COVER PAGE

PREFACE
Industrial Practical Training (IPT) is an essential course offered by MBEYA
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. It is conducted after the second
semester of each academic year. It takes duration of ten weeks. The IPT implements the
theory taught at the Institute and the practices performed during workshop sessions. The main
goals of IPT is as follows;

 To provide knowledge of materials, processes and human relations.

 To train the students skills in using equipment’s and tools.
 To develop abilities of planning, organizing and communicating.
 To foster attitudes of awareness and respect for work and of thinking in terms of cost
and efficiency.
 Also provide the reality to those structure leant by students in the class to that on the
site.
 Interaction with other construction members at the site whom will work with after
completion of the university.

Generally; The Practical Training program provides an opportunity for the students to
relate theory and practice. It offers training in a real life that can’t be simulated in lecture
rooms or departmental workshops. Thus, besides being productive, student can learn about
the problems he/she may encounter in his /her future career. Learning of such problems at an
early stage will enable him/her to conduct an objective assessment of the courses being
offered in his/her undergraduate studies and to choose his/her options sensibly. Industrial
practical training is therefore a bridge (connection) of one’s professional between the
Engineering Training Institutes (colleges) and the construction firms (companies).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Almighty God for granting me this opportunity to participate
field training and the amazing gift of life. I would like also to thank my family for the support
they have shown during all this period of the industrial training.

I would also like to thank MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY at large for the program of IPT provided each year to widen student’s skills
in Engineering industry and valuable experiences in real life situation which cannot be
simulated in lectures rooms, laboratories and workshops.

I would like also to thanks TANZANIA BUILDING AGENCY (TBA) for accepting me
in their company for practical training. I appreciate the cooperation and encouragement
which i got from all company’s staffs. I would like to mention few of them by names as
follows; Eng Haruna Kalunga, Eng. Abisai, Eng. Kelvin Masanja, Eng. Otto, Eng.Rongo.
My appreciation also goes to my fellow students from Dar es salaam Institute of Technology
(DIT), Mbeya university of science and technology (MUST) and University of Dar es Salaam
(UDSM),ARDHI University, St. Joseph College of Engineering and Technology for their
cooperation and advice in the whole period when we were together during IPT period.
ABSTRACT
This report presents an overview of the critical aspects of structural design of beam
and detailing in the field of construction for the fulfillment of IPT program. Having
undergone practical training for 9 weeks (from 5th August to 5th October, 2024) have gained
experience construction management and design works for Building works. Currently the
author is the student of MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and
registered with Reg. No 21100334030061

As per MUST guideline for the Report writing, this Report was divided into two (2)
main parts. Following the general introduction in part One, which describe general
information of the company which includes establishment, ownership, objectives, class and
vision, company’s organization structure and company’s source of funds and management.
Part Two presents the summary of practical training report.

The project which was designed by me is the Kititi Residential House consisting
of ground floor, first floor, second floor and the roof level. The report covers the following
main parts. The design has been carried out basing on the architectural drawing provided
and detailing based on the design carried out on PROTA STRUCTURE software.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART ONE: GENERAL PART................................................................................................................................7

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY........................................................7

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY..........................................................................................7
1.3 VISION.......................................................................................................................................8
1.4THE APPROVED ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF TANZANIA BUILDINGS AGENCY 8
1.5 ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED......................................................................................................9
1.5.1 Engineering Construction Management................................................................................9
1.5.2 Design Work.........................................................................................................................9
PART TWO: TECHNICAL REPORT....................................................................................................................10

2.0 DESIGNING AND DETAILING BEAM BY COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) SOFTWARE...........10

2.1 DESIGNING BEAM USING PROTA STRUCTURE AND AUTOCAD SOFTWARE SIMULTANEOUSLY...10
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................10
2.1.2 AIM.....................................................................................................................................11
2.1.3 METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................11
2.1.4 DESIGNING OF BEAM..................................................................................................17
2.2 DETAILING USING CAD........................................................................................................20
2.2.1 BEAM DETAILING BY USING PROTA STRUCTURE.................................................20
2.2.2 DEATAILING BEAM DESIGNED FROM PROTA BY USING AUTOCAD SOFTWARE
.....................................................................................................................................................21
2.3 CHALLENGES.........................................................................................................................22
PART THREE........................................................................................................................................................23

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION......................................................................................................23

3.2 RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................................23
3.3 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................23
REFFERENCE.......................................................................................................................................................24
 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: General arrangement prepared from AUTOCAD software................................................10

