The Effectiveness of Coconut Fiber (Cocos nucifera) as Alternative Plant Pots compared

to Commercial Plant Pots

A Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of Sibonga National High School

Poblacion, Sibonga, Cebu

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements in Research 2

Blando, Jhona V.
Dy, Aizel Lharyn P.
Razon, Isles Nysst P.
Zamora, Irus John E.
Researchers

Research Adviser

Angelie S. Cabillo

School Year 2023 - 2024

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

The study on "The Effectiveness of Coconut Fiber (cocos nucifera) as Alternative

Plant Pots compared to Commercial Plant Pots" explores the viability of coconut fiber (cocos

nucifera) as a sustainable and eco-friendly substitute for traditional commercial plant pots.

Coconut fiber (cocos nucifera), is a byproduct of coconut processing and is

biodegradable. The research aims to assess the growth and health of plants when cultivated in

coconut fiber pots versus conventional plastic or ceramic pots. This investigation is

significant in the context of promoting environmentally friendly practices in gardening and

agriculture. Factors such as water retention, aeration, and nutrient availability in coconut fiber

pots will likely be examined to understand their impact on plant growth. The study could

provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of adopting coconut fiber pots,

contributing to more sustainable and responsible horticultural practices. It also addresses the

broader issue of reducing dependence on non-biodegradable materials in everyday activities.

Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of coconut fiber

(cocos nucifera) as an alternative to commercial plant pots.

According to these studies, coconut fiber (cocos nucifera) has several advantages over

commercial plant pots. Firstly, it is more porous, allowing for better drainage and air

circulation, which is essential for healthy plant growth. Secondly, it has a higher water-

holding capacity, which means that plants can stay hydrated for longer periods without

getting waterlogged. Thirdly, it is a renewable resource and biodegradable, which makes it an

eco-friendly option.
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In terms of cost, coconut fiber pots are usually more expensive than traditional plastic

pots, they are also more durable and can last for several years, whereas plastic pots need to be

replaced every few years.

Overall, coconut fiber (cocos nucifera) is proving to be an effective alternative to

commercial plant pots. As more people become aware of the benefits of using eco-friendly

products, coconut fiber pots may become even more popular in the future.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

"The Effectiveness of Coconut Fiber (Cocos nucifera) as Alternative Plant Pots

Compared to Commercial Plant Pots.

Objectives

This study aims to:

1. Test the durability of coconut fiber plant pots relative to traditional commercial plant

pots

2. Examine the cost-effectiveness of using coconut fiber pots as an alternative to

commercial plant pots.

3. Assess the biodegradability of coconut fiber pots compared to commercial pots in

terms of watering the plant inside the plant pot.

Research Questions

1. How durable are coconut fiber pots compared to traditional commercial pots over

time?

2. How coconut fiber pots be a sustainable alternative to traditional commercial plant

pots?

3. What is the cost-effectiveness of utilizing coconut fiber (cocos nucifera) as a

substitute for commercial plant pots?

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HYPOTHESIS

The researchers anticipate that there is no relationship between the coconut fiber

(Cocos Nucifera) as an alternative in making plant pots. The researchers also believe that,

there is a relationship between coconut fiber (Cocos Nucifera) as an alternative in making

plant pots.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Coconut Husks 1. Extract coir fiber Coconut Fiber Plant

from clean coconut Pots (derived from
Coir fiber husks. coconut fiber "cocos
Molds or forms 2. Set molds for pot nucifera")
Binding agent shapes.
Water 3. Mix coir with
Drying area binding agent; fill
molds.
Cutting Tools
4. Dry pots naturally
Cooking Tools for days.
5. Remove, inspect,
and trim pots.

INPUT

In our research study, we examine the effects of multiple independent variables on a

particular outcome. The main elements that we are looking at are coconut husks, coconut

fiber, molds or forms, binding agent, water, drying area, and cutting tools.
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Coconut husks and coir fiber serve as the raw materials that creates the plant pots.

Molds or forms are utilized to shape the coconut husk and coir fiver into the desired size and

structure of the plant pot binding agents with its helpful element in performing our study,

water enhancing their malleability to conform to the molds or forms. A drying area to cure

and solidify, cutting tools to trim and refine edges.

The combined use of these variables allows for the creation of plant pots using

sustainable and biodegradable materials.

PROCESS:

Gather coconut husks from coconuts, ensuring they are clean and free from

contaminants. Process the coconut husks to extract coir fiber. This can involve soaking the

husks, followed by a mechanical process to separate and clean the fiber. Set up molds or

forms in the desired shape and size for the coconut fiber pots. Ensure they are clean and ready

for the molding process. Combine the extracted coir fiber with a natural binding agent like

latex or biodegradable glue. Mix thoroughly to ensure proper binding and consistency.

Place the coir fiber mixture into the prepared molds or forms. Press and compact the

mixture to ensure it takes the desired shape and density.

Sprinkle water onto the fiber mixture to add moisture, aiding in the binding process.

Use a pressing tool or method to compact the fiber mixture further, ensuring it adheres to the

mold's shape. Transfer the molded coconut fiber pots to a drying area. Allow them to dry

naturally, ensuring they set and solidify properly. This may take several days depending on

the environmental conditions.

Once the coconut fiber pots have dried, carefully remove them from the molds. Use

cutting tools if necessary to trim or shape the pots to the desired design or size. Inspect each
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coconut fiber pot for quality, ensuring they meet the desired standards. Remove any defects

or imperfections as necessary.

OUTPUT

Coconut Fiber Plant pots, crafted from the versatile fibers of the coconut palm

(scientifically known as "cocos nucifera"), represent an innovative and sustainable solution in

the realm of horticulture. These pots, derived from the natural byproduct of coconut process,

serve as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional plant pots. The use of coconut fiber not only

harnesses a renewable resource but also promotes environmental conservation by reducing

wastes.

