - Volcanoes
Compared to earthquakes, volcanoes are quite rare.

As of August 2024, there are 45 active volcanoes erupting.

Volcanoes are mostly caused by convergent and divergent tectonic movement.

Volcanoes can also be caused by ‘hotspots’, or plumes of magma that arise from
the mantle through the crust.
Magma gathers beneath the volcano in a region called a magma chamber.
It makes its way up to the surface through a pipe called the conduit.

When the volcano erupts, the place where the lava flows out is the vent.
The volcano is formed of layers of cooled rock that have been erupted.

These layers could be lava only, or alternating lava and ash (small fragments
from explosive eruptions).
Many volcanoes have a crater in the top formed by these explosions.
Learn - Volcano Terminology
Magma: Molten rock beneath Earth’s surface.

Lava: Molten rock erupted onto Earth’s surface.

Crater: The bowl-shaped depression atop a volcano.

Vent: An opening on or near a volcano through which ash, magma, and gases pass.

Magma chamber: A large underground pool of magma.

Pyroclastic flow: The moving current of gas, ash, and lava that flows from a volcano.
Learn - Volcano Terminology
Learn - Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes: Large, gentle slopes, formed
by lava running over a long distance.

Composite/stratovolcano: Steep, symmetrical,

composed of layers of lava, ash, and rock.

Cinder Cone volcano: Small, steep, composed

of ash, cinder, and rock fragments.

Calderas: Large depressions caused by the

collapse of the volcano summit.
Learn - Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes: Large, gentle slopes, formed
by lava running over a long distance.

Composite/stratovolcano: Steep, symmetrical,

composed of layers of lava, ash, and rock.

Cinder Cone volcano: Small, steep, composed

of ash, cinder, and rock fragments.

Calderas: Large depressions caused by the

collapse of the volcano summit.
Learn - Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes: Large, gentle slopes, formed
by lava running over a long distance.

Composite/stratovolcano: Steep, symmetrical,

composed of layers of lava, ash, and rock.

Cinder Cone volcano: Small, steep, composed

of ash, cinder, and rock fragments.

Calderas: Large depressions caused by the

collapse of the volcano summit.
Learn - Types of Volcanoes
Shield volcanoes: Large, gentle slopes, formed
by lava running over a long distance.

Composite/stratovolcano: Steep, symmetrical,

composed of layers of lava, ash, and rock.

Cinder Cone volcano: Small, steep, composed

of ash, cinder, and rock fragments.

Calderas: Large depressions caused by the

collapse of the volcano summit.
 Volcanoes are made of lava and ash. They are built up over thousands of years
by their own eruptions!
Volcanoes are formed when molten rock breaks through the Earth's surface. This event is called
an eruption. After being erupted, molten rock cools down and solidifies to form new solid rock
on the surface.

More eruptions create more rock, which gradually builds up a volcano layer by layer.

Over thousands of years, these volcanoes grew until they rose out of the ocean and became
islands!
Learn - Eruptions
Effusive eruptions: Lava flows steadily from
the volcano, with little explosion.
Common in shield volcanoes.

Explosive eruptions: Gas, ash, and rock are

exploded from the volcano, with lava
following.
Common in stratovolcanoes.
Learn - Describe These Volcanoes
Learn - Describe These Volcanoes

Stratovolcano with an explosive eruption.

Learn - Describe These Volcanoes
Learn - Describe These Volcanoes

Caldera volcano with an effusive eruption.

Learn - Describe These Volcanoes
Learn - Describe These Volcanoes

Shield volcano with an explosive eruption

Learn - Describe These Volcanoes

Lava that is rich in silica tends to be very viscous.- The vicious properties- thick and flow slowly
Learn - Describe These Volcanoes

Cinder Cone Volcano with an effusive eruption.

Learn - Describe These Volcanoes
Learn - Describe These Volcanoes
Learn - Describe These Volcanoes

Not a volcano.
Apply
Complete Stile 7.1
Reflect
Raise your hand if you believe that volcanoes are cool.
Lesson 6
Earthquakes and Volcanoes

“If I was to establish a system, it would be, that Mountains are produced by Volcanoes, and not
Volcanoes by Mountains.”
- Sir William Hamilton
Learning Intentions:

- Understand the detection and coincidences of earthquakes and volcanoes.

Success Criteria:

- I can understand how earthquakes are detected and measured.

- I can understand how earthquakes and volcanoes affect their localle.
Tune In - Volcano Terminology
Tune In - Where are we?
Tune In - Where are Earthquakes?
Tune In - Where are Volcanoes?
Learn - Maps of Earthquakes
Learn - Maps of Earthquakes
Quiz:
Where is this?
Learn - Maps of Earthquakes
Quiz:
Where is this?

