CENSUS

BY PARMAR SSC
What is Census ?
History of Census
POPULATION
Growth Rate in Population
Gender Composition
SEX RATIO
LITERACY RATE
POPULATION DENSITY
RURAL URBAN DIVIDE
CASTE BASED
RELIGION BASED
MISC.
THANKOO !
 Inventions and Discoveries

Discoveries Inventions

Air Pressure Evangelista Torricelli

Anemometer Leon Battista Alberti
Atomic Nucleus Ernest Rutherford
Aspirin Felix Hoffman

v
Electron J J Thomson
Proton Ernest Rutherford

Sr
Neutron James Chadwick
Battery Alessandro Volta
Barometer Evangelista Torricelli
Calorimeter Antoine Lavoisier
an
Dynamometer Edme Rednier
Dynamite Alfered Nobel
Gravity Sir Isaac Newton
Am

Hydrogen Henry Cavendish

Induction Motor Nikola Tesla
LCD Friedrich Reinitzer
Magnetometer Sheldon Breiner
Mercury Thermometer Gabriel Fahrenheit
Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev
Penicillin Alexander Fleming
Steam Turbine Charles Parson
Transformer William Stanley
Telescope Hans Lippershey

v
Sr
an
Am
President Tenure Description
Rajendra Prasad 13 May 1952 – 13 May He was elected twice as the president
1957 He was also the president of the constituent
13 May 1957 – 13 May assembly before being elected for this post.
1962
Sarvepalli 13 May 1962 – 13 May Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and
Radhakrishnan 1967 writer.
He also held the position of vice-chancellor of the
Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.
Zakir Hussain 13 May 1967 – 3 May He was the recipient of Padma Vibhushan and
1969 Bharat Ratna.
He was the shortest-serving president and passed
away in office.
Varahagiri 3 May 1969 – 20 July He was elected Vice President of India in 1967.
Venkata Giri 1969 He served as the president for a short term due to
24 August 1969 – 24 the sudden death of Zakir Hussain in office.
August 1974

Fakhruddin Ali 24 August 1974 – 11 He was the president during the Emergency.
Ahmed February 1977 He was the second president who died in office.

Neelam Sanjiva 25 July 1977 – 25 July He was the first Chief Minister of Andhra
Reddy 1982 Pradesh.
He became the youngest President who occupied
Rashtrapati Bhavan and contested twice for the
post of president.

Zail Singh 25 July 1982 – 25 July He was the Chief Minister of Punjab and the
1987 Union Home Minister
Ramaswamy 25 July 1987 – 25 July He is a receiver of “Tamra Patra” for his
Venkataraman 1992 contributions to India’s freedom struggle
Shankar Dayal 25 July 1992 – 25 July He was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh and
Sharma 1997 the Indian Minister for Communications.
Kocheril Raman 25 July 1997 – 25 July He served as India’s ambassador to Thailand,
Narayanan 2002 Turkey, China and the United States of America.
Avul Pakir 25 July 2002 – 25 July He played a leading role in the development of
Jainulabdeen 2007 India’s ballistic missile and nuclear weapons
Abdul Kalam programs.
He was also a Bharat Ratna recipient.
Pratibha Patil 25 July 2007 – 25 July She was the first woman president of India.
2012
Pranab 25 July – 25 July 2017 He was awarded the best Parliamentary Award in
Mukherjee 1997.
He also received Padma Vibhushan in 2008

Ram Nath 25 July 2017 – 25 July He served as the Governor of Bihar.

Kovind 2022
Draupadi Murmu 25 July 2022 – She has served as the governor of Jharkhand
Incumbent previously.
 Republic Day
● Republic Day is celebrated every year on January 26th
● On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India was officially
adopted
● January 26 was chosen as Republic Day since it was on this
day in 1929 when the Indian National Congress issued the
Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj), opposing
the British Regime's dominion status.

History of Republic Day- Let us learn about the

Constituent Assembly
● The Constituent Assembly, meant to draft the Constitution of
India, held its first session on December 9, 1946.
● Before the partition of India and Pakistan, the strength of the
Constituent Assembly was 389 members.
● But after partition, the number of seats came down to 299
since some princely states and some provinces had become
part of the newly formed Pakistan.
● Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was appointed as the interim
president of the Constituent Assembly.
● Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president of the
constituent assembly on December 11, 1946, and the vice
president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee.
● Over the next two years, the Constituent Assembly held
numerous sessions, adopting the Constitution on January 24,
1950.
● The constitution officially came into effect two days later, on
January 26, 1950.
Committees of Constituent Assembly
● There were a total of 22 committees of the constituent
assembly.

Important Committees of the Constituent

Assembly and their Chairman

Committee Chairman

Union Power Committee J L Nehru

Rules of Procedure Committee Rajendra Prasad

Provincial Constitution Sardar Patel

Committee

Steering Committee Rajendra Prasad

Drafting Committee B R Ambedkar

Advisory committee on Sardar Patel

Fundamental Rights, Minorities
and Tribal and Excluded Areas

Union Constitution Committee J L Nehru

States Committee J L Nehru

● Given its critical responsibility of drafting a constitution, the

Drafting Committee is undoubtedly very prominent in the
history of Indian Polity.
● A total of seven members made up the prominent Drafting
Committee. These members are:
● B.R. Ambedkar – Chairman
 ● Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar
● K.M Munshi
● B.L. Mitter
● D.P. Khaitan
● Mohammad Saadulla
● N. Gopalaswami

Republic Day Celebrations

● The country is celebrating the 75th Republic Day of India.
● Every Republic Day, the tricolour flag is tied with flowers on top
of the flagpole and unfurled by the President.
● This moment is accompanied by the playing of the National
Anthem, and the Indian Army's Artillery Regiment gives a
21-gun salute.
● The main event is a massive parade held in the capital of New
Delhi, which includes cultural, historical, and military displays.
● The parade is preceded by the prime minister laying a wreath
at the Amar Jawan Jyoti
● The festivities officially close on January 29 with the Beating
Retreat Ceremony in New Delhi, where bands from the Indian
Army, Navy, and Air Force perform.

Chief Guest
● Since 1950, India has extended invitations to the head of state
or government of another country as the state guest of honour
for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi.
● Indonesian President Sukarno was the first Chief Guest of
India's first Republic Day parade on January 26, 1950.
● In 2024, Emmanuel Macron, the President of France, will visit
India as the Chief Guest for the 75th Republic Day celebrations.
 List of Organization before Indian National Congress
Organization Foundat Founder Importance
ion Year

Landholders’ 1837 Dwarkanath ● It was the first to adopt

Society Tagore the path of constitutional
demonstration for the
fulfillment of its objectives.

Bengal British 1843 George ● To promote good

India Society Thomson. citizenship qualities in the
Members Indian people, raise public
included awareness about the state
‘Young Bengal’ of governance, and work
group toward their realization
through peaceful and legal
means consistent with
loyalty to the person and
government of the reigning
sovereign in England.

British Indian 1851 Raja ● To secure improvements in

Association Radhakant Deb the local administration of
and the country and in the
Debendranath system of government laid
Tagore, down by Parliament.
● Its membership was kept
exclusive to Indians.