These plant pots boast excellent water retention properties,

providing an optimal environment for plant growth, while simultaneously

ensuring proper aeration for the roots. Additionally, coconut fiber plant

pots are biodegradable, offering a seamless transition back into the

environment after their useful life. As a promising eco conscious option in

the world of gardening, these pots align with the growing global emphasis

on sustainable practices and green living.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In delving into the realm of researching the effectiveness of coconut fiber as an

alternative to traditional plant pots, this study assumes a pivotal role with far-reaching

implications for an array of stakeholders. Its significance emanates from its potential to

revolutionize traditional agricultural practices and usher in a sustainable era in farming

The outcomes of the study will greatly benefit the following:

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Farmers:

Farmers directly benefit from this research, as it introduces a cost-effective and eco-

friendly alternative to conventional plant pots. The adoption of coconut fiber has the potential

to reduce production costs for farmers while supporting environmentally conscious farming

practices.

Gardeners:

Advocates for nature benefit from the study by addressing the environmental impact of

traditional plant pots. The research promotes ecological practices, introducing coconut fiber

as a biodegradable alternative and contributing to the reduction of plastic waste in agriculture.

Local Residents:

Local residents experience economic benefits as the research explores the use of coconut

fiber, potentially lowering costs for agricultural practices. This reduction in production

expenses has the potential to enhance the financial well-being of local communities.

Future Researchers:

Researchers gain valuable insights from the study into the effectiveness of coconut fiber as

a plant pot alternative. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of sustainable

agricultural practices, serving as a foundation for future investigations and academic

advancements.

Ordinary Citizens:

Ordinary citizens indirectly benefit as the research promotes sustainable farming

practices, aligning with a collective preference for environmentally friendly choices in

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agriculture. The integration of coconut fiber aligns with practices prioritizing environmental

well-being and reflects the sentiments of the broader public.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

SCOPE:

"The Effectiveness of Coconut Fiber as Alternative Plant Pots Compared to

Commercial Plant Pots" encompasses the evaluation and comparison of plant growth,

moisture retention, durability, and environmental impact between coconut fiber plant pots

and traditional commercial ones. The research will focus on a variety of plants, observing

them over a span of approximately 3-4 months in an environment such as greenhouses or

outdoor garden settings to ensure consistent conditions. Key topics of investigation include

assessing the growth rate and health of plants, comparing water retention capabilities,

evaluating the longevity of the pots, and conducting an environmental impact assessment

based on factors like biodegradability and sustainability. Multiple locations may be utilized to

account for variations in environmental conditions like temperature and humidity.

LIMITATION:

This study aims to comprehensively explore the efficacy of coconut fiber plant pots. The

research is confined to a 3-4 months timeframe, which may capture long-term effects on plant

growth and pot durability. The efficacy of the environments such as greenhouses or outdoor
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garden settings ensures consistent conditions in investigating the longevity and growth of the

plants.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Various terms are defined here to make this study easier to understand.

Coir Fiber - In this study, this refers to the primary raw material to create the plant pot.

Binding agent - As use in this study, this term is used to hold the coconut husks and coir

fiber together.

Drying Area - It is referred to a designated drying area with proper ventilation is essential for

allowing the formed plant pots to cure and solidify.

Molds or Forms - As use in this study, this refers to shape the coconut husks and coir fiber

into the desired size and structure of plant pot.

Cutting Tools - As use in this study, this term refers to trim and refine the edges of the plants

pots once they have dried.

Humidity - In this study, as higher humidity conditions help to maintain the photosynthesis

process and minimize evaporation process of plants. (iopsciencw.top.org)

Water- In this study, this term refers to a moistening that enhances the malleability of coir

fiber and coconut husks when they conform to the molds or forms.
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Aeration - It is the process of puncturing holes in the ground so air, water and nutrients can

get in more easily.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COCONUT FIBER (COCOS NUCIFERA) AS

ALTERNATIVE PLANT POTS COMPARED TO COMMERCIAL PLANT POTS.

The thorough evaluation of relevant literature has become an essential and

fundamental step in the research process in a variety of academic fields. According to the

eminent academic Best (1977), having a thorough understanding of the corpus of existing

knowledge in each field enables researchers to identify gaps in the body of knowledge,

comprehend the work of other researchers, assess the strengths and weaknesses of different

methodological approaches, and identify open-ended questions that require more research.

Prominent expert in the field Best (1977) fervently advocates the value of literature reviews

in forming and honing research questions. His observation highlights how important it is for

this academic endeavor to both synthesize current knowledge and provide a direction for

future research. Researchers can enhance their work and steer clear of potential pitfalls by
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gaining important insights into the historical background of their field by tapping into the

collective wisdom of the academic community.

The researcher has shown a sincere desire to deepen their understanding in the pursuit

of academic rigor and depth by critically analyzing and engaging with a wide range of studies

conducted by different scholars and researchers. This thorough analysis provides the

groundwork for an in-depth investigation of the topic being studied, promoting a nuanced

viewpoint that considers the complexities and subtleties of the research environment.

The purpose of the study is to find out the effectiveness of coconut fiber (Cocos

nucifera) as alternative plant pots compared to commercial plant pots. The details of the

studies which are related to the present studies are given below under the following:

1. Strength and durability of coconut fiber.

2. Biodegradability of coconut fiber as plant pots.

Coconut Fiber

Coconut fiber, derived from the husk of the coconut (Cocos nucifera), will be utilized

as an alternative material to conventional commercial plant pots. The characteristics of

coconut fiber, including its porosity, water retention capabilities, biodegradability, and eco-

friendliness, will be essential factors considered in the study. Its composition, which consists

of natural fibers and lignin, offers potential benefits such as improved aeration and moisture

retention for plant growth compared to traditional pots. The variable will be manipulated by

using coconut fiber to create plant pots of varying sizes and shapes to assess its effectiveness

as a plant-growing medium. Additionally, factors such as the source and processing methods

of coconut fiber may also be considered to evaluate their influence on the performance of the

alternative plant pots. Through comprehensive experimentation and analysis, the

effectiveness of coconut fiber as an alternative material for plant pots will be assessed,
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providing valuable insights into its potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly

option in horticulture and gardening practices.

"Recently, the addition of natural fibers to high strength concrete (HSC) has been of

great interest in the field of construction materials. Compared to artificial fibers, natural

fibers are cheap and locally available. Among all natural fibers, coconut fibers have the

greatest known toughness." (Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Usman, et alp. 1075).

