MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B

20.1
20 Arithmetic: Fractions
Exercises
1. Calculate:
20.1 Revision: Whole Numbers and Decimals
(a) 182 + 57 (b) 32 + 168 (c) 1807 + 94
In this section we revise addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of whole
(d) 3.2 + 4.7 (e) 18.2 + 1.9 (f) 3.71 + 4.2
numbers and decimals, before starting to work with fractions.
(g) 0.26 + 1.2 (h) 11.4 + 6.21 (i) 0.09 + 0.123
(j) 38 + 4.7 (k) 0.71 + 2.8 (l) 4.52 + 9.89
Example 1
Calculate: 2. Calculate:
(a) 18 + 49 (b) 1.6 + 0.84 (c) 3.82 − 1.6 (a) 192 − 71 (b) 486 − 234 (c) 620 − 108

Solution (d) 0.9 − 0.2 (e) 1.8 − 0.3 (f) 2.42 − 1.23

(a) 18 (b) 1.60 (c) 3.82 (g) 0.8 − 0.11 (h) 8.9 − 1.12 (i) 3.7 − 2.15
+ 49 + 0.84 – 1.60 (j) 28 − 3.7 (k) 52 − 6.9 (l) 4.07 − 3.88
67 2.44 2.22
3. Calculate:
(a) 18 × 3 (b) 42 × 5 (c) 63 × 7
Example 2
(d) 12 × 15 (e) 26 × 14 (f) 39 × 23
Calculate:
(g) 0.7 × 5 (h) 1.9 × 6 (i) 4.29 × 3
(a) 18 × 34 (b) 1.7 × 2.6
(j) 1.8 × 2.9 (k) 3.5 × 2.6 (l) 1.42 × 1.6

Solution 4. Calculate:
(a) 18 (b) 17 (a) 468 ÷ 2 (b) 578 ÷ 2 (c) 145 ÷ 5
× 34 × 26
(d) 345 ÷ 5 (e) 78 ÷ 3 (f) 981 ÷ 3
72 102
(g) 6.84 ÷ 4 (h) 14.7 ÷ 7 (i) 7.92 ÷ 6
540 340
612 442 Hence 1.7 × 1.6 = 4.42 5. There were 52 people on a bus and 17 got off. How many people were still
on the bus?

Example 3 6. Floppy disks cost 34p each. How much would 6 floppy disks cost?

Calculate: 7. It costs £5.20 for one adult to go into a theme park. How much would it
(a) 165 ÷ 5 (b) 4.26 ÷ 3 cost in total for 24 adults to go into the theme park?

8. Tickets for a show cost £3 each. To cover the cost of putting on the show,
Solution
£378 is needed. How many tickets must be sold to cover the cost of the
(a) 33 (b) 1.42 show?
1 1
5 165 3 4.26
9. An 8 m length of rope is cut into 5 pieces of equal length. How long is each
so 165 ÷ 5 = 33 so 4.26 ÷ 3 = 1.42 of the 5 pieces?

119 120
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B
20.2
This is shown in the diagram below:
10. A PE department has £30 to spend on footballs which cost £4 each.
(a) How many footballs can they buy?
(b) How much money will they have left? – = =

5 1 4 2
– = =
20.2 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 6 6 6 3

In this section we consider how to add and subtract fractions. The key step in this Example 2
process is to make sure that both fractions have the same denominator.
Calculate:
1 2 2 1
Example 1 (a) + (b) −
4 5 3 4
Calculate:
1 2 5 1 Solution
(a) + (b) −
5 5 6 6 (a) These fractions do not have the same denominator, so the first step is to
change them so that they do. In this case, we can use 20 as the common
Solution denominator.
1 2 5 8
(a) As the denominator is the same in both fractions, we simply add the + = +
numbers on the top of the fraction to give 4 5 20 20

1 2 1+ 2 5+8
+ = =
5 5 5 20

3 13
= =
5 20

This addition is shown in the diagram below: This is illustrated in the diagram below:

+ = + = + =

1 2 3
+ = 1 2 5 8 13
5 5 5 + = + =
4 5 20 20 20

(b) The denominator is the same in both fractions, so (b) In this case we can use a common denominator of 12.
5 1 5−1
− = 2 1
− =
8
−
3
6 6 6 3 4 12 12
4 8−3
= =
6 12
2
= =
5
3 12