National 1870 Mary Carpenter ● The organization's full

Indian in Bristol, with name was originally
Association the assistance ‘National Indian
(NIA) of Keshub Association in Aid of Social
Chunder Sen Progress in India’.
● The initial goal of this
organizationwas to
 promote female education
in India.
● They also attempted to
educate and inform the
British on Indian issues.

Indian League 1875 Sisir Kumar ● The League aspired to

Ghose represent not only the
middle class but the
masses as well and to
stimulate a sense of
nationalism among the
people.

Indian 1876 Surendranath ● Its main objectives were:

National Banerjee and 1. establish a powerful
Association Ananda Mohan public opinion on
Bose. political issues
2. bring Indians
together behind a
common political
agenda.
● It opposed the removal of
the age limit for Indian
Civil Service candidates in
1877.

London Indian 1865 Dadabhai ● The London Indian Society

Society Naoroji was taken over by the East
Founding India Association in 1866,
group of though it continued to exist
students in some form for a few
included W. C. more years.
Bannerjea,
 Manmohan
Ghose,
Pherozeshah
Mehta and
Badruddin
Tyabji

East India 1866 Dadabhai ● It superseded the London

Association Naoroji Indian Society.
● It was a platform for
discussing matters and
ideas about India and to
provide representation for
Indians to the Government.
●

Poona 1870 G.V. Joshi, S.H. ● The Sabha was created to

Sarvajanik Sathe, S.H. act as an intermediary
Sabha Chiplonkar and between the government
Mahadev and the Indians.
Govind Ranade

Bombay 1885 Pherozshah ● It was founded in

Presidency Mehta, K.T response to Lytton's
Association Telang, and reactionary policies and
Badruddin the Ilbert Bill controversy.
Tyabji.

Madras Native 1852 Gajula ● It was the first Indian

Organization Lakshminarasu political association to be
(MNA) Chetty. formed in the Madras
presidency.
●
● - It was the political centre
of the presidency's landed
 gentry, who had
grievances against
Company rule.

Madras 1884 M ● As stated at the Adayar

Mahajan Veeraraghavac Theosophical Society
Sabha hariar, G conference, the goal is to
Subramania free the country from
Iyer, and P British rule and to resolve
Ananda Charlu national issues.
Cold Current
Current Region Importance

Humboldt or South Pacific ● Named after Prussian naturalist

Peruvian Ocean Alexander Von Humboldt.
Current ● Serves as one of the major nutrient
systems of the world.
● Flows from the southernmost tip of
Chile to northern Peru, along the
west coast of South America.

Kurile or North Pacific ● This sub-arctic ocean current

Oyashio Ocean circulates in an anticlockwise
Current direction.
● Originates in the Arctic
Ocean, flows south via the
Bering Sea in the western
North Pacific Ocean.
● It is a nutrient-rich current.
● It collides with Kuroshio
current off the Japanese
eastern shore to form North
Pacific Drift
California Pacific Ocean ● It is the extension of the
Current Aleutian Current along the
west coast of North America
in a southward flowing
direction.
● It is a part of North Pacific
Gyre.
● It is a region of strong
Upwelling.

Antarctic Southern ● It is the largest ocean current

Circumpolar Ocean in the world.
Current ● It is also known as West Wind
Drift.
● It flows from east to west
around Antarctica in a
clockwise direction.

Okhotsk North Pacific ● It originates in the Bering

Current Ocean Sea and flows south-west to
meet the Kuroshio Current
east of northern Japan.
Labrador North Atlantic ● It flows from the Arctic Ocean
Current Ocean towards the south and meets the
warm northward moving Gulf
Stream.
● The combination of cold Labrador
Current and warm Gulf Stream is
known for creating one of the
richest fishing grounds-the Great
Banks near Newfoundland of the
world

Canary Current North Atlantic ● This Eastern Boundary Current is a

Ocean part of the North Atlantic Gyre.
● It is named after the Canary
Islands.
● Presence of Upwelling

Eastern Arctic Ocean ● The East Greenland Current in the

Greenland western Fram Strait transports sea
Current ice and relatively fresh and cold
Polar Water from the central Arctic
Ocean to the Nordic Seas and
Subpolar North Atlantic.
Benguela South Atlantic ● Branch of West Wind Drift of the
Current Ocean Southern Hemisphere.
● Low salinity, presence of
upwelling- excellent fishing zone.
● Eastern portion of South Atlantic
Ocean Gyre

Falkland South Atlantic ● It is a branch of Antarctic

Current Ocean Circumpolar Current.
● Also known as Malvinas Current.
● It is named after the Falkland
Islands.
● This cold current mixes with warm
Brazil current and form
Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone
which is responsible for the
region’s temperate climate

Antarctica Southern ● It is an integral part of

Current Ocean Earth's heat balance.
Somali Current West Indian ● Analogous to the Gulf Stream
in the Atlantic Ocean.
Ocean
● Heavily influenced by the
monsoon.
● Region of major upwelling
system

Northeast North Indian ● Indian North Equatorial

Current flows southwest and
Monsoon Ocean
west, crossing the Equator
Current

Western Southern ● It is also known as West Wind

Drift.
Australian Ocean &
● Part of Antarctic Circumpolar
Current South Indian
Current.
Ocean
● It is a seasonal current-
strong in summer and weak in
winter

Hot Current

Current Region Importance

North Equatorial Pacific and Though this current is continuous in the
Current the Atlantic Northern Pacific Ocean, there are seasonal
variations in its northern and southern
marginal areas

Kuroshio North ● It brings warm subtropical

Current Pacific waters from the Indo-Pacific
Ocean Warm Pool to Japan exerting a
major control on Asian climate.

North Pacific Pacific ● The flow of the current can lead

Current Ocean to the transport of material from
the western Pacific to the coast
of North America.

Alaska Current Pacific ● The productivity in the Alaska

Ocean Current System supports some
of the nation's largest fisheries
and large numbers of birds and
mammals.
Counter Atlantic, ● The equatorial countercurrent is
Equatorial Indian, and essential for mass, heat, and salt
Current Pacific circulation in tropical oceans.
Oceans

South Equatorial Pacific, ● It transports surface waters and heat

Current Atlantic, into the Northern Hemisphere.
and Indian
Ocean

East Australian Southweste ● The East Australian Current carries a

Current rn Pacific large amount of warm tropical water
Ocean from the Equator southward. This
contributes to the conditions which
allow the Great Barrier Reef to thrive,
keeping the east coast around 18 °C
year-round instead of dropping to 12
°C in the winter.

Florida Current South ● Strong oceanic current flowing

Atlantic and northward along the eastern coast of
 Caribbean Florida carrying warm tropical waters
Sea that eventually feed the Gulf Stream.

Gulf Stream Atlantic ● The Gulf Stream is a strong ocean

Ocean current that brings warm water from
the Gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic
Ocean.
● It extends all the way up the eastern
coast of the United States and
Canada.

Norwegian North ● Its waters are of subtropical origin it

Current Atlantic has a significant impact on the
Ocean climate of northern Europe

Irminger North ● Transports relatively warm and saline

Current Atlantic water northwards along the Mid
ocean Atlantic Ridge toward Iceland

Antilles Current North ● The Antilles Current is a western

boundary current that flows
Atlantic
northward and then
Ocean
northwestward along and
around the northern Bahamas
 islands in the subtropical North
Atlantic before joining the Gulf
Stream

Brazilian Current Atlantic ● This current plays an important

role in regulating the climate of
Ocean
the region

Mozambique Indian ● Flows between Mozambique and

the island of Madagascar along
Current Ocean
the African east coast in the
Mozambique Channel.