According to B Tomadoni, D Merino, and VA Alvarez "The use of plastics based on

non-renewable petroleum-sources in agriculture represents a growing threat to the

environment. Horticultural practices, as well as the growing of plants for landscape, generate

great amounts of plastic waste from transplanting pots that are rarely recycled. Nevertheless,

there are only a few works that deal with biodegradable planting pot preparation and

characterization. Planting pots based on biodegradable materials remove the necessity to

transplant and hence, discard a container. Planting pots made from industrial and agricultural

solid waste, such as wood pulp, paper, or peat moss can be buried directly into the soil

altogether with the plant and eventually the container will decompose. Similarly, pots based

on biodegradable polymers will also biodegrade when placed in the ground.

As Dra Mulinari, et al. stated "Studies about the utilization of natural fibers as

reinforcement in polymeric composites are increasing due to the improvements that fibers can

provide to the product. In this work, chemical modification of the coconut fibers by alkaline

treatment was studied to use them as reinforcement in polyester resin. Coconut fibers were

modified during 1 hour with sodium hydroxide solution 1% wt/v. The modified fibers were

evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal analysis and

Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. The composites were prepared by compression

molding technique using 10% wt. of fibers. The mechanical properties were evaluated by
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tensile and fatigue tests. The surfaces of the fractured specimens were examined to assess the

fracture mechanisms. Results presented a decrease in fatigue life of composites when applied

greater tension, due to bonding interfacial, which was not adequate." 2074-2079 Green

coconut fiber, a lignocellulosic material native from Brazilian northeast coast, was

chemically treated by three methods: NaOCl, NaOCl/NaOH or H2O2. The effect of these

treatments on the structure, composition and properties of fibers was studied using SEM,

FTIR, XPS, TGA and other analyses. SEM showed that treatment with H2O2 is the most

efficient in terms of waxy and fatty acid residues removal, but it does not modify the surface

chemical composition, that it can be seen by FTIR and wettability results. The chemical

composition and FTIR analyses revealed a reduction of the hemicelluloses content in the

fibers treated with NaOCl/NaOH and, consequently, this fiber showed a greater exposure of

cellulose and a reduction in thermal stability. The fiber surface treated with NaOCl is

morphologically similar to the natural fiber surface, have the element Cl on your surface and

it is a little more hydrophilic than the natural fiber." (AIS Brígida, et al., p.832-838) Different

formulations of rubber with chopped coconut fiber (treated and untreated) as reinforcing

agent were prepared. These reinforced systems were vulcanized at 153°C and the properties

of the vulcanizates were studied by stress–strain, shore a hardness, and abrasion loss

measurements. The bonding between the rubber and fillers was improved by the addition of

bonding agents. The bonding effect of different bonding agents were compared. The

reinforcing property of the treated fiber was compared with the untreated one. Aging

resistance of the composites were studied. The fracture surfaces have been studied by

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the failure mechanism has been explained." (NKTS

Arumugam, et al., p. 2645-2659)

This chapter reviews the latest findings on bio pots (i.e... biodegradable planting pots)

based on bioplastics, and those based on industrial and agricultural waste. Bioplastics usually
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with addition of different reinforcements, such as plant or wood fibers, are a potential

alternative to conventional petroleum-based pots. Also, the use of diverse types of solid

residues, such as wood fiber, coconut fiber or coir, rice hull, manure, peat, soil wrap, and

straw, in the production chain of novel sustainable products could contribute to the

development or modern agriculture.

The main thing to consider is that it is necessary to offer rapid biodegradation of

planting bio pots in soil to avoid their accumulation and root circling while increasing bio

pots water use efficiency when raising plants. In terms of plant growth and functionality,

biodegradable containers. 68-85 As Kenneth G McCabe, [et.al James A Schrader, Samy

Madbouly, David Grewell, and William R Graves] stated, bio containers made of coconut

coir, paper, peat, wood, or other natural fibers are considered sustainable alternatives to

containers made of petroleum-based plastics, but growers’ acceptance and use of fiber

containers have been limited by their comparatively high cost, low strength and durability,

and poor water-use efficiency (WUE). We hypothesized that coating fiber containers with

biopolymers would improve their strength, durability, and WUE during plant production."

439-448

"It occurs due to the advantages natural fibers provide to these composites, such as the

reduction of density, fragmentation, and propagation of cracks in concrete. The consumption

of coconut, a fruit grown in tropical countries, generates shells that are improperly disposed

of in the environment." (Flávia Regina Bianchi Martinelli, et al., p.1309) According to

Bonnie Grant, "Coconut coir is a renewable byproduct and a sustainable alternative to peat,

as coconuts are ready for harvesting within one year, making it an ideal alternative to peat."

According to Tracy Vo " Coconut Fiber contains feels like growing in soil coconut

fiber/coco coir is a soilless growing medium which gives the experience of growing in soil.
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Plants are kept in regular pots, and growers simply water their plants with nutrient water.

Coco coir can be treated basically the same as soil for growing cannabis. Great for plant

roots, coco fiber is effective at holding onto moisture and nutrients for roots, but also has a

lighter texture that lets it hold onto more oxygen. This helps prevent over and underwatering.

Coco coir tends to promote healthy and fast root development compared to other potting

mixes. Good for the environment, unlike peat, coco coir is sustainable for the environment. It

also doesn't have to be replaced every grow. Instead of breaking down like peat, coco coir is

slow to break down and can be used more than once. Does not attract insects' coco coir does

not make a good home for many garden pests that affect soil growers.

Plants growing in coco fiber are much less likely to be attacked by pests or bugs.

Getting the benefits of hydro is effective at making plants grow faster because it provides

exactly the right amount of nutrients to the roots, in the most easily accessible form. Plant

roots don't have to go out and search for nutrients, saving the plant precious energy. But

growing directly in water can be complicated. Coco coir gives many of the benefits of hydro

with a soil experience. This results in a quicker harvest and bigger yields for you as the

grower, without having to manage a water reservoir."

On the other hand, As Drew Swainston of 2023 "Coconut coir does not contain many

nutrients itself and requires extra fertilizer to provide plants with all the necessary nutrients."

According to Lady Greenwell, coir dries out easily, especially in warmer climates, it might

need to be watered more frequently. As LED Grow Light Depot stated, "Coir can be more

prone to pests and diseases than soil, as it doesn't contain the same natural barriers."