121 122
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B
20.2

This is illustrated in the diagram below: 2 1 8 3

(c) 2 +1 = +
3 2 3 2
16 9
– = – = = +
6 6
16 + 9
=
2 1 8 3 5 6
– = – =
3 4 12 12 12
25
=
6
Example 3 1
= 4
Calculate: 6
1 1 3 3 2 1
(a) 1 + 3 (b) 4 −1 (c) 2 +1
8 3 8 4 3 2
Exercises
Solution 1. Calculate:
(a) 1+3 =4 3 1 3 1 1 7
(a) + (b) + (c) +
7 7 8 8 9 9
1 1 3 8
+ = + 3 7 1 3 2 4
8 3 24 24 (d) + (e) + (f) +
10 10 5 5 7 7
3+8
= 1 3 5 3 7 5
24 (g) + (h) − (i) −
4 4 8 8 9 9
11
= 9 7 8 3 4 2
24 (j) − (k) − (l) −
10 10 11 11 15 15
1 1 11 6 3 4 3 6 2
So 1 +3 =4 (m) − (n) − (o) −
8 3 24 13 13 7 7 25 25

3 3 35 7
(b) 4 −1 = − 2. Fill in the missing numbers:
8 4 8 4
1 1 ? ? ?
(a) + = + =
35 14 2 5 10 10 10
= −
8 8
4 2 ? ? ?
35 − 14 (b) + = + =
= 5 3 15 15 15
8
1 4 5 24 ?
21 (c) + = + =
= 6 5 ? ? ?
8
4 1 ? ? ?
5 (d) − = − =
= 2 7 3 21 21 21
8
5 2 5 ? ?
(e) − = − =
Note: It is usually easier to convert the mixed numbers into improper fractions. 6 3 6 6 6

123 124
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B
20.2

3. Calculate: 8. Calculate:
1 1 3 2 1 1
(a) + (b) + (c) + (a) 1
1
+1
1
(b) 1
3
+2
1
(c) 4
2
+3
1
3 2 4 3 5 4 2 3 4 2 5 2
3 2 5 1 1 1
(d) + (e) + (f) + 4 3 1 2 1 3
5 3 8 4 3 6 (d) 1 +1 (e) 1 − (f) 3 −1
7 8 2 3 4 5
4 2 1 2 1 1
(g) + (h) + (i) + 1 5 1 2 3 7
5 7 7 3 2 10 (g) 2 −1 (h) 4 +3 (i) 4 −2
2 8 7 3 5 8
6 2 5 1 7 3
(j) + (k) − (l) − 1 2 1 3 1 1
7 3 6 2 8 4 (j) 6 −1 (k) 3 −1 (l) 5 −2
4 5 2 4 4 2
8 3 3 1 4 3
(m) − (n) − (o) −
9 4 7 3 5 4 1 3 1
9. Ron wins £1 million. He gives £ million to his daughter and £
4 5 3
3 million to his wife. How much does he have left?
4. A birthday cake is divided into 12 equal parts. Andrew eats of the cake
12
1
and Timothy eats of the cake. 3
12 10. An old-fashioned gardener measures the height of a plant as 6 inches. A
8
(a) What fraction of the cake is left? 3
week later the height is measured as 8 inches. How much did the plant
(b) How many pieces of cake are left? 5
grow during the week?

3 3
5. A garden has an area of hectare. The owner buys an extra of a hectare
4 5
of land.
(a) What is the area of the garden now?
(b) How much more land would the owner need to have a garden with an 20.3 Multiplying Fractions
area of 2 hectares?
In this section we extend the ideas of Unit 10, where you multiplied fractions by
numbers, to now include multiplying fractions by fractions.
2
6. Steve and Sheila buy a computer. Steve fills of the hard disk with his
5
1
programs. Sheila fills of the hard disk with her programs. Example 1
3
(a) What fraction of the hard disk is full? Calculate:
(b) What fraction of the hard disk is empty? 1 2 3
(a) of £24, (b) of £40, (c) of 35 m.
1 3 5 7
(c) Steve deletes one of his programs that takes up of the hard disk.
10 Solution
What fraction of the hard disk do his programs fill now?
1 24
(a) of £24 =
9 2 3 3
7. If of all men in the UK own cars, and of all men in the UK own more
10 3 = £8
than one car, what fraction of men in the UK:
(a) do not own a car,
(b) own only one car?