Agulhas Current Southwest ● Largest western boundary

ocean current.
Indian
● Flows south along the east coast
Ocean
of Africa.

South West Indian ● It dominates the Indian Ocean

during the southwest monsoon
Monsoon Ocean
season (June–October).
Current
● It is a broad eastward flowing
ocean current that extends into
the Arabian Sea and Bay of
Bengal.
Hindu Month Festival

Chhaitra Traditional New Year in India-

● Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Ugadi

● Karnataka: Yugad
● Maharashtra: Gudi Padwa
● Sindhis: Cheti Chand
● Kashmir: Navreh

Ashadha Rath Yatra of Lord Jagannath;

● It is the biggest festival of Odisha and is dedicated

to three deities – Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra (his
brother) and Subhadra (his sister).

Shravana Onam-

● It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Sravana on

the day of Sravana Nakshatra
(September-October)

Raksha Bandhan-
 ● Raksha Bandhan is observed on the last day of the
Hindu lunar calendar month of Shravana, which
typically falls in August.
● This festival celebrates brother-sister relationships
and sibling love.

Bhadra Ganesh Chaturthi-

● It is observed in the honor of Ganesh

● It is celebrated in the month of Bhadrapada
(August-September).

Janamasthami-

● It is to celebrate the birth anniversary of Lord

Krishna and generally falls in the month of August.

Pitr Paksha-

● Pitru Paksha is a dedicated period in Hindu rituals

that honors and remembers ancestors.
● It is believed that during these 15 days, the spirits
of ancestors descend to Earth.
● Therefore, Shradh rituals are performed during this
time to pay homage to departed souls.
Ashwin Dussehra, Durga Pooja, Navratri-

● These are celebrated in the month of Ashvin

(September-October).
● First nine days are celebrated as Navratri.
● Saptami, Ashtami and Navami forms famous
Durga Pooja celebrations of Bengal
● The tenth day, known as Vijaya Dashmi is observed
as Dashehra in various parts of India

Sharad Purnima-

● This religious festival is celebrated on the full moon

day of the Hindu lunar month of Ashvin.
● It is also known as the Arogya Parv or Health
Festival.
● It is also known as Kaumudi, or Kojagari Purnima.
● On this auspicious day, many divine pairs like
Radha Krishna, Shiva Parvati, and Lakshmi
Narayan are worshiped along with the moon and
are offered flowers and kheer (a sweet dish made
of rice and milk).

Vaishaka Akshaya Tritiya-

 ● It is a very important Hindu festival celebrated
every year, as per the Hindu calendar, on Tritiya
Tithi (third day) of Shukla Paksha of Vaishakh
month.
● It is also popularly known as Akha Teej.
● It is a highly auspicious and important day for
members of the Hindu and Jain communities.
● The celebration of Akshaya Tritiya is linked to Lord
Krishna’s faith and friendship with Sudama.

Buddha Purnima-

● Buddha Purnima is also known as Buddha Jayanti.

● Buddha Purnima falls on a full moon day in the
month of Vaishakh.
● It is celebrated to commemorate the 2585th birth
anniversary of Lord Buddha.

Kartika Deepawali-

● It falls 20 days after Dussehra on the Amavasya of

the Hindu month of Kartik (October-November)

Chhath Puja-
 ● Sun God, along with his wife Usha is worshiped
during this festival to thank them for bestowing life
on Earth

Bhai Dooj-

● Bhai Dooj is a festival celebrated by Hindus on the

second lunar day of the Shukla Paksha (bright
fortnight) of Kartika
● Sisters attend Tika ceremonies to pray for their
brothers’ long lives, while brothers offer gifts to
their sisters on a day that honours the tie among
siblings.
Magha Makar Sakranti-

● Dedicated to Sun God, it celebrates the transition

of the Sun in the Northern hemisphere.
● Lakhs of people undergo a pilgrimage to
Gangasagar (in West Bengal) and to Prayagraj to
take a holy dip.

Lohri-

● It is celebrated on the last day of the Paush month

(12-13 January). It coincides with Pongal and
Makar Sankranti marking the culmination of winter

Pongal-

● The festival is observed in the month of Thai, when

crops such as rice are harvested and people show
their gratitude to the almighty and the generosity
of the land.
● Tamilians celebrate the occasion by making
traditional designs known as kolams in their homes
with rice powder.
 Vasant Panchmi-
Vasant Panchami is celebrated every year on the fifth
day of month of Magha

● It is also known as Vasant Panchmi

● Saraswati Puja is one of the greatest festivals of
Hindus. It is mainly a festival of students.
Saraswati is the goddess of learning and music.

Phalguna Holi-

● Holi is the festival of colour.

● On this day coloured powder and coloured water
are sprinkled by people on each other.
● This spring festival, falls in the month of Phagun on
the day of Purnima (February-March), was known
in ancient times as ‘Madan-Utsav.
 Ancient Famous Caves of India
Cave Importance

Badami Caves, Karnataka ● Badami Caves go back to 6th/7th

century AD
● There are four caves in all, out of which
there is a Jain temple and three
Brahmanical temples
● Incredible sculptures showcasing the
Tirthankaras, Mahavira and other
Hindu Gods.

Elephanta Caves, ● UNESCO World Heritage site

Maharashtra ● A collection of cave temples
predominantly dedicated to the Hindu
god Shiva.

Khandagiri Caves, Odisha ● Built in 2nd Century B.C. by King

Kharvela and handed over to Jain
Sangha
● Khandagiri has 15 caves
● Constructed in 200 BC i.e., 2400 years
ago

Tabo Caves, Himachal ● Housed Buddhist monks in the past

● The ancient Tabo Moonastery here was
Pradesh founded more than 1000 years ago
● The complex has 9 temples and many
stupas—all of which are made in mud

Barabar Caves ● Barabar caves are a cluster of 4 caves

● The four caves are Lomash Rishi cave,
Sudama caves, Vishwakarma caves
and Karan Chaupar Caves.
● These caves are located around 40 km
from Bodhgaya in the state of Bihar.
● The caves were built for the Ajivika
sect.
● The cave is linked to all the major
religions of the time including
Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism.

Sudama Caves ● The Sudama cave represents the

earliest example of rock-cut
architecture in India.
● The caves belong to the Maurya period.
● The cave was dedicated by Ashoka in
261 BC.
● It consists of a rectangular chamber
connected to a circular chamber.
Nashik Caves ● The Nashik Caves date back to the first
century AD.
● The caves were constructed during the
Hinayana period however the
Maharana influence can be seen in the
later period.
● The caves consist of a series of 24
Buddhist Caves.
● The caves are also referred to as
Pandav Leni.
● There is a remarkable water
management system which is evident
from the presence of a water tank
covered with solid rock.