According to Bonnie Grant, "High salt content during the harvesting process, coconut coir is

often rinsed in saltwater, leading to a high salt content, which can inhibit plant growth and

nutrient uptake. Lack of nutrients coconut coir is inert and does not provide nutrients to

plants. It may bind to certain nutrients, requiring supplementation and careful attention to the
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label for chemical treatments. Limited availability. It can be hard to find locally, and reliable

sources may require shipping. Compaction and drainage issues over time, coconut coir can

break down and become compressed, leading to drainage and aeration problems. It may also

be susceptible to diseases and pests if not properly treated."

Coir

Coir, is valued for its sustainability and environmental friendliness. As the

experimental variable, coir's properties, such as porosity, moisture retention, and

biodegradability, will be examined in comparison to traditional commercial plant pots

typically made of plastic or clay. The study will involve evaluating the performance of coir-

based pots through systematic analysis of factors such as texture, density, and processing

methods. Ultimately, the research aims to determine the efficacy of coir as a sustainable

alternative in promoting eco-friendly gardening practices.

According to Kevin Esperitu, " Coir is a natural fiber made from the husk of coconuts.

It is used in various applications such as a growing medium for plants, a natural soil

amendment, and as a reinforcing material in bio composite production. The quality of coir

depends on factors such as how it is harvested, prepared, and processed. The best

manufacturers of coconut coir will avoid situations that are conducive to pathogen growth

and have a dedicated system to control how the coconut coir ages. Coir has a high C:N ratio

and a high lignin content, resulting in slow decomposition and immobilization of plant
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nutrients. When composted and added as an amendment to a growing media, coir improves

plant growth. Coir provides maximum aeration with a low EC, which provides unmatched

root health for plants." 1-5

VA Alvarez, D Merino, and B Tomadoni Adv. Apply. Biodegradable. 2020; Green

Compos 68, 85 “The growth of contemporary agriculture may be aided by the use of a variety

of solid leftovers, including wood fibre, soil wrap, rice hull, manure, peat, straw, and coconut

fibre or coir, in the supply chain for innovative sustainable products. The most important

thing to keep in mind is that, in order to prevent buildup and root circling and to increase the

water-use efficiency of biopots when growing plants, it is imperative to allow for a rapid

biodegradation of the soil in which they are planted. Regarding the growth and usefulness of

plants, biodegradable containers.”

Binding Agent

Binding Agents represents the substances used solely for binding the coconut fibers

together to form the alternative plant pots. These binding agents play a critical role in

ensuring the structural integrity and stability of the pots throughout their lifespan. The

selection of binding agents will be methodically assessed based on their adhesive properties,

compatibility with coconut fiber, biodegradability, and overall environmental impact.

Through systematic experimentation and analysis, the effectiveness of different binding

agents in facilitating the cohesion of coconut fiber pots will be evaluated, ultimately

contributing to the understanding of sustainable materials and techniques for eco-friendly

gardening practices.

According to Judith M Tisdall, Jennifer Malcolm OADES, "The effectiveness of

various binding agents at different stages in the structural organization of aggregates is

described and forms the basis of a model which illustrates the architecture of an aggregate."
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p.141-163 "The people in the current era are to be conscious of the future of the environment.

The usage of biodegradable pots instead of plastic pots will have a great effect on the

protection of nature. This will support our point of reducing, reusing and recycling.

Biodegradable pots are mostly made of fibers from plants. Some of the ecologically friendly

materials used in the preparation of biodegradable pots include wood and bamboo. Husk,

recycled paper, husk etc. Apart from biodegradability, the pot offers many advantages,

including no root disorder, no transplant tremor, and no down time while roots calm down.

Also, such pots have good water holding capacity and can act as a nutrient media support

compared to plastic pots. Also, it supports the penetration of air into the root, making it

healthy. Thus, promoting the usage of biodegradable pots helps in keeping the balance of

nature, thereby protecting the lives of future generations."

As Grow by Coco stated, Pots made of coco coir decompose entirely naturally. Since

they are entirely composed of natural materials, when they decompose, they will easily return

to the soil. This means that when the time comes to move your plants to larger pots or an

outdoor garden, you can quickly and easily drop these pots into the ground. By doing this, the

plant suffers less damage and can maintain its root system. Transplanting or repotting from

nonbiodegradable pots can seriously shock your plants. When using pots made of coco coir,

you won't have to worry about tangled roots or stunted growth.

According to B. Tomadoni, D. Merino, C. Casalongué, and V. Alvarez

"Biodegradable containers or bio pots are a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based pots

that could easily adjust to both horticulture and floriculture production, reducing the

enormous amount of plastic waste, and providing outstanding marketing opportunities." 88

As Ugaoo said, excellent water retention combined with good drainage and aeration are

features of coco coir. Moss coir is completely biodegradable, unlike peat. Since a typical

coconut tree yields 150 coconuts annually, coir is always in demand. Peat bogs are said to
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take around 25 years to replenish, whereas coco coir doesn't. Since coconut fiber keeps

nutrients from evaporating, it has also become a preferred growing medium.

"The binding agent in coconut fiber is primarily lignin, which acts as a cementing

agent, binding the cellulose fibers together. Lignin is a major constituent of coconut fiber,

with a high content that aids in the bonding of the fiber. Additionally, the high lignin content

of the coconut fiber improves the binding quality of the fibers, as it melts to the surface when

heated, thereby enhancing the binding properties. The coconut fiber also contains alpha

cellulose, which contributes to its strength due to its high content. The use of coconut fiber as

a binding agent is further enhanced by its high holocellulose content, which is a major

constituent of lignocellulosic materials and aids in the strength of the cell walls. The binding

ability of coconut fiber with a polyester matrix has also been studied, showing its potential

for use as a reinforcing and binding material in composite applications." (Chanakan

Asasutjarit, et al., p. 2-5)

As Barbara Tomadoni, et al. stated, "Binding agents are used in making plant pots to

improve their physical and mechanical properties, such as degradability, water absorption,

thickness swelling, internal bonding, and strength. The use of binding agents like cornstarch,

sheep's wool, and sodium alginate can provide good adhesion and efficient stress transfer,

resulting in higher strength characteristics for the pots. Plant pots made from industrial and

agricultural solid waste, such as wood pulp, paper, or peat moss, can be buried directly into

the soil, while fiber growing containers made from a slurry of fibers and binding agents

provide optimal drainage and healthy root systems. Composite planters made from a

synthetic combination of stone, plastic, or glass fibers with a bonding agent are highly

durable, easy to customize, and low maintenance, making them suitable for improving the

aesthetic of outdoor gardens, indoor lobbies, and public spaces while saving money on

landscaping costs." However, According to Sallynex,"The use of binding agents in making