Figure 2: Modeling of Grid in PROTA software.................................................................................11
Figure 3: Column creation using PROTA software.............................................................................11
Figure 4: Beam creation using PROTA software................................................................................12
Figure 5: Slab panels created using PROTA software........................................................................12
Figure 6: 3D physical model view.....................................................................................................13
Figure 7: Building Model review sequence......................................................................................13
Figure 8: Analytical model of Beam Bending moment Diagram.......................................................15
Figure 9: One of the Beam designed in PROTA software...................................................................16
Figure 10: Beam layout prepared from AutoCAD..............................................................................20
Figure 11: Some of the first-floor beams prepared from AutoCAD....................................................21
 PART ONE: GENERAL PART
1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

The Tanzania Building Agency (TBA) is a government agency under the Ministry of
Construction and Transport. TBA was established for the purpose of increasing the quality of
service delivery by using business methods and better financial leadership to contribute to the
country's economic growth by reducing operating costs, better housing for the Government
and affordable housing for public servants as well as providing a better service for
Government Counsel. The Agency was established in May 2002 in accordance with the
Mother Agency Act No. 30 of 1997 as a result of the former Department of Buildings within
the Ministry of Construction (formerly known as the Ministry of Infrastructure).

The history of the Department of Buildings began in 1969 under the Ministry of Construction
in accordance with the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. The functions of the
department include the construction and repair of government buildings such as the provision
of electricity services and the advice of buildings to the government. The department was
responsible for allocation of government grade B housing to civil servants.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY

The department’s functions included construction and maintenance of government
buildings as well as provision of electrical and building consultancy services to the
government. The department was also responsible for the allocation of grade B
Government houses to public servants. In 1992, the BD was given another role of
allocating grade A government houses; a function that was being performed by the
Central Establishment. Consequently, grade A and B housing allocation committees were
merged to form the estate section in the BD. Also, to contribute in raising the living
standard of many youths in Tanzania by providing job opportunities (employment), and
also increasing the national income through Tax payment.
1.3 VISION
Tanzania with a strong Union, a clean, safe and Sustainable Environment

1.4THE APPROVED ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF TANZANIA

BUILDINGS AGENCY
1.5 ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED
Activities that were conducted in an Organization during IPT period lies into two categories ;
construction management works and design works.

1.5.1 Engineering Construction Management

The Construction Management covers supervision of site works. Activities involved in
Construction Management include the following;
works:
 Preparation of site working program and monthly schedule of works and look ahead
plans
 Preparing monthly progress reports for the site meeting and attending site meeting
 Correspondences with the Contractor and Client
 Preparation of Request for Information (RFI) and Request for Approval (RFA)
 Valuation for Sub Contractors Work and valuation Certificates
 Sourcing, Scheduling and testing of materials
 Inspecting day to day site works to meet with technical specification
 Preparation of Bill of quantities and interim certificate preparations
 Preparation of bidding document for tendering process and valuation

1.5.2 Design Work

Under design works were featured in various aspects of design activities which including:

 Load analysis for structural members and designing.

 Detailing the drawings.
 Preparation of bar bending schedule.
 Preparation of design report.
 PART TWO: TECHNICAL REPORT
2.0 DESIGNING AND DETAILING BEAM BY COMPUTER AIDED
DESIGN (CAD) SOFTWARE
2.1 DESIGNING BEAM USING PROTA STRUCTURE AND AUTOCAD SOFTWARE
SIMULTANEOUSLY
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION.
Design refers to determination of sizes, material composition and grades adequate to
enable the structure withstand the loads expected to be applied on it during its service life.
This involves understanding the behavior of structural members subjected to loads and
designing them accordingly to give a safe, serviceable and durable structure.

Beam refer to the horizontal load bearing members which are classified as either main
beams which transmit floor and secondary beam loads to the columns or secondary beams
which transmit floor loads to the main beams.

Detailing refers to the drawing of a reinforced concrete structure which includes

showing the size, location, types, placement, connection and termination of the
reinforcement. Detailed drawings are used to provide information about assembly and the
junctions between components to show construction details, detailed form and all the
necessary information that would not be possible to be shown in the general drawings.

Prota structure software, this is an engineering software used for modeling, loading,
analyzing and designing of steel and concrete structural elements together with preparation of
design report quickly and accurately. Using this software, structural engineer will get the
following benefits.

 Achieve faster design times.