Karle Caves, Maharashtra ● Karle caves were built around the

beginning of the Christian era.
● The cave pattern is similar to the art of
the Bhaja Caves though they are much
larger and more spectacular.
● The Chaitya Karle cave is dug deep
into the rock and is located to the
North of the Bombay Pune Highway.
● The Great Chaitya (cave number 8) is
India’s largest Rock cut chaitya.
Ajanta Caves and Ellora ● UNESCO World Heritage listed sites
Caves, Maharashtra ● Ajanta comprises 29 caves while Ellora
comprises 34 caves.
● Ajanta are majorly Buddhist caves
while Ellora showcase a mixture of
Jain, Hindu and Buddhist influences.
● The Kailasa/Kailasanatha temple,
situated in the Ellora caves, is the
largest cave temple in India.

Kanheri Caves, ● The Kanheri caves follow the design of

Maharashtra the Karle Caves.
● The caves are located near Mumbai.
● These are 109 caverns cut out of Basalt
Rock. The biggest caverns were the
Chatiyas but the majority of them were
the Viharas.
● There is an influence of the Maharana
set which is visible in the outside walls
of the cave (since it depicts Buddha’s
images).

Bhaja Caves ● The Bhaja Caves are the oldest Deccan

Rock cut cave.
● The caves date back to the 2nd century
BC.
● Bhaja Caves is a group of 22 rock-cut
caves dating back to the 2nd century
BC located in the city of Pune, India.
● The Hinayana sect of Buddhism finds
representation in the Bhaja cave.
● The Cave is famous for its decorative
frontage.
● The inscriptions and the temple of the
 cave are preserved as a National
monument.
● The cave has many octagonal pillars.

Bhimbetka Caves, ,Madhya ● The Bhimbetka Caves, located within

Pradesh the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in
Madhya Pradesh, are a designated
world heritage site.
● These caves showcase some of the
earliest known artworks created by
mankind.
● They are believed to have served as a
shelter for the Pandavas during their
period of exile, adding to their
historical significance.
Name Contribution National Movement

Rani Laxmibai Led resistance against British Indian Rebellion of 1857

forces in the Indian Rebellion

Sarojin Naidu Prominent poet and activist, Non-Cooperation

inspired masses with speech Movement, Civil
Disobedience
Movement

Kamla Nehru Active participant in protests and Salt March, protests

nationalist activities against repressive laws

Kasturba Gandhi Advocate for nonviolent Supported Mahatma

resistance and social reform Gandhi, endured
hardships

Aruna Asaf Ali Organized and led protests, Quit India Movement
hoisted Congress flag defiantly

Begum Hazrat Led troops in battles during the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Mahal 1857 uprising

Usha Mehta Established “Congress Radio” to Used radio

spread message of independence broadcasting for
mobilization

Matangini Hazra Fearless protester, led Quit India Quit India Movement
Movement procession
Annie Besant Championed Indian self-rule and Home Rule Movement
various social causes

Durgabai Desmukh Advocated for women’s rights Salt Satyagraha, Quit

and social reform India Movement

Vijay Laxmi Pandit First Indian women ambassador Fight Against

at UN Colonialism, Promotion
of Women’s Rights

Kamla The first woman to be elected for Khadi Movement

Chattopadhyay a legislative seat in India
(Madras province)

Sucehta Kriplani First women Chief minister (UP) Quit India Movement

Kittur Chennamma First female ruler to rebel against First Kittur Rebellion
the British

SavitriBai Phule First lady teacher in India Promotion of Widow

Remarriage
Wind Location Importance

Loo Northern plains ● They blow from west to east.

of India and ● They are usually experienced in the
Pakistan in the afternoons and the temperature
summers varies between 45°C to 50°C.

Foehn Leeward side of ● The temperature of the winds varies

the Alps from 15°C to 20°C.
mountain ranges ● This helps in the melting of snow.
● It makes the pasture land ready for
animal grazing

Chinook Eastern slopes ● The meaning of chinook is ‘snow

of the eater’ as they help in the early
Rockies(the melting of the snow
U.S.A. and
Canada)

Sirocco Sahara desert ● After crossing the Mediterranean

sea, the Sirocco is slightly cooled by
the moisture from the sea.
● Some of its local names are-
Leveche in Spain, Khamsin in Egypt,
and Gharbi in the Aegean Sea area
● The Sirocco causes dusty dry
conditions along the northern coast
of Africa, storms in the
Mediterranean Sea, and cool wet
weather in Europe.

Harmattan Northwest Africa ● It provides a welcome relief from

the moist heat and is beneficial to
 people’s health hence also known as
‘the doctor’
● Similar warm, dry, very strong and
dust-laden winds are called
‘brick-fielder’ in Victoria province of
Australia, ‘black-roller’ in the Great
Plains of the USA, ‘shamal’ in
Mesopotamia and Persian Gulf, and
‘norwester’ in New Zealand.

The Santa Ana Over southern ● These winds can cause a great deal
California of damage.
● As they are hot and dry, they cause
vegetation to dry out, so increasing
the risk of wildfires; and once fires
start the winds fan the flames and
hasten the spread of the fires.
● In spring, Santa Ana winds can
cause considerable damage to fruit
trees.

Khamsin Over Egypt, the ● The Khamsin is a Sirocco wind,

Red Sea and whose name comes from the Arabic
eastern parts of word for ‘fifty’, which is
the approximately the length of time the
Mediterranean wind blows for.
● In the nineteenth Century, the
plague was worst in Egypt when the
Khamsin was blowing.

Solano Iberian ● The Solano winds are seen to blow

Peninsula from the Iberian Peninsula to the
Sahara.
 ● The Solano winds are moist as well
as hot in nature.

Norwester New Zealand ● The Norwester winds blow in and

around New Zealand.
● The Norwester winds are normally
characterized as hot winds.

Karaburun Central Asia ● The Karaburun winds are also

known as the black storm.
● The Karaburun winds are found to
blow around parts of Central Asia.
● The winds are particularly
characterized as dusty and hot.

Cold Winds

Wind Location Importance

Mistral Over France ● They are cold, dry, and of high

towards the velocity.
Mediterranean ● They reduce the temperature below
Sea through the the freezing point
Rhone valley ● They bring down temperatures
below freezing point in areas of
their influence.
● People in these areas protect their
orchards and gardens by growing
 thick hedges and building their
houses facing the Mediterranean
sea.

Bora Adriatic Sea ● The bora blows from the Dinaric

region Alps down to the Adriatic Coast.
● This blustery wind travels from the
north or northeast, like the mistral,
and can also reach speeds greater
than 100 mph

Blizzard Prevalent in ● The arrival of these winds causes

north and south sudden drop in air temperature to
Polar Regions, subfreezing level, thick cover of
Siberia, Canada snow on the ground surface and
and the USA. onset of cold waves.
● These winds reach the southern
states of the USA because of the
absence of any east-west mountain
barrier.
● They are called ‘norther’ in the
southern USA and ‘burran’ in
Siberia.

Papagayo ● It is a strong, northeasterly wind

that affects the Pacific coast of
Central America, from Guatemala to
the Gulf of Papagayo in Costa Rica.
● The papagayo winds are produced
by a cold air mass that travels down
through the Central American
mountains.
● It brings weather that is cold and
blustery, yet clear.
Pampero Argentina and ● They are associated with marked
Uruguay, cold fronts and are usually
particularly in accompanied by rain, thunder and
the Rio de la lightning, a sharp drop in
Plata area. temperature and a sudden change
of wind direction from northerly or
northwesterly to southerly or south
westerly.
● They are most likely to occur during
the period June to September.

