Pile

❖The pile foundation is used to describe a construction for thefoundation of a wall or a pier,
which is supported on the pile.

❖ Where it is placed …?
The piles may be placed separately or they may be placed in the form of cluster throughout the length of the wall .
❖ Where it is adopted …?
Piles are adopted when the loose soil extended to a greatdepth.
The load of the structure is transmitted by the piles to hard stratum below or it is resisted by the friction
developed on the sides of the piles.
The piles are applicable at the places where-
➢ The load coming from the structure is very high & the distribution of the load on soil is uneven.
➢ The subsoil waterlevel is likely to rise or fall appreciably.
➢ The pumping of subsoil water is too costly for keeping thefoundation trench in dry
condition.
➢ The construction of raft foundation is likely to be very expensive or it is likely to practically

impossible.
➢ The piles are considered to be long when their length exceeds 30meters.
➢ The structure is situated on sea shore or river bed and the foundation is likely to adopt
by the scouring action of water.
Low Large Distributed Very Large Concentrated
W e ig ht W e ig ht W e ight
Soft to
Firm Clay
Strong Rock
➢ All the loads from the super structure like,
- Live loads
- Dead loads
- Wind loads
- Seismic load
➢ The loads from the surrounding soil in case of seismic event.
➢ Water loads in case of off-shore structure.
▪ The materials which are used in the construction of piles areas follows :-
➢ Timberpiles
➢ Steel piles
➢ Concrete piles
Timber Steel Pipe Concrete Pre-cast
Steel H Concrete Composite
Timber Steel Concrete

I. Load bearing piles
IIII .Non-load bearing piles
I. Load bearing piles :-

➢ It bears the load coming from the structure.
➢ The Piles are generally driven vertical y or in near verticalposition.
➢ When a horizontal forces to be resisted, the inclined piles maybe driven in an inclined position
and such inclined piles are termed the batter piles
➢ Load bearing piles are divided into,
i. Bearing piles
ii. Friction Piles

➢ This pile penetrates to through the soft soil and their bottoms rest on a hard bed. Thus, they are end
bearing piles and act ascolumns or piers.
➢ The soft ground through which the piles pass also gives somelateral support and this increases the
load carrying capacity of the bearing piles.
➢ Transmit most of theirloads to the load
bearing layer (dense sand or rock). Most of
the pile capacity inferred from the end
bearing point.
Pile Load, P
Side Friction
End Bearing Pbase

➢ When loose soil extends to a great depth, the piles are driven up to such a depth that the frictional
resistance developed atthe sides of the piles equals the load coming on the piles.
➢ Great care should be taken to determine the frictional resistance offered by the soil and
suitable factor of safetyshould be provided in the design.
➢ Transmit most of their load through the
layersthrough which the pilespass, i.e.,
mostly through the surface friction with the
surrounding soils.
Pile Load, P
Side Friction
End Bearing P base

- Relatively inexpensive
- Usually limited to short lengths.
- Low capacity.
➢ Advantages:
Easy handling
Non-corrosive material
➢ Disadvantages:
May require treatment to prevent decay, insects, and borers fromdamaging pile. Easily damaged during
hard driving and inconvenient to splice.
➢ Advantages:
High axial working capacity
Wide variety of sizes
Easy on-site modifications
Fairly easy to drive, minimal soil displacement and good penetration through hard materials.
➢ Disadvantages:
High cost, difficulty in delivery, relatively higher corrosion,noisy driving.
➢ Advantages:
High capacity, relatively inexpensive, usually durable andcorrosion resistant in many environments.
➢ Disadvantages:
Handling, splicing, and transportation difficulties (for precastpiles).
➢ The center to center distance of successive piles is known as pile spacing.
➢ It has to be carefully designed by considering the following factors,
1) Types of piles
2) Material of piles
3) Length of piles
4) Grouping of piles
5) Load coming on piles
6) Obstruction during pile driving
7) Nature of soil through which piles are passing.
➢ The spacing between piles in a group can be assumed based on the following:
1- Friction piles need higher spacing than bearing piles.

2- Minimum spacing (S) between piles is 2.5.
3- Maximum spacing (S) between piles is 8.0.
4 Piles 5 Piles
2 Piles 3 Piles S
7 Piles
S S
6 Piles
S
S
S S
S S
8 Piles
9 Piles
➢ Surrounding soil
➢ Installation technique (like driven or bored).
➢ Method of construction (like pre cast or cast in situ).
➢ Location of pile in a group.
➢ Spacing of piles in a group.
➢ Symmetry of the group.
➢ Shape of pile cap
➢ Location of pile cap (like above soil or below soil).
➢ Drainage condition in soil.
• Pile Installation is as important as design.
There are two methods for the installation
of piles.
o Installation by Driving
o Installation by Boring
❖ Instal ation by Driving : -
• Usually Driven piles are driven into the
ground by impact forcewhich causes
considerable stresses in the piles.
• The forces and accelerations induced in
the pile during drivingare recorded
using a data loggercallled Pile Driving Setup to produce
Analyzer ( PDA). impact on the
• The data obtained by PDA will beused to pile
study the pile integrity and potentially
dangerous defects like honey combing,
cracks, presence of foreign matter, etc.
• The PDA works on the principlesof wave
Data col ector and
propagation.
Analyzer cal ed pile
driving analyzer
( PDA)
• If the driving has to be carried out by hammer, then followingfactors should be taken into
consideration.
➢ The size and weight of the pile.
➢ The driving resistance which has to be overcome to achievethe desired penetration.
➢ The available space and head room in the site because thehammer has to be dropped from
certain height.
➢ The availability of cranes.
➢ The noise restrictions which may be in force in the locality.
➢ Dropping weight
➢ Explosion
➢ Vibration
➢ Jacking (only formicro piles)
➢ Jetting
Drop Hammer
Hammer Guide
Pile (pre cast/cast in situ)
Soil
Driving
shoe

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❖The pile foundation is used to describe a construction for thefoundation of a wall or a pier,

which is supported on the pile.

➢ The subsoil waterlevel is likely to rise or fall appreciably.

➢ The construction of raft foundation is likely to be very expensive or it is likely to practically

Timber Steel Concrete

I. Load bearing piles :-

ii. Friction Piles

End Bearing Pbase

End Bearing P base

➢ It has to be carefully designed by considering the following factors,

1- Friction piles need higher spacing than bearing piles.

➢ Jacking (only formicro piles)

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