 Produce intelligent drawings quickly.
 Deliver full design documentation.
 Automated loading.
 Seismic assessment.
AutoCAD software is a computer-aided design software developed by the company
Autodesk which gives access to drawing and editing 2D and 3D designs quickly and easily
than drawing by hand. AutoCAD software is used to create precise 2D and 3D drawings,
design and models, as well as electrical diagrams, construction drawing with solids, surfaces,
mesh objects, documentation features and more.
2.1.2 AIM
The Aim of Design is the achievement of an acceptance probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life.

2.1.3 METHODOLOGY
The initial preliminary methods/steps done before designing of Beam using Prota structure
software included the following.
PREPARATION OF GENERAL ARRANGEMENT(GA) USING AUTOCAD SOFTWARE
General Arrangement (GA)/ Structural Layouts is the layout that clearly specifies the
position of the structural element in a building such as columns, beams, paneling of the floor
slabs on which the design of the structure is based.

The general arrangement (GA) is prepared from the architectural drawings which contains
labelled axis and members, unique grid lines as well as storey levels which need to be studied
properly and interpreted by the structural engineer so as to determine and provide the correct
position of the columns and adequate span for beams and slab panels to prevent the effect of

deflection of members and to

get large section of elements during design.
A proper and complete architectural drawing will enable the structural engineer to suggest
the preliminary sizing of the structural elements governed by the past experience or by
deflection requirements based on the code of practice.

Figure 1:General arrangement prepared from AUTOCAD software

During field training we design different building structures which improved my capacity and
ability to design complex structures. The following is one of the general arrangements (GA)
of the district council office that I prepared among the projects that we conducted which
include basement floor level, ground floor level and first floor level simultaneously.

After preparing the above general arrangements (GA) each storey level was saved separately
as DXF file which act as the external reference during modelling in Prota structure software.
MODELING PROCEDURES USING PROTA STRUCTURE SOFTWARE
Modeling is the digital representation of a building’s physical and functional
characteristics which involves creating a detailed virtual model of a building design,
construction and operation processes.
1) Modeling of Grids.

Modeling of structural elements in Prota structure software was done in sequence starting
by modeling of grids with accordance to the general arrangement prepared which is used as
the external reference in the Prota Structure Software, as shown below in the figure.

Figure 2: Modeling of Grid in PROTA software

2) Column creation.

All columns were created by placing them in the intersection of the grids modeled initially. These
columns act as the support to beams and slabs. Therefore, wrong creation of these columns will lead
to modeling and design errors. The following figure show how the columns were modeled in Prota
structure software.
 Figure 3: Column creation using PROTA software

3) Beams creation.

The beams were created starting with the primary beams created between column
followed by the secondary beams created between the primary beams as shown below.

Figure 4: Beam creation using PROTA software

4) Inserting Slabs between the created beams.

Slab panels were created by using the following insertion methods including beam region
method, axis region method and pick point method, where each method was used separately
depending on the slab edge conditions where the slab needs to be placed.
 Figure 5: Slab panels created using PROTA software

5) Adding/Generating member to other storeys.

After modeling basement storey members, the subsequent floors (ground floor and first floor)
were also created by generating members to other storey method on which all members were brought
to the upper storey and all members were placed in the correct manner as seen in the general
arrangement (GA), and the following is the 3D view of the modeled structure.

Figure 6: 3D physical model view

6) Building model check to review modeling errors.

 After modeling all members, the next step was to review the model for errors and
correcting each error before loading the structure. The review followed the following
sequence:
 Re-labeling
members.
 Moving members to
axes.
 Deleting unused axes.
 Fixing the almost-
orthogonal axes and
finally
 Building model check

Figure 7:Building Model review sequence

LOADING ANALYSIS ON BUILDING

Loads is any action which introduces stresses or strains in a structure. Structural
designer principally ensures the loads acting on the structure do not exceed its strength
and the first step in the design process is estimation of the loads acting on the structure
and the structural engineer must ensure that the structure will perform satisfactorily
during its design life and must check the structure is capable of carrying the loads safely
and structure will not deform excessively due to the applied loads. building loads must be
carefully estimated in order to achieve safety, proper foundation design and less
construction costs.

Building loads.
The loads on the building are due to dead loads, imposed loads, wind loads, dynamic
loads, seismic loads and accidental loads. But multistorey buildings for office or residential
purposes are designed for to allow for the effect of accidental loads. In my case dead loads
and imposed loads were considered, where the wind loads are considered for building with
four storey and above that is from mid-rise buildings to mega tall buildings. Also, the design
is checked and adjusted.