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plant pots can have some disadvantages. For example, some binding agents may be synthetic

and non-biodegradable, which can be harmful to the environment. Additionally, some

binding agents may not provide good adhesion, which can result in weak pots that break

easily. However, there are many alternatives to traditional plastic pots that are biodegradable

and do not require binding agents, such as bamboo, cardboard, and coir liners

Plant Pots

Plant Pots represents the vessels used for containing and nurturing plants during their

growth stages. These pots provide the physical environment necessary for plant growth,

including support for roots, containment of soil or planting medium, and facilitation of water

and nutrient uptake. The variable encompasses various aspects, including size, shape,

material composition, and drainage characteristics, all of which can impact plant health and

growth. Throughout the study, plant pots will be systematically compared based on factors

such as water retention, aeration, biodegradability, and overall plant performance. By

evaluating the effectiveness of coconut fiber pots relative to commercial alternatives, the

research aims to provide valuable insights into sustainable gardening practices and promote

the adoption of environmentally friendly planting materials.

Instead of virgin plastic, some growers are now using containers manufactured with

alternative materials that can be planted directly in the soil and will degrade over time, thus

eliminating the waste of disposing of the pot into landfills. While previous studies have

addressed certain aspects of consumer willingness to pay issue for biodegradable containers,

this study specifically addresses consumer's perceived value for the containers themselves;
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that is, without the influence of the plant in the container. (Chengyan Yue, Charles R Hall, et

al., p. 239-243)

As Dr. Ana Liza Delos Reyes, a soil scientist at the University of San Carlos stated,

comparing coconut fiber to conventional pots, there are several benefits. In contrast to plastic,

it breaks down organically and releases essential nutrients into the soil during the process.

This gets rid of plastic waste and fits in well with Cebu's initiative to promote organic

gardening. Furthermore, the coconut's fibrous structure efficiently holds and releases

moisture, which lowers the need for frequent watering—a vital benefit in Cebu's tropical

climate. Furthermore, the porous nature promotes overall plant health by allowing for ideal

air circulation around the roots, which inhibits root rot.

According to Dr. Mario Lim of the Cebu Technological University, the local

availability of coco fiber reduces the environmental effects of manufacturing and

transportation, which benefits both the environment and local communities equally. Coconut

fiber has the potential to revolutionize Cebu's real estate market with continued research and

development, opening the door to a more environmentally friendly future for the island and

beyond.

As Dr. Maria Luz Lopez of the University of San Carlos stated, the study highlights

the exceptional water-retention capacity of coir, which promotes lush plant growth in Cebu's

tropical environment. Furthermore, since it breathes naturally, it resists root rot, which is a

common problem with plastic pots. For local farmers and cannabis producers, these results—

combined with Dr. Lopez's economic viability assessments—are creating a powerful picture.

Several studies have shown that coconut fiber is a successful variable as an alternative for

making plant pots. However, few are using binding agents as a material to hold the coconut

coir together.
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According to Emily Powell "Factors to consider when making plant pots include

weight, porosity, and drainage. The weight of the pot is important to consider if you plan to

move it around frequently or if you have limited space. Porous pots allow air and moisture to

circulate through them, which can be beneficial for the plant but also means they dry out

more quickly and need to be watered more often. Drainage is important to prevent excess

water from drowning the plant and to allow oxygen to access the roots. Other factors to

consider include cost, aesthetics, durability, insulation properties, and the materials used to

make the pot. Different materials offer different properties, such as ceramic being good for

retaining moisture and terracotta being warm and breathable. " 1-5 "Biodegradable pots for

seedling growth were developed from Biocomposites based on different byproducts and solid

wastes such as gelatin, corn- and wheat-waste flour, sunflower seed husks and rice husks,

yerba mate waste and used paper. Water absorption, solubility, tensile and biodegradation

tests were carried out to determine physical and mechanical properties of studied bio

composites. Moreover, a direct test with plants was performed during summer months to

evaluate the growth of pepper seedlings (C. baccatum) within the bio containers. Results

showed that gelatin-based bio composites reached higher solubility and water absorption.

After 24 days, wheat- and corn-waste flour formulations biodegraded 28.5 and 27%,

meanwhile, gelatin had the most decomposition rate (62%) and paper-based Bio composites,

the least (25%). Gelatin based formulations supported the maximum load in tensile tests,

although flexural tests showed that paper-based bio composites are the most flexible. From

the field test it was observed that gelatin bio containers were almost degraded at the first

week and also allowed the greatest plant development, acting as fertilizer, even better than

the control plant. On the contrary, plant growth in Bio containers based on wheat- and corn-

waste flour as well as paper was impeded since the low level of container decomposition. As
 23

a consequence, all formulations prepared have proved biodegradation. " (Rocío A Fuentes, et

al., p. 30)

According to Bill Hageman, "Gardening enthusiasts are continually exploring

innovative ways to enhance plant growth and optimize growing conditions. In recent years,

coco coir has emerged as a popular choice in the realm of growing media, offering a range of

benefits for plants and the environment alike. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into

the unique properties of coco coir, its applications in gardening, and how it stands out as a

sustainable and effective growing medium. The coconut is a great fruit. We all know how

delicious the flesh is and the water is nutritious with lots of potassium but also the outside

husk is very beneficial. It's used in textiles to make ropes and to make things like our

Coconut Fiber Pots and it can be ground down to really fine particles which are not really

used in textiles but are great for use in the garden. This renewable resource is a byproduct of

the coconut industry, making it an eco-friendly alternative to other growing media. One of the

standout features of coco coir is its impressive water retention capacity. It can hold water

much more effectively than traditional growing media like sandy soil, providing a consistent

moisture level for plants. Coco coir has a unique structure that allows for excellent aeration of

plant roots. This prevents soil compaction and promotes healthy root development, crucial for

overall plant growth. The water retention properties of coco coir reduce the frequency of

watering, making it an ideal choice for regions with sandy soil or dry climates. This feature

not only conserves water but also ensures that plants receive consistent hydration. Coco coir

acts as a sponge, efficiently absorbing and retaining nutrients. This benefits plants by

providing a steady supply of essential elements, promoting robust growth. Unlike some

traditional growing media, coco coir is pH neutral, offering a stable base for plant cultivation.

