Salmon Ellos Is

Salmonellosis in Cattle
Dr. Swetapadma Sarangi

Etiology
• Salmonella spp.
• Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacilli
• Family- Enterobacteriaceae.
• Salmonella spp. belong to the most important food-borne pathogens causing
human infection.
• Salmonella consists of only two species; S. enterica and S. bongori
• Based on molecular characteristics S. enterica is further divided into six
subspecies.
• Within each subspecies different strains are classified into serovars (or
serotypes) based on their LPS antigen (O) and flagellar antigen (H)
characteristics according to the Kauffmann–White scheme.
• Currently over 2600 serovars are recognized, of which most of the

ones causing infection in people and mammals belong to S. enterica
subsp. Enterica
• Cattle: S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Enteritidis and S. Newport

Epidemiology
• Salmonellosis occurs universally in all species.
• Having implications for health and productivity on an individual animal and

on a herd level, infections and outbreaks in dairy cattle present an important
risk of zoonotic transmission.
• The different Salmonella serovars isolated in samples in clinically healthy

animals differ considerably from the prevalence rates of serovars isolated in
fecal samples from sick animals.
Morbidity and Case Fatality
• The morbidity rate in outbreaks of salmonellosis in calves and sheep is

usually high, often reaching 50% or more.
• Morbidity and mortality are usually highest in calves under 12 weeks

of age.
• In all species the case–fatality rate often reaches 100%

Modes of Transmission
• Infected animals are the source of the organisms; they excrete bacteria
and infect other animals
• Contamination of the environment, primarily feed and water supplies.
• Cow infected with SD may become a clinical case or an active

carrier, shedding organisms constantly or intermittently in the feces.
Pathogenesis
• Dependent on the specific combination of serovar and host known as serovar–
host specificity.
• A range of infections is included in the term salmonellosis.
• The most common type of infection is known as “the carrier state,” in which
carriage of the organism is not accompanied by clinical abnormalities or
clinical disease
• May serve as reservoirs for further spread of infection through shedding and
may be present as contaminated food products.
• Salmonella infects animals and humans by the oral route. Following
ingestion, a proportion of the organisms resists the low pH of the
stomach, reach the distal ileum and the cecum, invade the mucosa, and
replicate in the submucosa and Peyer’s patches
• Its principal manifestations are as septicemia, enteritis, abortion, and a

group of localizations in various tissues as a result of bacteremia.
Enteritis
• Enteritis may develop at the time of first infection or at some other
time in carrier animals.
Abomasitis
• S. Typhimurium DT104 has been associated with some independent
outbreaks of abomasitis in veal calves.
Abortion
• Abortion is a common manifestation of salmonellosis in cattle
between days 124 and 270 of gestation.
Terminal Dry Gangrene, Osteitis and Polyarthritis
• Terminal dry gangrene caused by endarteritis of the extremities of the

limbs, ears, and tail may occur in calves with SD infection.
• Epiphyseal osteomyelitis affecting the metaphyses, and polysynovitis

and arthritis are also possible sequelae.
Clinical findings
Three syndromes classified arbitrarily according to severity as septicemia,
acute enteritis, and chronic enteritis
1. Septicemia
• Common form of the disease in newborn calves under a few weeks of age.
• There is depression, toxemia, fever, dyspnea, and weakness, and nervous

signs, including incoordination and nystagmus, may occur.
• Diarrhea and dysentery may occur but are not common.

2. Acute Enteritis
• Calves older than a week and adults are usually affected by acute
enteritis
• In survivors, abortion in pregnant cows and polyarthritis in calves.
• In severe cases of enteritis, there is often dysentery, with whole blood

passed in large clots, and complete agalactia in lactating cows.
Abdominal pain, with kicking at the abdomen; rolling; crouching;
groaning; and looking at the flanks, may occur in adult cattle.
Chronic Enteritis
• Inappetence, reduced weight gain, and unthriftiness may follow an

attack of acute enteritis or be the only manifestation of the disease.
• Abortion is a common sequel in pregnant cows that survive an attack of

acute enteritis.
• Infection with SD is also a significant cause of abortion in cattle

without there having been any clinical signs other than retained
placenta.
Sequlae
• Development of terminal dry gangrene
caused by endarteritis of the extremities,
including ear tips, tail tips, and the limbs
from the fetlock down.
• Characterized by lameness, swelling of

the hind limbs below the fetlocks, and
separation of the skin above the fetlock.
Diagnosis
• Isolation of the organism from tissue aseptically collected at necropsy and
from feces, blood, milk, and other body fluids.
Bacterial Culture
Preenrichment Media-
• The use of preenrichment media, such as buffered peptone water or
preenrichment broth, can increase the sensitivity of the fecal culture by
resuscitating severely damaged salmonellas that may otherwise not grow on
selective culture media.
Enrichment Media
• Enrichment media contain additives that selectively stimulate growth of

