ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

A Course under Centre of Excellence as Initiative of Department of Science and

Technology, Government of Bihar

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SAHARSA

Presenter:
Prof. Shubham
HoD(Computer Science and Engineering)
Todays Class
➢What is AI?
➢Types of AI
➢History of AI
➢Turing Test
➢Goals of AI
➢Importance of AI
➢Applications of AI
 What is AI?
Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines, especially computer systems.

Artificial intelligence is a field, which combines computer science and

robust datasets, to enable problem-solving.

It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,

especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar
task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does
not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable."
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEFINED: FOUR TYPES
OF APPROACHES(VIEWS)

Thinking humanly Acting humanly

Thinking rationally Acting rationally

•Thinking humanly: mimicking thought based on the human

mind.
•Thinking rationally: mimicking thought based on logical
reasoning.
•Acting humanly: acting in a manner that mimics human
behavior.
•Acting rationally: acting in a manner that is meant to achieve a
particular goal.
TYPES OF AI
Based on Capabilities
What is Narrow AI?
Narrow AI, also called as Weak AI, focuses on one narrow task and cannot perform beyond
its limitations.
Apple Siri is an example of a Narrow AI that operates with a limited pre-defined range of
functions. Siri often has problems with tasks outside its breadth of abilities.
Other examples of Narrow AI include google translate, image recognition software,
recommendation systems, spam filtering, and Google’s page-ranking algorithm.
What is General AI?
General AI, also known as strong AI, can understand and learn any intellectual task
that a human being can.
The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think
like a human by its own.
Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
What is a Super AI?

Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human

intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is
an outcome of general AI.

Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think,to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.

Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such

systems in real is still world changing task.
Reactive Machines
A reactive machine is the primary form of artificial intelligence that does not store memories
or use past experiences to determine future actions. It works only with present data. They
perceive the world and react to it.
Reactive machines are provided with specific tasks, and they don't have capabilities beyond
those tasks.
IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
Limited Memory
Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
Limited Memory AI observes how other vehicles are moving around them, at present, and as
time passes.
This ongoing, collected data gets added to the AI machine's static data, such as lane markers
and traffic lights.
They are included when the vehicle decides when to change lanes, avoid cutting off another
driver, or hit a nearby vehicle.
Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.
One real-world example of the theory of mind AI is Kismet. Kismet is a robot
head made in the late 90s by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology
researcher.
Kismet can mimic human emotions and recognize them. Both abilities are key
advancements in theory of mind AI, but Kismet can’t follow gazes or convey
attention to humans.
Self-Awareness
Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
These machines will be smarter than human mind.
Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
History of AI
•Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They
proposed a model of artificial neurons.
•Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is
now called Hebbian learning.
•Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing
publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
•Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program"Which was named
as "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for
some theorems.
•Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth
Conference. For the first time, AI coined as an academic field.
•Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve mathematical problems. Joseph
Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
•Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named as WABOT-1.
•The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where
computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
•Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate
the decision-making ability of a human expert.
•In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford
University.
The second AI winter (1987-1993)

•The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
•Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost but not efficient result. The expert
system such as XCON was very cost effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

•Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to
beat a world chess champion.
•Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
•Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

•Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the complex questions as well as
riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
•Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was able to provide information to the user as a
prediction.
•Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous "Turing test."
•Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also performed
extremely well.
•Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment
on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
Turing Test
✓ The Turing Test is a method of inquiry in artificial intelligence (AI) for determining whether or
not a computer is capable of thinking like a human being. The test is named after Alan Turing.
✓ Turing proposed that a computer can be said to possess artificial intelligence if it can mimic
human responses under specific conditions.
✓ The original Turing Test requires three terminals, each of which is physically separated from the
other two. One terminal is operated by a computer, while the other two are operated by
humans.
✓ During the test, one of the humans functions as the questioner, while the second human and
the computer function as respondents. The questioner interrogates the respondents within a
specific subject area, using a specified format and context. After a preset length of time or
number of questions, the questioner is then asked to decide which respondent was human and
which was a computer.
✓ The test is repeated many times. If the questioner makes the correct determination in half of
the test runs or less, the computer is considered to have artificial intelligence because the
questioner regards it as "just as human" as the human respondent
Goals of AI
Applications of AI