This allows gardeners to have more control over the pH levels, customizing them to suit

specific plant requirements. As a renewable resource, coco coir minimizes environmental

 24

impact. Its production utilizes a byproduct that would otherwise go to waste, making it a

sustainable choice for eco-conscious gardeners."

However, Dr. Callie Seaman stated that "Coir, which is made from coconut husks, has

several disadvantages. One of the main issues is that it may contain too much salt, which can

cause problems for plants. Coir is also an inert medium, meaning it does not contain

nutrients, so it requires additional fertilization. Additionally, coir has the tendency to hold

back calcium, magnesium, and iron. Other disadvantages include the difficulty in finding it

locally, the need for careful preparation, and the potential for infestation. However, coir is a

sustainable and environmentally conscious choice, and it has many benefits, such as its pH

neutrality, anti-fungal properties, and ability to retain water. "

Plant Development

Fundamental information about the water relations and irrigation needs of coconuts

(Cocos nucifera) is provided by research by Carr (2011). When assessing the efficacy of

coconut fiber plant pots, it is essential to comprehend the unique requirements of coconut

plants. Furthermore, Silva et al. (2011) successfully demonstrated organogenesis from

Passiflora edulis root explants, suggesting the possibility of plant growth in substitute potting

materials.

As Britannica stated, "Plant development is a multiphasic process involving two

distinct plant forms, the sporophyte and the gametophyte, which succeed each other in

alternating generations. Sporophytes are diploid and produce haploid spores, which give rise

to gametophytes. The gametophytes produce haploid gametes that unite to form a new

sporophyte.
 25

Plant development is characterized by growth, cell division, cell enlargement, and

differentiation. Growth is a permanent change that increases the size of the plant, and it is

essential for nutrient acquisition and competition. Cell division leads to the formation of new

daughter cells, and cell enlargement results in the growth of tissues and organs.

Differentiation is the process in which cells specialize into morphologically and

physiologically different cells.

Plants exhibit a wide range of body plans, from small multicellular structures to

enormous trees. The development of complex body forms is influenced by factors such as

temperature, light, water, soil nutrients, and plant growth regulators. Plant development is

influenced by the environment, and plants adapt by altering the course of their development

in response to external cues. This contrasts with animal development, which is largely

buffered against environmental changes. Plant growth and development are mediated by

specific plant hormones and plant growth regulators (PGRs). Temperature, light, water, and

soil nutrients are important factors affecting plant growth and development."

Retention of Water

For plants to get enough water, plant pots must be able to hold water. The nutritional

value of high-fiber co-products in pig diets was covered by Stein et al. (2015). This study

offers information about the capacity of fiber-rich materials to retain water, which is pertinent

when assessing plant pots made of coconut fiber even though it has nothing to do with plant

pots specifically.

As Legendre et al. stated, "Water retention in plant pots can be enhanced through the

use of various methods and materials. Water-retaining granules, such as those containing

superabsorbent polymers, can be added to the growing medium to increase its ability to retain
 26

water for longer periods of time, which is particularly beneficial for hanging baskets and

containers with coarse-textured free-draining potting media. Plant roots can also modify the

soil water retention properties of the rhizosphere, the thin zone around roots influenced by

root and associated microorganisms. This effect can be linked to soil perforation, aggregation

of soil particles, and the release of exudates by roots, which can modify the soil

particles/water properties."

The intriguing potential of coconut fiber as a workable alternative material for plant

pots is highlighted in the literature review's conclusion, along with its favorable effects on

plant health, acoustic qualities, and acceptance as a substrate for container manufacturing.

Further research is necessary to fill in the knowledge gaps that currently exist and fully

evaluate the efficacy of coconut fiber pots in comparison to traditional alternatives. In

addition, the review provides a concise summary of previous research confirming the

superiority of coconut fiber plant pots over plastic ones. When important aspects of plant

growth, water retention, nutrient accessibility, and environmental effects are examined, it is

clear that more research is needed to close these knowledge gaps and offer a thorough

understanding of the possible advantages of using coconut fiber as a substitute material for

plant pots.
 27

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COCONUT FIBER (COCOS NUCIFERA) AS

ALTERNATIVE PLANT POTS COMPARED TO COMMERCIAL PLANT POTS.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of coconut fiber (cocos

nucifera) as an alternative plant pot compared to commercial plant pots. This study will focus

on testing the durability, cost-effectiveness and to assess the biodegradability of coconut fiber

plant pots.
 28

The independent variables will be the coconut fiber (cocos nucifera), binding agent,

and coir. While the dependent variables will be the coconut fiber plant pots that are compared

to commercial plant pots.

Data collection will involve monitoring the plant growth, moisture retention,

durability, and environmental impact between coconut fiber plant pots and traditional

commercial ones. The result of the effectiveness of the coconut fiber plant pots will be

compared to the commercial plant pots.

Sampling sites will be selected based on factors such as durability, sustainability of

the coconut fiber plant pot and the plant development using the coconut fiber plant pot.

Coconut fiber pots will be utilized as per their natural state, while commercial plant pots will

be used in their standard form.

The research design involves conducting experiments and observations to investigate

the effectiveness of using coconut fiber as an alternative material for plant pots. We will

observe and gather insights on gardening practices, while experiments will compare the

growth, moisture retention, durability, and environmental impact of the coconut fiber pots

compared to traditional ones. The data collected will include measurements of plant growth,

health, and overall performance in both types of pots.

Ethical considerations include ensuring the health and safety of the participants and

plants involved. Measures will be implemented to minimize any potential harm to the

surrounding environment and non-target organisms. Furthermore, the disposal or recycling of

the commercial plant pots used in the study will be carried out responsibly to minimize

environmental impact.
 29

The study will be conducted 2-3 months during good weather conditions and plant

growth rates. This timeframe will ensure that we capture a full growth cycle of the plants in

both types of pots. Resources include coconut fiber pots and commercial plant pots for

comparison. Soil, fertilizers, and watering systems will be standardized across all pots to

ensure consistency.