Salmonella while inhibiting the growth of competing organisms.
Examples of selective growth media include sodium tetrathionate,
selenite cysteine, or brilliant green broth.
Selective Plating Media
• Selective media are solid agars inhibiting growth of bacteria other than
Salmonella spp. while giving information on some of the principal
biochemical characteristics, such as nonlactose fermentation and
hydrogen sulfide production of Salmonella spp. Selective agars are
usually incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 37°C and Salmonella are
present as characteristic colonies on these agars that can be
differentiated from colonies of other bacteria.
DNA Recognition and Immunologic Methods
• A variety of rapid Salmonella detection methods;
 Electrical conductance/ impedance immunomagnetic separation,
 ELISA, and DNA probe PCR methods are available.
• Many of these methods have been developed for the use in human foodstuffs but have not
been fully validated for environmental or fecal samples.
• Samples containing fecal material present a problem for PCR based methods because of the
presence of inhibitors of the PCR reaction in the test sample matrix. In most cases selective
or nonselective enrichment stages and DNA extraction techniques are required when using
DNA-based methods, resulting in more steps and operator time for the isolation procedure.
Serological methods
• Serologic testing using ELISA tests on serum or milk can be used in
herds to identify S. Typhimurium or S. Enteritidis infections in farm
animals and has also been used as a diagnostic aid to identify SD
carriers.
• The test is based on immunoglobulins to the antigens of the LPS of the

organism and is usually designed to detect a limited range of
Salmonella serovars or serogroups
Detection of Clinically Normal Carrier Animals
• Salmonellas are facultative intracellular organisms that survive in the
phagolysosome of macrophages and other cells and can therefore evade the
bactericidal effect of antibodies.
• The recommended procedure is to do fecal cultures on all cows at 14-day intervals

for three examinations and repeat the examination on the day of calving. At that
time, swabs are taken from feces and the vagina of the cow and the feces of the
calf.
• A combination of fecal culture and serologic tests offers some improvement in

accuracy.
Necropsy findings
Septicemia
• There may be no gross lesions in animals that have died peracutely
• Extensive submucosal and subserosal petechial hemorrhages are usually evident.
Acute Enteritis
• Inflammation of intestine varies from a mucoenteritis with submucosal petechiation to
diffuse hemorrhagic enteritis
• SD infections in calves multiple mucosal erosions and petechiation of the abomasal
wall are common.
• Infections with S. Typhimurium are characterized by severe necrotic enteritis in the
ileum and large intestine.
Chronic Enteritis
• In cattle, the chronic form is usually manifested by discrete areas of necrosis

of the wall of the cecum and colon
• The wall is thickened and covered with a yellow-gray necrotic material

overlying a red, granular mucosal surface.
• Salmonellas are present in the heart, blood, spleen, liver, bile, mesenteric
lymph nodes, and intestinal contents in both septicemic and acute enteric
forms. In the chronic form, the bacteria may be isolated from the intestinal
lesions and less commonly from other viscera.
Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
• Bacteriology: Ileocecal lymph node, ileum, colon, spleen, lung, liver,

and culture swab from gall bladder
• Histology: Formalin-fixed samples from these tissues plus kidney,

stomach, and brain
Differential Diagnosis
Septisemia
• Coliform septicemia
Acute enteritis
• Coccidiosis
• Acute intestinal obstruction
• Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
• Winter dysentery
• Mucosal disease
• Bracken fern poisoning
• Other poisonings, especially arsenic and to a lesser extent lead
Chronic enteritis
• Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)
• Chronic molybdenum poisoning
• Massive stomach fluke infestations
• Abortion should be differentiated from other infectious causes of
abortion;
Brucellosis
Listeriosis
Leptospirosis
BVD
Mycotic abortion etc
Treatment
Primary Treatment: Antimicrobial Therapy
• The choice of antimicrobials should be based on antimicrobial

susceptibility testing whenever this is possible.
• Oral treatment in cattle and pigs is recognized as a satisfactory treatment
Trimethoprim-sulfonamide
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Ampicillin
Enrofloxacin
Ceftiofur
Supportive therapy
Antiinflammatory
Fluid therapy
Control
Prevention of Introduction of Infection (Biosecurity)
• Critical need to develop methods to control the spread of Salmonella infections on
dairy farms by instituting biosecurity and biocontainment practices in addition to
enhanced farm management.
• Introduce the animals directly from the farm of origin(free of salmonellosis)
• If possible, purchase animals when they are older, such as 6 weeks of age for
calves, to provide an opportunity for specific and nonspecific immunity to
develop. Animals from vaccinated herds are desirable.