Levanter Strait of ● It is a mighty easterly wind of the

Gibraltar Mediterranean, particularly in the
Strait of Gibraltar.
● They are accompanied by cloudy,
foggy, and sometimes rainy
weather, especially in winters.

Buran Sarmatic Plain, ● They take up dual forms: one during

west of the Urals winter and the other in summer.
● In the summer, the Buran is a hot,
dry wind that stirs up sandstorms; in
the winter, it is severely cold and
frequently accompanied by
blizzards.

Punas Western region ● The Punas winds blow throughout

of Andes the western region of Andes
Mountain. Mountain.
● The Punas winds are dry as well as
cold in nature.
Famous Stadiums of India

Stadium Name Location Features

Punjab Cricket Mohali, Punjab ● Commonly known as

Association the Mohali Stadium
Inderjit Singh
Bindra Stadium

Arun Jaitley New Delhi ● Former name : Firoz

Stadium Shah Kotla Ground.

Bharat Ratna Shri Lucknow, Uttar ● Former name : Ekana

Atal Bihari Pradesh International Cricket
Vajpayee Cricket Stadium
Stadium

Eden Gardens Kolkata, West ● Oldest cricket stadium

Bengal in India.
● Established in : 1864
● It is the second-largest
cricket stadium (by
capacity) in India
after the Narendra
Modi Stadium.
Dr. Bhupen Guwahati, Assam ● Other name :
Hazarika Cricket Barsapara Cricket
Stadium Stadium

Narendra Modi Ahmedabad, ● Former name : Motera

Stadium Gujarat Stadium
● It is the largest cricket
stadium (by capacity)
in the world.

Holkar Stadium Indore, Madhya ● Former name :

Pradesh Maharani Usharaje
Trust Cricket Ground.

Vidarbha Cricket Nagpur, ● Largest cricket

Association Maharashtra stadium in India in
Stadium terms of field area.

M. Chinnaswamy Bengaluru, ● It is the first cricket

Stadium Karnataka stadium in the world to
use solar panels to
generate a bulk of the
electricity needed to
run the stadium.

M.A. Chennai, ● It is commonly known

Chidambaram TamilNadu as the Chepauk
Stadium Stadium.
● Second Oldest in India
 ● New stand at the
stadium to be named
after former TN chief
minister M
Karunanidhi

Jaipur Cricket Rajasthan ● It will be world’s 3rd

Stadium largest stadium
● According to reports, it
will accommodate
about 75,000 people
● The stadium will be
named the Anil
Agarwal International
Cricket Stadium
● It is India’s 2nd largest
stadium.

Open synthetic Sputik, Ladakh ● Located at 11,000 feet

track and ● It is among the ten
Astro-turf football highest-altitude
stadium football stadiums in
the world.

Nehru Stadium Guwahati, Assam ● Built in 1962

● Will be dismantled,
redesigned and
reconstructed
● Regularly host
prestigious Bordoloi
 Trophy and GSA
SuperDivison Football
League.

Major Dhyan New Delhi ● It served as the venue

Chand National for the 1st Asian
Stadium Games in 1951

Birsa Munda Rourkela, Odisha ● Inaugurated in

International January 2023
Hockey Stadium ● It is the largest hockey
stadium in India.
● The stadium hosted
the 2023 Men's FIH
Hockey World Cup.
● Hold Guinness World
Record for Largest
fully seated stadium in
the world
Famous Lakes of India

Lake Name Location Features

Dhebar Lake or Rajasthan ● India's first and

Jaisamand Lake world's oldest
historical lake

Sambhar Salt Rajasthan ● Largest lake in India

Lake

Wular Lake Jammu and ● Sweetest lake of India.

Kashmir

Pulicat lake Andhra Pradesh ● Shared by two Indian

states Andhra Pradesh
and TamilNadu

Pangong Tso Ladakh ● An endorheic lake

located in the
Himalayas
● Situated at a height of
almost 4,350m, is the
world's highest
saltwater lake.
● Its water, which seems
to be dyed in blue,
stand in stark contrast
to the arid mountains
surrounding it.

Chilika Lake Orissa ● Largest saltwater lake

in India.
● Largest wintering
ground for migratory
birds, on the Indian
 sub-continent.
● Largest brackish water
lagoon in Asia and
second largest coastal
lagoon in the world

Kankaria Lake Gujarat ● The Cleanest Lake in

India
● The biggest lake in
Ahmedabad.
● It was built by Sultan
Qutub-ud-din.
● It was known as the
Qutub Hojj or
Hauj-e-Kutub back
then.

Gurudongmar Sikkim ● Located at the height

Lake of 17800 ft, it is the
highest lake in India

Ashtamudi lake Kerala ● It is in the shape of the

palm tree
● The entrance to the
famous backwaters of
Kerala and the
houseboat rides here
are very famous.
Lonar lake Maharashtra One of the four lakes in the
world generated by asteroid
collision with the earth.

The Pushkar Lake Rajasthan It is considered as the king

of pilgrimage sites
‘Tirtharaj’ in the Hindu
scriptures.
Name Meaning Symbol

Rishabhanatha/Adinath Lord Bull/Lord First Bull

Ajith Invincible one Elephant

Shambhava Auspicious Horse

Abhinandana Worship Ape

Sumati Wise Heron

Padmaprabha Lotus-Bright Lotus

Suparshva Good-sided Swastika

Chandraprabha Moon-bright Moon

Suvidi/Pushpadanta Religious Dolphin/Se

Duties/Blossomed-toothed a Dragon

Shitala Coolness Shrivatsa

Shreyamsha Good Rhinoceros

Vasupujya Worship with offerings of Buffalo

possessions

Vimala Clear Boar

Ananta Endless Hawk/Bear

Dharma Duty Thunderbol

t
Shanti Peace Antelope/D
eer

Kunthu Heap of Jewels Goat

Ara Division of time Nandyavar

ta/Fish

Malli Wrestler Water Jug

Suvrata/Munisuvrata Of good vows Tortoise

Nami/Nimin Bowing Down/Eye Winking Blue Lotus

Nemi/Arishtanemi The rim of whose wheel is unhurt Conch Shell

Parshvanath Lord serpent Snake

Vardhamana Mahavira Prospering great hero Lion

About Mahavira

Mahavira’s Life Facts

Incident

Birth 540 B.C.

In a village called Kundagrama near Vaishali.

Clan Jnatrika clan

Father Siddharta
Head of the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan

Mother Trishala
She was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali

Kaivalya Attained Kaivalya at the age of 42 years

First Sermon Pava

Death At the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at the Pavapuri in Bihar.

Instruments Uses

Actinometer An instrument for measuring the intensity of radiation,

especially ultraviolet radiation.

Altimeter An instrument used in aircrafts for measuring altitudes

Ammeter Measures electric current

Anemometer Used to measure the speed, direction and pressure of

the wind.

Audiometer Measures intensity of sound

Barograph Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure

Barometer Measures atmospheric pressure and conditions.

Binoculars An optical instrument used for magnified view of

distant objects.

Bolometer Measures infra-red (Heat) radiation

Callipers Measures diameters of thin cylinder/wire.