Colombia

Magnitude: 6.4

Year: 2018
Learn - Maps of Earthquakes
Quiz:
Where is this?
Learn - Maps of Earthquakes
Quiz:
Where is this?

Indonesia

Magnitude 8.3

Year: 2018
Learn - Maps of Earthquakes
Quiz:
Where is this?
Learn - Maps of Earthquakes
Quiz:
Where is this?

Alaska

Magnitude: 6.3

Year: 2017
Learn - Detecting Earthquakes and volcanoes
We have learned about tectonics, earthquakes and volcanoes.

We will now learn how we can detect and prepare for these disasters.

This will help us understand the structure of the earth.

Learn - Earthquake Detection Methods
How do you think that we detect and measure earthquakes?

Method Description

Global Positioning We use satellites to monitor tectonic movement and changes to the
System (GPS) temperature and mass beneath Earth’s surface. Modern satellite can measure
tectonic movement down to the millimeter, allowing us to predict earthquakes.

Seismographs Using accelerometers (measuring changes in speed) across the world, we can
measure very small changes in motion of the ground. This is used more so
when an earthquake happens so we can measure and react to it.

Data Analysis and By using computers to assess vast amounts of data, and AI to create
Machine Learning predictions about future events, we can predict possible earthquakes with some
accuracy.
Learn - Volcano Detection Methods
How do you think that we detect and measure volcanoes?

Method Description

The Eye Used for millions of years, the eye allows us to detect large mountainous
structures, large explosions of fire, and flowing lava. Whilst reliable, the eye is
short ranged and not very good at predicting future events.

Gas Emission We can detect and monitor gas emissions, mainly sulfur dioxide and carbon
Monitoring dioxide, to understand how close a volcano is to forming or erupting. Gas build
up and emission can suggest volcanic activity.

Seismic Activity and Satellites equipped with thermal imaging can detect changes in the position
Thermal Imaging and temperature of the surface of the Earth. This can alert us to hotspot areas
or volcanoes that are growing close to erupting.
Learn - Satellite Imaging
This image represents the view from a
satellite, detecting the amount of movement
at each point on the ground.

This is accurate down to a millimeter.

This was an earthquake in Chille,

magnitude 7.7, in 2014.
Learn - The Satellites
This is an ESA (European Space Agency)
satellite designed for direct acoustic detection
of earthquakes from 270km in space.
How does that work?
Learn - The Satellites
This is an ESA (European Space Agency)
satellite designed for direct acoustic detection
of earthquakes from 270km in space.
How does that work?

There are ones that detect distance to Earth.

Learn - The Satellites
This is an ESA (European Space Agency)
satellite designed for direct acoustic detection
of earthquakes from 270km in space.
How does that work?

There are ones that detect distance to Earth.

And ones that detect the atmosphere itself.

Learn - Seismographs
Seismographs measure the
movement of the Earth,
recording the changes in various
forms.

This is an example of a simple

seismograph. It records the
movement of the suspended
mass.
Learn - Seismographs
The lines on a seismograph show
the magnitude and the timing of
the earthquake.

The larger the lines, the stronger

the earthquake.

The further apart the lines, the ashhhhhjh

deeper the earthquake tends to be.
Learn - Seismographs
The magnitude of an earthquake is determined by the amplitude of the shaking on a seismogram.
The higher the number on the scale, the more energy has been released, and the higher the
likelihood of damage.

Scientists must control for the distance to the earthquake's epicentre and the depth of its focus for
an accurate reading.
Learn - Gas Monitoring
This is an example of the amazing
job of monitoring the gases of a
volcano.

The equipment allows us to know

how much gas is building up to
create an eruption.

How many interns are there?

Moment magnitude

The most standard and reliable measure of earthquake size is moment magnitude (Mw), which is
based on seismic ‘moment’.

Moment is related to the area of the earthquake fault rupture and the amount of slip on the rupture,
as well as the strength of the rocks themselves.

Richter’s original magnitude scale underestimates the size of large events, so the constants used
in the definition of Mw were chosen so that the magnitude numbers for Richter and moment
magnitudes match for smaller events.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL3KGK5eqaw
Learn - Approaching Volcanoes
Want to walk next to a volcano? Then you’ll need
something like this X60 Z-Flex Advanced Fire Entry Suit,
running at a smooth $13,000 (min).

Capable of withstanding
temperatures up to 1650
celsius, these suits allow
volcanologists to approach
volcanoes safely and
collect samples and data.

Always push your bro to be your fireshield.

Apply
Complete Stile 1.3
Reflect
Raise your hand if you would, with safety gear, stroll next to a laval flow?