Limitation of Spread Within a Herd
• Identify carrier animals and either cull them or isolate and treat them
vigorously.
• The prophylactic use of antimicrobials is used but not recommended because

results are poor and there is a risk of developing resistant strains.
• Restrict the movement of animals around the farm and limit the infection to
the smallest group.
• The water supply should be provided in troughs that are not susceptible to
fecal contamination.
Cont….
• Rigorous disinfection of buildings is important
• Disposal of infective material should be done with care.
• All persons working on infected premises should be warned of the

hazards to their own health
Vaccination
• Live vaccine(stimulate anti-LPS antibodies and to stimulate cell-mediated immunity)
• Modified live vaccine
• Safe live oral vaccines against S. Typhimurium and SD have been constructed and
shown to confer protection against experimental infection with virulent wild-type
strains of the organism.
• Vaccination of calves orally with a genetically altered stable nonreverting aro-SD as

a modified-live vaccine provided a measurable systemic immune response, but the
vaccine volume makes it unlikely to be practical for field use.
Dose@Calves up to 6 months of age - 2 ml
Adult cattle - 5 ml
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Salmonellosis in Cattle

Dr. Swetapadma Sarangi

• Currently over 2600 serovars are recognized, of which most of the

• Cattle: S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Enteritidis and S. Newport

• Having implications for health and productivity on an individual animal and

• The different Salmonella serovars isolated in samples in clinically healthy

• The morbidity rate in outbreaks of salmonellosis in calves and sheep is

• Morbidity and mortality are usually highest in calves under 12 weeks

• In all species the case–fatality rate often reaches 100%

• Contamination of the environment, primarily feed and water supplies.

• Cow infected with SD may become a clinical case or an active

• A range of infections is included in the term salmonellosis.

• Its principal manifestations are as septicemia, enteritis, abortion, and a

• Terminal dry gangrene caused by endarteritis of the extremities of the

• Epiphyseal osteomyelitis affecting the metaphyses, and polysynovitis

• There is depression, toxemia, fever, dyspnea, and weakness, and nervous

• Diarrhea and dysentery may occur but are not common.

• In survivors, abortion in pregnant cows and polyarthritis in calves.

• In severe cases of enteritis, there is often dysentery, with whole blood

• Inappetence, reduced weight gain, and unthriftiness may follow an

• Abortion is a common sequel in pregnant cows that survive an attack of

• Infection with SD is also a significant cause of abortion in cattle

• Characterized by lameness, swelling of

• Enrichment media contain additives that selectively stimulate growth of

 ELISA, and DNA probe PCR methods are available.

• The test is based on immunoglobulins to the antigens of the LPS of the

• The recommended procedure is to do fecal cultures on all cows at 14-day intervals

• A combination of fecal culture and serologic tests offers some improvement in

• In cattle, the chronic form is usually manifested by discrete areas of necrosis

• The wall is thickened and covered with a yellow-gray necrotic material

• Bacteriology: Ileocecal lymph node, ileum, colon, spleen, lung, liver,

• Histology: Formalin-fixed samples from these tissues plus kidney,

• The choice of antimicrobials should be based on antimicrobial

• Critical need to develop methods to control the spread of Salmonella infections on

dairy farms by instituting biosecurity and biocontainment practices in addition to

enhanced farm management.

• Introduce the animals directly from the farm of origin(free of salmonellosis)

calves, to provide an opportunity for specific and nonspecific immunity to

develop. Animals from vaccinated herds are desirable.

• The prophylactic use of antimicrobials is used but not recommended because

• Rigorous disinfection of buildings is important

• Disposal of infective material should be done with care.

• All persons working on infected premises should be warned of the

• Modified live vaccine

• Vaccination of calves orally with a genetically altered stable nonreverting aro-SD as

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