Calorimeter Measures quantity of heat

Cardiogram(ECG) Traces movements of the heart ,recorded on a

Cardiograph

Cinematograph Used for projecting pictures on the screen.

Colorimeter Compares intensity of colors

Commutator Used in generators to reverse the direction of electric

current.
Crescograph Used for measuring growth in plants.

Cryometer Measurement of low temperature.

Dynamo Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Electrometer Measures very small but potential difference in electric

currents

Electrometer Used for measuring electrical potential difference.

Electroscope Detects presence of an electric Charge

Electron microscope Used to obtain a magnifying view of very small objects

(20,000 times).

Endoscope To examine internal parts of the body

Fathometer Measures depth of the ocean

Fluxmeter Measures magnetic flux

Galvanometer Measures electric current

Gramophone Used to reproducing recorded sound.

Hydrometer Measures the relative density of liquids

Hydrophone Measure sound underwater

Hygrometer Used to measure the moisture content or the humidity

of air or any gas.

Hygroscope Shows the changes in atmospheric humidity

Lactometer Measures the relative density of milk.

Machmeter Determines the speed of an aircraft relative to the

speed of sound

Micrometer Converts sound waves into electrical vibration

Microphone Converts sound waves into electrical signals.

Microscope Used to obtain a magnified view of small objects

Nephelometer Measures the scattering of light by particles suspended

in a liquid

Odometer An instrument attached to the wheel of a vehicle, to

measure the distance traveled.

Ohmmeter Measures electrical resistance of objects

Ondometer Measures the frequency of electromagnetic waves

(radio waves)

Optometer Used for testing the refractive power of the eye.

Periscope Used to view objects above sea level (Used in

submarines)

Phonograph Used for reproducing sound

Photometer Compares the luminous intensity of the two sources of

light

Polygraph It simultaneously records changed in physiological

processes such as heartbeat, blood pressure & the
respiration (used as lie detector)

Pyrheliometer Used for measuring Solar radiation

Pyrometer Measures very high temperatures

Radar Radio, Detection and Ranging

Rain Gauge Measures Rainfall

Refractometer Measures a Refractive Index of a substance

Sextant Used for measuring angular distance between two
objects

Seismograph Used for recording the intensity and origin of

earthquake shocks

Spectroscope Used for Spectrum analysis

Speedometer An instrument used for measuring speed of the vehicle

Spherometer Measures curvature of spherical objects

Sphygmomanometer Measures blood pressure

Stethoscope Used for hearing and analyzing the sound of Heart

Spectroscope Used for Spectrum analysis.

Speedometer An instrument used for measuring speed of the vehicle

Spherometer Measures curvature of spherical objects

Sphygmomanometer Measures blood pressure.

Stethoscope Used for hearing and analyzing the sound of Heart

Telemeter Records physical happenings at a distant place(space)

Telescope Used for magnified view of distant objects.

Tensiometer An instrument for measuring the surface tension of

liquids

Thermometer Measures Temperature

Thermostat Automatically regulates temperatures at a constant

point.

Tonometer Measures the pitch of a sound

Transformer An apparatus used for converting high voltage to low
and vice-versa without change in its frequency.

Transponder To receive a signal and transmit a reply immediately in

satellites.

Venturimeter Measures the rate of flow of liquids

Vernier Measures Small sub-division of scale

Viscometer Measures Viscosity of liquid

Voltmeter Used to measure electric potential difference between

two points

Wattmeter To measure electric power

Wavemeter To measure the wavelength of a radio wave (high

frequency waves)
 Important Tribes of India

State Tribes

Arunachal ● Apatanis, Abor, Dafla, Galong, Momba, Singpho, Nyishi,

Pradesh Mishmi, Idu, Taroan, Tagin, Adi, Monpa

Andhra ● Andh And Sadhu Andh, Bhil, Bhaghata, Dhuliar, Kolam,

Pradesh Gond, Thoti, Goundu, Kammara, Savaras, Dabba
Yerukula, Sugalis, Nakkala, Pardhan, Gadabas,
Kattunayakan, Jatapus, Manna Dhora

Assam ● Chakma, Dimasa, Hajong, Garos, Khasis, Gangte, Karbi,

Boro, Borokachari, Kachari, Sonwal, Miri, Rabha

Bihar ● Asur, Baiga, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Gond, Parhaiya,

Santhals, Savar, Kharwar, Banjara, Oraon, Santal, Tharu

Chhattisgarh ● Agariya, Bhaina, Bhattra, Biar, Khond, Mawasi, Nagasia,

Gond, Binjhwar, Halba, Halbi, Kawar, Sawar

Goa ● Dhodia, Dubla (Halpati), Naikda, Siddi, Varli, Gawda

Gujarat ● Barda, Bamcha, Bhil, Charan, Dhodia, Gamta, Paradhi,

Patelia, Dhanka, Dubla, Talavia, Halpati, Kokna, Naikda

Himachal ● Gaddis, Gujjars, Khas, Lamba, Lahaulas, Pangwala,

Pradesh Swangla, Beta, Beda, Bhot, Bodh

Jammu and ● Bakarwal, Balti, Beda, Gaddi, Garra, Mon, Purigpa, Sippi,
Kashmir Changpa

Jharkhand ● Birhors, Bhumij, Gonds, Kharia, Mundas, Santhals, Savar,

Bedia, Ho, Kharwar
Karnataka ● Adiyan, Barda, Gond, Bhil, Iruliga, Koraga, Patelia,
Yerava, Hasalaru, Koli Dhor, Marati

Kerala ● Adiyan, Arandan, Eravallan, Kurumbas, Malai arayan,

Moplahs, Uralis, Irular, Kanikaran, Kattunayakan,
Kurichchan

Madhya ● Baigas, Bhils, Bharia, Birhors, Gonds, Katkari, Kharia,

Pradesh Khond, Kol, Murias, Korku, Mawasi

Maharashtra ● Bhaina, Bhunjia, Dhodia, Katkari, Khond, Rathawa, Warlis,

Dhanka, Halba, Kathodi

Manipur ● Naga, Kuki, Meitei, Aimol, Angami, Chiru, Maram,

Monsang

Meghalaya ● Chakma, Garos, Hajong, Jaintias Khasis, Lakher, Pawai,

Raba, Mikir

Mizoram ● Chakma, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Pawi, Raba,

Synteng, Lushai

Nagaland ● Angami, Garo, Kachari,Kuki, Mikir, Nagas, Sema, Ao,

Chakhesang, Konyak, Lotha

Odisha ● Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya, Oraons, Rajuar,

Santhals, Bathudi, Bathuri, Bhottada, Bhumij, Gond

Rajasthan ● Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka, Meenas(Minas), Patelia, Sahariya

Naikda, Nayaka, Kathodi

Sikkim ● Bhutia, Khas, Lepchas, Limboo, Tamang

TamilNadu ● Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar, Kanikar,

Kotas, Todas, Kurumans, Malayali

Telangana ● Chenchus
Tripura ● Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, Khasia, Lushai,
Namte, Mag, Munda, Riang

Uttarakhand ● Bhotias, Buksa, Jonsari, Khas, Raji, Tharu

Uttar Pradesh ● Bhotia, Buksa, Tharu, Kol, Raji, Gond, Kharwar, Saharya,
Parahiya, Baiga, Agariya

West Bengal ● Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, Rabha, Santhals,