Overall, this research design aims to provide insights into the potential benefits of

using coconut fiber as an alternative to traditional commercial plant pots, contributing to

sustainable gardening practices.

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

In the research study "The Effectiveness of Coconut Fiber (Cocos nucifera) as an

Alternative Plant Pots Compared to Commercial Plant Pots" involves both controlled and

field settings. The controlled setting will be in Lower Acacia, Purok 6, Sabang Sibonga Cebu

that will be used in conducting the study and the indoor garden in this area will be used for

analyzing the durability, sustainability and plant growth in both pots. The coconut fiber

(cocos nucifera) is obtained from a researcher’s residence in Purok Lanzones near

Magcagong, Sibonga Elementary School. The project's progress will be continuously

monitored in both controlled and field settings, with regular meetings to discuss findings,

troubleshoot issues, and ensure objectives are met.

Purok Lanzones, Magcagong Sibonga Cebu Purok 6 Sabang Sibonga Cebu

 30

Figure 1: Gathering of Materials Venue Figure 2: Experiment and Testing

Venue

RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS

The research participants for the study entitled "The Effectiveness of Coconut Fiber

as Alternative Plant Pots compared to Commercial Plant Pots" us researchers from Grade 10-

Pearl, and college experts in the field. Us, the Grade 10 Pearl research team, will be actively

engaged in the study process. We will collaborate on a variety of topics, including

experimental design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Our combined efforts will

ensure a thorough and well-rounded approach to the study. In addition, we will reach out to a
 31

college expert specifically an agirculture student in the field that can provide us insightful

analysis and offer a variety of viewpoints to improve experimental techniques. Furthermore,

the effectiveness and overall quality of the coconut fiber plant pots will be evaluated by

parents of the researchers and the researchers themselves for confirmation whether our

coconut fiber plant pots is a good alternative to commercial plant pots.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

This study focuses on the effectiveness of coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera) as an

alternative plant pot compared to commercial plant pots. The researchers will use the

observation tool to gather and analyze data. During the experimentation the researchers will

use approximately 500 to 1000 grams of coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera) and binding agents

which is the biodegradable glue to hold the coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera) together after

grinding. The researchers will then use molders to mold the coconut fiber (Cocos nucifera)

into a pot shape. The researchers will let the coconut fiber (cocos nucifera) dry. After 1 week

the researchers will then compare the effectiveness of coconut fiber plant pots to the

commercial plant pots. In order for the study to be reliable and valid, the researchers must

answer the questions given.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

1. Gathering Coconut Husks:

- Gather coconut husks from 500 to 1000 grams of coconuts, ensuring they are clean and free

from contaminants.

1.1. Processing Coconut Husks:

 32

- Process 500 grams of coconut husks to extract coir fiber. This can involve soaking the husks

in 960 grams of water, followed by a mechanical process to separate and clean the fiber.

1.2. Mold Preparation:

- Set up 2 molds or forms in the desired shape and size for the coconut fiber pots. Ensure they

are clean and ready for the molding process.

2. Mixing Coir Fiber with Binding Agent:

- Combine 500 grams of the extracted coir fiber with 250 grams of a natural binding agent

like latex or biodegradable glue. Mix thoroughly to ensure proper binding and consistency.

3. Molding Process:

- Place 750 grams of the coir fiber mixture into each of the 2 prepared molds or forms. Press

and compact the mixture to ensure it takes the desired shape and density.

3.1. Adding Moisture:

- Sprinkle 50 milliliters of water onto the fiber mixture to add moisture, aiding in the binding

process.

3.2. Further Compaction:

- Use a pressing tool or method to compact the fiber mixture further, ensuring it adheres to

the mold's shape.

4. Drying Stage:
 33

- Transfer the molded coconut fiber pots to a drying area. Allow them to dry naturally for 5

days, ensuring they set and solidify properly.

5. Final Processing:

- Once the coconut fiber pots have dried, carefully remove them from the molds. Use cutting

tools if necessary to trim or shape the pots to the desired design or size.

5.1. Quality Inspection:

- Inspect each of the 2 coconut fiber pots for quality, ensuring they meet the desired

standards. Remove any defects or imperfections as necessary.

Treatment of Data

It is vital for researchers to have a thorough understanding of how to appropriately

handle data in order to carry out their studies in a responsible manner. Data collection

involves direct observation of the plants grown in coconut fiber plant pots. Researchers also

measures the parameters such as plant growth, durability, water retention, and cost
 34

effectiveness in Purok6 Fuchsia in Sabang Sibonga Cebu. The researchers will not directly

employ a trial-and-error method, continuously refining procedures and exploring alternative

solutions to ensure accurate and reliable results. To maintain the integrity of the research, the

researchers will ensure that there will be no fabrications of the data to ensure the credibility

and validity of their research study. The study’s findings have the potential to influence

residents’ decisions regarding the use of coconut fiber pot as an alternative to commercial

ones. Therefore, it is crucial that the data collected in this study is treated truthfully and

accurately.

The researchers conducted only one (1) trial to examine the effectiveness of coconut

fiber as an alternative plant pot compared to commercial plant pots.

TABLE 1

Materials and Equipment used in The Effectiveness of Coconut Fiber (Cocos nucifera)

as an Alternative Plant Pots Compared to Commercial Plant Pots

RAW MATERIALS For Grinding For Cooking For Data Gathering

 35

and Weighing

Ground Coconut 1 large basin 1 Cooking Pot 2 knives

Coir (250 grams) 1 colander 1 Spatula 1 weighing scale

1 blender 1 kitchen stove 3 scissors

Ground Coconut 2 pcs of plastic

Fiber (250 grams)

Cassava Starch

Water 8 cups 4 cups of water (960 4 cups of water ( 960 2 measuring cups

(1,920 grams) grams) grams)

Vinegar (150 grams) Vinegar 150 grams

TABLE 2

No. of Samples Coconut Fiber Binding Agent Water

Sample #1 300 g 250 g 960 g

TABLE 3

Coconut Fiber Plant Coconut Fiber Binding Agent Days Stored

Pot mixed with Coconut

Coir
 36

2 500 g 250 g 1 week and 3 days

(10 days)

The following measurements above are designed to create 1-2 coconut fiber plant

pots. The researchers will meticulously observe and measure the effectiveness of the coconut

fiber pots compared to commercial one’s. The researchers will avoid using any additional

assets or resources that are not essential to their study.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

FINDINGS

FIGURE 1: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAMPLE 1

 37

TABLE 1: STORED

Coconut Fiber (in grams) Cassava Flour (grams) with Characteristics

(cocos nucifera) with 4 cups 150 ml of vinegar

of water

500 g 250 g Sticky and slimy

Analysis of Data

Figure 1. Table 1, labeled as "STORED, offers insights into the characteristics of

stored coconut fiber and cassava flour. The data reveals that 500 grams of coconut fiber were

stored with 4 cups of water, while 250 grams of cassava flour were stored with 150ml of

vinegar. The characteristic observed is described as "sticky and slimy.'