125 126
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B
20.3

1 40  2 2 × 40 
(b) of £40 = or of £40 =
5 5  5 5  Example 3
 
= £8   Calculate:
 =
80 
2
of £40 = 2 × 8  5  (a)
4 3
× (b) 1
3 2
× (c)
1
1 ×3
1
5   7 5 4 3 2 3
 
= £16  = £16 
Solution
1 35  3 3 × 35  4 3 4×3
(c) of 35 m = or of 35 m = (a) × =
7 7  7 7  7 5 7×5
 
= 5m   12
 =
105  =
3
of 35 m = 3 × 5  7  35
7  
  1
= 15 m  = 15 m  3 2 7 2
(b) 1 × = × (Note: it is usually quicker to cancel down at
4 3 4 3
2 this stage rather than at the end.)
Example 2 7×1
=
2 3 2×3
Calculate × and illustrate this on a diagram.
5 4 7
=
Solution 6
1
2 3 2×3 = 1
(c) × = 6
5 4 5×4

6 3 5
= 1 1 9 10
20 (c) 2 ×3 = ×
4 3 42 31
3
=
10 3×5
=
2 ×1
3
6
47448 15
=
2 2

5 Note that 6 of the small squares are shaded 1
= 7
2 3 6 3 2
twice, so × = = .
5 4 20 10

Note that we are using the rule:

a c a×c
× =
b d b×d

127 128
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B
20.3

3
Exercises 5. A cake recipe requires kg of flour. How much flour is needed to make:
4
1. Calculate:
(a) 2 cakes,
1 1 7
(a) × 15 (b) × 32 (c) × 16 (b) 6 cakes,
5 8 8
(c) 10 cakes?
3 3 4
(d) × 14 (e) × 28 (f) × 30
7 4 5
3 2 1
5 5 5 6. Jan buys kg cheese. She keeps of it and gives to her sister.
(g) × 21 (h) 24 × (i) 18 × 4 3 3
7 8 9 What is the weight of:
2 4 5 (a) the cheese Jan keeps,
(j) 66 × (k) 34 × (l) × 57
3 17 19 (b) the cheese Jan gives to her sister?
2. Calculate:
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
(a) × (b) × (c) × 7. A large company makes £ million profit. They spend of this on new
2 3 2 2 3 4 5 4
equipment.
2 3 3 4 3 3
(d) × (e) × (f) × (a) How much does the company spend on new equipment?
3 4 7 5 8 4
(b) How much is left?
4 2 6 3 5 5
(g) × (h) × (i) × .
7 9 7 8 6 7
3 3 1 3 4 2 8. Calculate the area of each of these rectangles:
(j) × (k) × (l) × 1 1
10 7 2 19 11 3 2 m 2 m
2 4

3. Calculate: (a) (b)

1 3 1 2 3 2 3 1
(a) 1 × (b) 4 × (c) 1 × m 1 m
2 4 2 3 4 5 4 4

3 1 1 1 1 1
(d) 1 × (e) 4 × (f) 3 ×
7 2 4 5 7 3
1 3 1 1 1 1
(g) 4 × (h) 1 ×1 (i) 1 ×1
2 5 2 2 3 2 3
9. The diagram shows a small picture frame. The shaded border is cm wide.
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
(j) 1 ×2 (k) 3 ×2 (l) 1 ×2
4 2 4 3 4 5 1
5 cm
2
1
4. Calculate the area of each of these rectangles: 3 cm
2

(a) 2m (b) 3m

3 5 What is the area of the shaded border?

m m
8 6

129 130
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B
20.4

1 1
10. A petrol can holds 3 litres. Sanjit fills up a lawn mower and uses of the Example 2
2 3
petrol from the full can. 1 2
Calculate: (a) 4÷ , (b) 4÷ .
(a) How much petrol does the lawn mower hold? 3 5
(b) How much petrol is left in the can?
Solution
3
Later, Sanjit uses another litres of petrol from the can. 1
4 (a) The problem is to calculate how many s there are in 4 whole units. The
3
(c) How much petrol has he now used? 1
four whole units are shown below, and each is divided into s.
3