Savar, Bhumij

Andaman and ● Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese, Shompens

Nicobar
Am
an
Sr
v
 Instruments and Personalities Associated

Instrument Personalities associated

Sitar Ustad Vilayat Khan, Pt Ravi Shankar, Shujaat Hussain Khan,

Shahid Parvez Khan, Anushka Shankar, Nikhil Banerjee,
Mustaq Ali Khan, Budhaditya Mukherjee

v
Tabla Zakir Hussain, Ustad Alla Rakha Khan

Sr
Veena
E. Gayathri, R. Venkataraman

Violin Lalgudi Jayaram, VG Jog, M Chandrasekharan, NR

Murlidharan, MS Gopalakrishnan
an
Santoor Pandit Shivkumar Sharma,Bhajan Sopori, Pt Tarun
Bhattacharya
Am

Flute TR Mahalingam, Hariprasad Chaurasiya, N. Ramani,

Pannalal Ghosh

Sarod Amjad Ali Khan, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan

Dholak Taufiq Qureshi

Zakir Hussain (also a tabla player)

Ghatam
Vikku Vinayakram

Harmonium Bhimsen Joshi (vocalist who played harmonium), Kishori

Amonkar (vocalist who played harmonium)

Mridangam Palghat Mani Iyer, Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman

v
Bansuri (Bamboo Flute) Pandit Ronu Majumdar

Guitar

Sr
Braj Bhushan Kabra

Abdul Latif Khan, Ustad Binda Khan, Ramesh Mishra, Sultan

an
Sarangi
Khan, Pt Ram Narayan, Shakoor Khan

Rudra Veena Asad Ali Khan

Am

Mohan Veena Pt Vishwa Mohan Bhat

Kanjra Pudukottai Dakshinamurthy Pillai

Nadaswaram Rajaratanam Pillai, Sheikh Chinnamaula, Neeruswami Pillai

Shehnai Daya Shankar, Bismillah Khan, Ali Ahmad Hussain

 Famous Monastery of India

Monastery Location Significance

Name

Mahabodhi Bihar's Gaya ● Gautama Buddha attained

Temple District enlightenment here under the Bodhi
tree, which is where the Mahabodhi
Temple is located.
● It has since been designated as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Hemis Leh in Jammu ● It is a Drukpa Lineage Tibetan Buddhist

Monastery and Kashmir monastery
● It is located 45 kilometres south of Leh,
in the state of Jammu & Kashmir, on the
west bank of the Indus River.
● The annual Guru Padmasambhava
festival, which takes place in June-July,
is well-known at this monastery.

Tabo Himachal
Monastery Pradesh ● It was created in 996 CE in the Tibetan
year of the Fire Ape by Tibetan
Buddhist lotsawa (translator) Rinchen
Zangpo (Mahauru Ramabhadra)

Thiksey Leh in Jammu ● It is a Tibetan Buddhist gompa

Monastery and Kashmir (monastery) linked with the Gelug sect.
● It is located on top of a hill in Thiksey
hamlet, Ladakh, India, about 19
kilometres east of Leh.
 ● It is notable for its resemblance to
Tibet's Potala Palace.

Tawang Arunachal ● It is the largest monastery in India and

Monastery Pradesh the second largest in the world after the
Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet.
● It is located in Tawang city of Tawang
district in the Indian state of Arunachal
Pradesh.

Rumtek Sikkim ● The Dharmachakra Centre is another

Monastery name for it.
● It's a Buddhist temple known as a
gompa
● It's close to Gangtok, Sikkim.
Changchub Dorje was in charge of its
construction (12th Karmapa Lama in
the mid-1700s).

Matho Leh ● It is a Tibetan Buddhist Monastery on

Monastery the Indus River's bank.
● It is 26 kilometres southeast of Leh, in
the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir.
● It is a member of the Saskya order.
● Lama Tugpa Dorjay founded it in the
16th century.
 Indian Puppetry

Puppetry Name Type of Puppetry State

PavaKoothu Glove Puppets Kerala

Sakhi Kundhei Glove Puppets Odisha

Nata

Beni Putul Glove Puppets West Bengal

Putul Nach Rod Puppets West Bengal

Kathi Kandhe Rod Puppets Odisha

Yampuri Rod Puppets Bihar

Tholu Bommalata Shadow Puppet Andhra Pradesh

Togalu Shadow Puppet Karnataka

Gombeyaata

Thol Shadow Puppet Tamil Nadu

Bommalattam

Tholpavakoothu Shadow Puppet Kerala

Chamadyache Shadow Puppet Maharashtra

Bahulya
Ravanachhaya Shadow Puppet Odisha

Putal Nach String Puppet Assam

Gombeyatta String Puppet Karnataka

Kalasutri Bahulya String Puppet Maharashtra

Gopalila Kundhei String Puppet Odisha

Kathputli String Puppet Rajasthan

Bommalattam String Puppet Tamil Nadu

 Leading Women Freedom Fighters of India

Name Roles
Sarojini Naidu Popularly known as the Nightingale of India or
Bharat Kokila for her poetic works.
She became the President of the Indian National
Congress in 1925
She was associated with the formation of the
Women’s Indian Association.

Sarala Devi She founded Bharat Stree Mahamandal, which was

Chaudhurani the very first women’s organization in India. She
focused on the upliftment of women and promoted
girls’ education.

Annie Besant She joined the Indian National Congress and was
elected as its first woman President.
In 1916, she launched the Home Rule League in
India along with Lokmanya Tilak, by modeling the
demands for India on lines those of the Irish.

Rani Velu Nachiyar Rani Velu Nachiyar, the brave Queen of the
Sivaganga estate in Southern India
She was the first Indian Queen to wage a war
against the British in India. Tamils know her as
Veera Mangai, which means brave woman.

Rani Lakshmi Bai Manikarnika Tambe by birth, Rani Lakshmi Bai was
the Queen of the Maratha Princely State, Jhansi.
Rani Lakshmi Bai fought bravely against the British
in the Revolt of 1857.
Kamaladevi She was the first woman in India to be arrested
Chattopadhyay during the freedom struggle.
In 1926, she ran as the head of the Madras
Provincial Legislative Assembly, and she was the
first woman head to run the Legislative Assembly.

Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar is one of India’s unsung women

freedom fighters.
She joined the revolutionary party of Surya Sen
and participated in India’s freedom struggle.
She was involved in the Chittagong’s armory raid
planned by Surya Sen

Usha Mehta Usha Mehta was a Gandhian who played an

important role in the Quit India Movement of 1942.
During the freedom struggle, she organized an
underground radio station called Congress Radio,
which broadcasted the messages of several
freedom fighters throughout India

Aruna Asaf Ali She is known as the grand old lady of the
independence movement.
She participated in the peaceful public protest that
was held during the Salt Satyagraha, for which she
was arrested.
She was the first to hoist the tricolored Indian
National flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in
Bombay in 1942.

Sucheta Kriplani Sucheta Kriplani was a Gandhian.

In 1940, she was elected by Gandhi to lead
Individual Satyagraha.
 She established the All India Mahila Congress in
1940, and in 1942, she started a training center
called ‘The Underground Volunteer Force’ where
women were trained to use arms.