 Estimation of the building loads.

The loads acting on the building were estimated from the “codes of practice for different
loads”. For the district office modeled above only two types of loads were considered
including the following loads.

a) Dead loads.
These are all permanent or static loads acting on the structure including self-weight of the
structure (such as walls, floors, roofs, columns and structural materials), finishes (drywall,
flooring and ceiling materials), services, fixtures (such as HVAC systems, plumbing and
electrical systems) and partitions loads. these dead loads do not change over time and are
relatively constant.

The characteristic dead loads were estimated from the schedule of weights of building
materials given in “British standard code of practice BS 648-1964” and applied using Prota
structure software. Also, the wall loads were calculated and applied to all beams in the model
in order to get the accurate designed sections due to applied loads.

b) Imposed /live loads

These are the temporary or dynamic loads due to the proposed occupancy and includes the
weights of the occupants (movement of people), furnitures, equipments and all
temporary/moveable loads inserted on the building floors. They are important to be
considered for the functionality and safety of the structure.

The characteristic imposed floor loads for the Kititi Residential House were determined from
the “British standard code of practice for dead and imposed loads, BS 6399: Part 1:1996
(Table 1)”.

 Running Building analysis for Design Purposes.

Building analysis is the process of evaluating and assessing various aspects of a structure
such as safety and efficiency. Also, involves determining reactions and internal forces of the
structural systems for design purposes. This involves evaluating how the structure can
withstand various loads such as dead loads, live loads, wind loads and seismic loads.

Kititi Residential House was analyzed following the following sequences,

  Establishing the load cases and combination

 Defining the slab type automatically and then,

 Running building analysis using Prota structure software which provide the
following bending moments analytical model.

Figure 8: Analytical model of Beam Bending moment Diagram

2.1.4 DESIGNING OF BEAM

At this stage in the Prota structure software, grade and strength of the materials to be used
were set first and then designing procedures followed up. For my case i will explain about the
design of Beam.

All beams were designed carefully to achieve better structural supports, load distribution,
space utilization, aesthetics, flexibility and adaptability as well as cost efficiency. The
following is one of the beams designed in Prota structure Software.
 Figure 9:One of the Beam designed in PROTA software

The design report of the beam was also prepared to give more brief details on how design
was conducted, as shown below.
Beam Reinforcement Design Report from Prota structure software
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF KITITI HOUSE 0COJ9DT5212CFP1L (Fenerbahce_Do Not Use COMMERCIAL)
Beam Reinforcement Design Calc. By: STEPHEN
Rev: 1 Checked By: ENG.ABISAHI

Beam Reinforcement Design

Axis: G Storey: 1
Materials: C20/25 / Grade 460 (Type 2) (Links: Grade 460 (Type 2)) Concrete Cover: 25.0 mm
Diagrams

Bending
1B1 L= 3300mm 1B2 L= 3300mm 1B3 L= 4540mm
Bw x H (mm) 230 x 450 230 x 450 230 x 450
Flange Bf x Hf
(Left) --- --- ---
(Right)
Top Edge
M (kN.m) 8.8 0.0 18.0 19.1 10.0 39.5 42.8 0.0 13.3
d (mm) 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0 409.0
K/K' 0.06 0.00 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.26 0.29 0.00 0.09
x (mm) 45.4 45.4 45.4 45.4 45.4 45.4 47.4 45.4 45.4
As (mm2) 56.49 0.00 115.98 123.10 64.39 254.37 275.97 0.00 85.53
As' (mm2) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
As,min (mm2) 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77
Bottom Edge
M (kN.m) 7.5 21.3 5.6 0.0 14.8 0.0 0.0 38.5 15.2
d (mm) 392.0 409.0 392.0 392.0 409.0 392.0 392.0 409.0 392.0
K/K' 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.11
x (mm) 43.6 45.4 43.6 43.6 45.4 43.6 43.6 45.4 43.6
As (mm2) 50.58 137.13 37.28 0.21 95.07 0.00 0.00 247.71 102.23
As' (mm2) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
As,min (mm2) 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77 152.77