20.4 Dividing Fractions

In this section we consider how to divide fractions and whole numbers by either 1
The diagram shows 12 s, so
whole numbers or fractions. 3
1
4÷ = 12
Example 1 3
1 We can obtain this result from
Calculate ÷ 3. 1
4 4÷ = 4×3
3
Solution
= 12
You can deal with this problem by thinking about the fraction being divided into
3 parts. 1 2
(b) The problem is to calculate how many s there are in 4 whole units.
4 5
1
of the diagram has been divided 
4 
 Divided into 3 parts
into 3 parts:  123 12314243 123 123 123 12314243 123 123
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2
Each of these parts is of the whole, so The diagram shows 10 s, so
12 5
2
1
÷3=
1 4÷ = 10
4 12 5

We can also obtain the result in this way: We can also obtain this result from
2 5
1
÷3= ×
1 1 4÷ = 4×
4 4 3 5 2
20
=
1 =
12 2

which uses the rule: = 10

a a 1 a×c
÷ c = × using the rule: a ÷
b
=
b b c c b

131 132
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B MEP Y7 Practice Book B
20.4

Example 3 5 9 4
(j) ÷4 (k) ÷6 (l) ÷7
6 10 5
3 1 5 2 3 9
Calculate: (a) ÷ (b) ÷ (c) ÷
4 5 7 3 4 10
2. Calculate:
Solution 1 1 1
(a) 6÷ (b) 9÷ (c) 8÷
These problems can be tackled using the same approach as when a whole number 2 3 3
is divided by a fraction.
1 2 3
(d) 2÷ (e) 5÷ (f) 4÷
3 1 3 5 4 3 4
(a) ÷ = ×
4 5 4 1
1 5 3
(g) 8÷ (h) 5÷ (i) 9÷
15 7 7 7
=
4 2 7 1
3 (j) 6÷ (k) 14 ÷ (l) 11 ÷
= 3 3 9 13
4

5 2 5 3 3. Calculate:
(b) ÷ = ×
7 3 7 2 1 1 3 1 3 2
(a) ÷ (b) ÷ (c) ÷
15 2 3 8 2 4 3
=
14 4 2 3 1 3 1
(d) ÷ (e) ÷ (f) ÷
1 5 3 4 8 8 2
= 1
14
5 2 5 5 1 2
1 (g) ÷ (h) ÷ (i) ÷
3 9 3 10 5 7 5 7 9 8 9
(c) ÷ = × [Note: You can cancel only when the 2nd fraction
4 10 4 9 has been turned upside-down.] 3 1 1 1 4 5
2 3 (j) ÷ (k) ÷ (l) ÷
4 9 7 3 5 8
5
=
6
4. By using improper fractions, calculate:
We are using the rule:
1 1 1 1 5 5
a
÷
c
=
a
×
d (a) 1 ÷3 (b) 3 ÷1 (c) 1 ÷
b d b c 2 4 2 4 8 7
1 1 1 2 1 5
(d) 3 ÷1 (e) 5 ÷ (f) 4 ÷
2 2 2 3 5 7
Exercises
3
1. Calculate: 5. Ahmed has kg of sweets. He divides these into 3 equal parts so that he
4
1 3 1
(a) ÷3 (b) ÷2 (c) ÷2 can share them with his two brothers. What fraction of a kg does each boy
2 4 8 get?
3 5 4
(d) ÷4 (e) ÷3 (f) ÷2
4 8 5 1
6. Sandra has litre of orange squash to make 10 drinks. How much orange
6 4 1 4
(g) ÷3 (h) ÷9 (i) ÷3 squash should she put in each drink?
7 5 8

133 134
 MEP Y7 Practice Book B

7. A large cake uses 3 times as much flour as a small cake. A large cake needs
1
1 kg of flour. How much flour does a small cake need?
8

8. A piece of leather is 20 cm wide and 45 cm long.

45 cm

20 cm

1
How many bookmarks, 2 cm wide, can be made if the leather is:
2
(a) cut as shown above, to make bookmarks 20 cm long,
(b) cut the other way to make bookmarks 45 cm long?

1
9. A recipe for a cake requires kg of sugar. How many cakes can be made
4
with:
1
(a) 1 kg of sugar.,
4
3
(b) 2 kg of sugar,
4
1
(c) 3 kg of sugar?
3

1
10. A car uses 1 litres of petrol for every 10 miles it travels. How far can the
4
car travel on:
(a) 5 litres of petrol,
1
(b) 7 litres of petrol,
2
(c) 9 litres of petrol?

135