FIGURE 2: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAMPLE 2

NUMBER OF SAMPLES GROUND COIR GROUND COCONUT

FIBER

Sample 1 200 g 300 g

Analysis of Data

The data in Figure 2 reveals the makeup of Sample 2, particularly Sample 1, which

includes 200 grams of ground coir, 300 grams of ground coconut fiber, 1,920 grams of and

250 grams of cassava flour. Despite the hefty amount of water involved, our experiment

turned out successful. It's fascinating how our carefully concocted mixture managed to hit the
 38

mark, showing that sometimes, even with unexpected elements in the mix, things can still

work out brilliantly. This outcome underscores the importance of paying attention to every

detail and being open to unexpected twists in scientific endeavors.

Figure 3. Coconut Fiber and Binding Agent

Amount of Coconut Fiber, Amount of Coconut Fiber Amount of Binding agent

Coconut Coir and Binding with 960g of Water with 960 g of water

Agent mixture used in

making the Plant Pot

750 g 300 g 250 g

Figure 3 shows the exact and right number of raw materials used in order for the

coconut fiber pot to be durable.

The researcher(s) first and last trial did work because of using the right and exact

number of raw materials in conducting their experiment. Therefore, in using 500 grams of

ground coconut fiber and ground coconut coir with 300 grams of water and 250 grams of

binding agent used it can create 1-2 durable coconut fiber plant pot. In utilizing the right raw

materials and equipment in conducting their research experiment the more effective their

coconut fiber is than the commercial plant pots.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This suggests that we can potentially conclude the following:

The coconut fiber plant pot is more durable compared to commercial ones.
 39

The research findings indicate that using coconut fiber for plant pots could be a great

substitute for traditional commercial pots.

The research study could provide a better option for gardening enthusiasts, as coconut fiber

pots may offer various benefits compared to commercial pots.

For future research on the use of coconut fiber as plant pots compared to commercial ones,

the researchers provide the following recommendations:

1. Look at the long-term effects: Do a study for a long time to see how plants grow

and stay healthy in coconut fiber pots compared to regular pots. This will show if there's a big

difference in how well they work and if they're more eco-friendly.

2. Evaluate diverse plant species: Include many kinds of plants in the study to see

how well coconut fiber pots work for each. This way, we can understand better if these pots

are good for all plants or just some.

3. Check the impact on nature: Find out how using coconut fiber pots affects the

planet versus regular pots. Consider things like how much carbon they put out, how much

water they use, and how much trash they make to see if coconut fiber pots are better for the

earth.

4. Conduct cost-effectiveness analysis: See if coconut fiber pots save money

compared to regular pots. Think about how much they cost at first, how much it costs to keep

them up, and how long they last to decide if they're a smart money choice for growing plants.

5. Look into how soil stays healthy and keeps nutrients: Check how coconut fiber

pots affect the health of soil and keeping of nutrients. Look at soil from plants in both
 40

coconut fiber pots and regular pots to see if the coconut fiber ones make soil better and keep

more food for plants.

6. Find out what people think: Ask gardeners and plant fans by talking to them or

with surveys to get their views on using coconut fiber pots against regular pots. See how

happy they are, what they like best, and any easy or hard things they find when using coconut

fiber pots.

7. Compare water retention capabilities: Test how well coconut fiber pots and

regular pots hold water to see which one keeps more moisture in. This test will show us

which pot is better at keeping plants wet and might help us use less water when growing

plants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to God Almighty

for leading us during our research journey with His wisdom, grace, and many blessings.
 41

Our sincere gratitude is extended to Mrs. Angelie S. Cabillo, who served as our

research adviser. Her unwavering assistance and direction were priceless to us. Our research

was a great success because of her wise counsel and unwavering commitment. Working

under her mentorship was a true honor and privilege.

Lastly, we would like to thank our family and friends for their endless support and

encouragement. Their belief in us fueled our determination and perseverance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 42

https://books.google.com/books?

hl=en&lr=&id=3rXZDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA85&dq=coconut+fiber+

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https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/5/1309

https://www.rhs.org.uk/soil-composts-mulches/water-retaining-granules

https://cococoirglobal.com/what-is-coconut-fiber/

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340306080_The_Regression_Models_of_Impact_Strength_of_Coir_Coconut_Fiber_Reinforc

ed_Resin_Matrix_Composite_Materials/links/5f3cfbaf299bf13404ceeb9b/The-Regression-

Models-of-Impact-Strength-of-Coir-Coconut-Fiber-Reinforced-Resin-Matrix-Composite-

Materials.pdf

https://youtu.be/5Ytg34mghr8?si=CJujoQWUPe3R-LMJ

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

340478718_Biodegradable_Materials_for_Planting_Pots
 43

https://www.ugaoo.com/blogs/gardening-basics/coco-coir-biodegradable-pots-advantages-of-

peat-pots?fbclid=IwAR1U-fbZeETKWu-

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S8yc0eZD-a4BkL
 44

PHOTO CREDITS

PHOTO I. Gathering of Materials (Coconut Fiber and Coconut Coir)

PHOTO II. Separation Process (separation of coir and coconut fiber)

 45

PHOTO III. Grinding Process

PHOTO IV. Getting the exact measurements of the raw materials

 46

PHOTO IIII. Making/Cooking of the Binding Agent (cassava starch, water, vinegar)

PHOTO V. Molding Process

PHOTO VI. Drying Process

 47

PHOTO VII. Testing and Planting Process