Shear And Torsion Design

Vd (kN) 31.2 35.3 36.3 45.7 54.1 41.6
v (MPa) 0.33 0.38 0.39 0.49 0.58 0.44
vc (MPa) 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47
vMax (MPa) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Vnom (kN) 103.2 103.2 103.2
Td (kN.m) 0.1 0.1 0.0
vt (MPa) 0.00 0.00 0.00
vt,min (MPa) 0.00 0.00 0.00
bsupport (mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Links 1T8-300 1T8-300 1T8-300 1T8-300 1T8-300 1T8-300 1T8-300 1T8-300 1T8-300

Deflection Check
8.07 ≤ 8.07 ≤ 11.1 ≤
L/d
58.49 √ 58.49 √ 53.02 √

Steel Areas (mm2)

Required
Top Edge 56.49 0.00 115.98 123.10 64.39 254.37 275.97 0.00 85.53
Bottom Edge 50.58 137.13 37.28 0.21 95.07 0.00 0.00 247.71 102.23
Supplied
Top Edge 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12
Bottom Edge 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12 402.12
Steel Bars
Hanger Bars 2T16 2T16 2T16
Top Bars
Top.Sup.Bars
Bottom Bars 2T16 2T16 2T16
Bottom Bars
Bot.Sup.Bars
Side Bars
 2.2 DETAILING USING CAD

2.2.1 BEAM DETAILING BY USING PROTA STRUCTURE

For detailing using Prota Structure, following sequence was
used;

 Click on Concrete design on menu toolbars on Prota Structure user interface

 click on Prota detailing, Prota Detailing will open
 On Prota Detailing user interface select, add new drawing
 After opening, click on Details menu toolbar and select Detail Drawing
Manager.
 Right click on storey beam elevation menu and then click Draw All beam
menu.
 A dialog box will open and the select necessary information to include during
detailing and click on Draw.
 Move your cursor on window and click. All detailing for all beams you design
for all storey will appear.
 For export to another software, click File on menu toolbar and then select Export for
External Software, then Export to DWG/DXF.
A dialog box will open and then click Export.
 2.2.2 DEATAILING BEAM DESIGNED FROM PROTA BY USING AUTOCAD
SOFTWARE
To obtain precise and accurate drawings, clear and brief beam details, AutoCAD
software was used for detailing all beam designed and detailed in Prota structure software.

PROCEDURES

 Beams were detailed in AutoCAD starting with beams layout plan which indicates the
beam names, primary beams and secondary beams.
 After the beams layouts plan were prepared, the next step was detailing each beam
according to the names assigned in the layout.

The above procedures were done for both floors in the structure starting with the first-
floor beams followed by second floor beams and finally roof floor beams. The below
figure is the part of the first-floor beams layout plan and some of the beam details in the
same floor.

Figure 10: Beam layout prepared from AutoCAD

 Figure 11: Some of the first-floor beams prepared from AutoCAD

2.3 CHALLENGES
 PART THREE
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

3.2 RECOMMENDATION
 Field students should be taken to visit sites in order to relate the design and details
with reality that is actually made at site, also increase their imagination with reality
during design and detailing.
 Students should have a tendency to participate well in field practical training, because
they will expand their knowledge during the FPT period but also to give an
opportunity to apply for job in that firm.
 The design softwares should be taught as module in the class to allow students to be
aware and capable to design and detail different structural projects as early as
possible.
 The university should prepare special computer room to give access to students to
learn Computer-Aided programs (CAD)

3.3 CONCLUSION
I appreciate the cooperation I got from all staffs from TANZANIA BULDING
AGENCY (TBA) for their support with full hearted to let me and my fellow students to learn
and understand properly mostly the design and detailing procedures, sequence, rules and
regulation in brief practical in such a way I came up with this report.

The Industrial/Field Practical Training (IPT) has played a great role to me as a civil student
during the whole period of 9 weeks of training. I practiced practically on how to design
building structures using PROTA STRUCTURE SOFTWARE and detailing the designed
elements using AUTOCAD SOFTWARE.

Lectures must emphasize engineering students to put more effort on learning these Design
Softwares which are the main foundations of their course they are studying and get
experience of designing and detailing all types of structural project.
 REFFERENCE
BRU Technical Guideline, Loads for Structural Design, (Second Edition, 2002).

Schedule of weights of building materials, BS 648,1964.

Code of practice for dead and imposed loads, BS 6399 – 1:1996.

Code of practice for wind loads, BS 6399 – 2:1997.

Code of practice for imposed roof loads, BS 6399 – 3:1988.

Structural use of timber-Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials

and workmanship, BS 5268 - 2:2002.

Code of practice for design and construction, BS 8110 – 1:1997.

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, ACI Standard 318-
95, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1999.