Rani Gaidinliu Gaidinliu was a Naga political leader who started

to revolt against British rule in India at the age of
13.
She was called ‘Rani’ by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Rani Gaidinliu is known for igniting the flame of
nationalism among the people of North East India.

Madam Bhikaji Cama At the International Socialist Conference in

Germany in 1907, she unfurled the first Indian
National Flag.

Kittur Chennamma First female ruler to rebel against the British

Laxmi Sehgal India Democratic Women Association(IDWA)(1981

)
Formation and Leadership in the Indian National
Army (INA)
 PARMAR SSC

Festivals of
India

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 PARMAR SSC

Folk
Dance of India

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Classical
Dance of India

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In this Video…
Dance Martial Art
Chhau is a major dance tradition of eastern India.
It is prevalent in the tribal belt of the bordering areas of the provinces of Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal in eastern India.
There are three distinct forms of Chhau:

(i) Seraikela Chhau of Jharkhand

(ii) Mayurbhanj Chhau of Orissa

iii) Purulia Chhau of West Bengal

Masks are an integral part of the dances of Seraikela and Purulia.

Khel (mock combat techniques), chalis and topkas (stylized gaits of birds and animals)
and uflis (movements modelled on the daily chores of a village housewife)
constitute the fundamental vocabulary of Chhau dance
Theme : Ramayana, Mahabharata

9th Classical Dance (Ministry of Culture)

Part of the UNISCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.
MARTIAL ART FORMS
OF

INDIA
Kalaripayattu – Kerala
One of the oldest martial arts in India, Kalaripayattu, although practiced in most parts of southern India,
originated in the state of Kerala in the 4th century A. D.
According to legends, sage Parasurama, who built temples and introduced martial arts, started Kalaripayattu.
Silambam – Tamil Nadu
Silambam, a kind of staff fencing, is a modern and scientific martial art of Tamil Nadu. The kings which ruled in
Tamil Nadu, including Pandya, Chola and Chera, had promoted it during their reign
Gatka – Punjab
Gatka is a weapon based martial art form, performed by the Sikhs of Punjab. The name ‘Gatka’ refers to the
one whose freedom belongs to grace. Some also say that the word ‘Gatka’ comes from a Sanskrit word
‘Gadha’, which means mace.
Musti Yuddha
It is an unarmed martial art from the oldest city of India “Varanasi”.
Due to increased agitation and fights amongst the supporters of the Musti Yuddha boxers, the sport was
eventually banned
Malla -Yuddha (South India)
Malla-yuddha is divided into four categories. Each yuddhan is named after Hindu gods and legendary fighters :
Hanumanti – for technical superiority
Jambuvanti – focuses on locking and holding till opponent gives up.
Jarasandhi – breaking limbs and joints
Bhimaseni – focuses on sheer strength
Thang Ta – Manipur
“Thang” means “Ta” means spear. Other weapons used are shield and axe.
Also known as HUYEN LALLONG.
Mukna– Manipur
Mukna is a form of folk wrestling from the north-east Indian state of Manipur. It is popular in Imphal, Thoubal
and Bishnupur. The game is generally played on the last day of the Lai Haraoba festival and is an intrinsic part
of the ceremonial functions.[
Lathi Khela – West Bengal
Lathi is an ancient armed martial art of India. It also refers to one of the world’s oldest weapons used in
martial arts.
Cheibi Gad-ga - Manipur
One of the oldest martial arts of the northeast Indian state Manipur
Original fighting instrument: sword and a shield
Mardani Khel – Maharashtra
Mardani Khel is an armed method of martial art created by the Maratha
It is particularly known for its use of the uniquely Indian “pata” (sword) and “vita” (corded lance).
Pari Khanda -Bihar
Pari-khandaa style of sword and shield fighting from Bihar. “Pari” means shield & “Khanda” means sword
This art is created by the rajputs
Pari-khanda steps and techniques are also used in Chau dance
Inbuan Wrestling (Mizoram)
Inbuan wrestling is a form of wrestling and combat sports that emerged in Mizoram, India
It is believed that Inbuan form of wrestling emerged in the village of Dungtlang in 1750.
It was recognized as a sport after the “Mizo” people migrated from Burma to the Lushai Hills.
Thoda – Himachal Pradesh
Thoda name is derived from the round wooden piece attached to the head of an arrow to minimise its lethal
potential.
It is a mixture of martial art, sport and culture
It takes place during Baisakhi every year
This martial art relies on a player’s skill of archery and can be dated back to the time of Mahabharata where
Paikha Akhadha – Odisha
Paikha akhada or paika akhara is an Odia term that means “warrior school”.
Served as training schools of the peasant militia in Odisha, eastern India
Sqay – Kashmir
Sqay is a Kashmiri martial arts form of sword-fighting.
Armed sqay makes use of a curved single-edge sword paired with a shield, or one sword in each hand.
Insu Knawr – Mizoram
Rod pushing sport is an indigenous game of Mizoram, a state in North – East India
Kathi Samu – Andhra Pradesh
Kathi Samu is one of the ancient martial arts of Andhra Pradesh, practiced by the royal armies
The place where Kathi Samu is performed is known as ‘garidi.’
‘Gareja’ in which a participant holds four swords, two in each hand and ‘Dal Farri Khadga’ are other important
aspects of the sword skills
Martial Art Forms in India :
• Kalaripayattu – Kerala
• Pari Khanda -Bihar
• Silambam – Tamil Nadu
• Inbuan Wrestling (Mizoram)
• Gatka – Punjab
• Thoda – Himachal Pradesh
• Musti Yuddha (North India)
• Paikha Akhadha – Odisha
• Malla -Yuddha (South India)
• Sqay – Kashmir
• Thang Ta – Manipur
• Insu Knawr – Mizoram
• Mukna– Manipur
• Kathi Samu – Andhra Pradesh
• Lathi Khela – West Bengal
• Cheibi Gad-ga – Manipur
• Mardani Khel – Maharashtra
Previous Year
Questions
SSC CGL, SSC CPO, SSC CHSL, SSC MTS
 Which of the following Traditional sports-State pair is
INCORRECT?

A Mukna - Manipur

B Thang-ta - Manipur

C Silambam - Madhya Pradesh

D Gatka - Punjab
 To which of the following Indian
states does Mardani Khel, one of the
famous martial art forms in India belong?

A Rajasthan

B Madhya Pradesh

C Uttar Pradesh

D Maharashtra
 Which of the following forms of
martial arts is from Kerala?

A Silambam

B Paika Akhada

C Kalarippayattu

D Gatka
Which of the following martial art forms is practiced in the state
of Punjab and West Bengal?

A Lathi

B Mardaani Khel

C Kalaripayattu

D Thang-ta
Which of the following dance forms is derived from martial arts
practices?

A Chhau

B Bharatanatyam

C Jhora

D Ghoomar
 ‘Mayurbhanj Chhau’ is a folk dance form of which state?

A Rajasthan

B Odisha

C Karnataka

D Maharashtra
Which of the following traditional dances is NOT a martial art
form?

A Chhau

B Kalaripayattu

C Lazim

D Bhavai
The _____dance form originated as tribal dance in the forests of Odisha in the
18th century and attained the status of a martial art-based dance form in the
19th century.

A Chhobia

B Chhau

C Kalaripayattu

D Bawai
Best of Luck for your Exams!
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