Salmonellosis

Prepared by:
Dr. Khaleel Z. K. Al-Alo

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq.
SALMONELLOSIS
IN RUMINANTS AND HORSES
Prepared by: Dr. Khaleel Al-Alo Faculty of veterinary

medicine/Kufa university
• Salmonellosis is a bacterial infectious
disease occur in all animal species and
human, caused by Gram-ve salmonella
species, and cause several clinical forms
such as septicemia, enteritis, abortion,
abomasitis, and arthritis
Etiology
• Salmonella spp. Gram negative rod.

• Two species: S. bongori
• S. enterica
• Cattle: S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, and S. Newport.
• Sheep and goats: S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Abortusovis, and S.
enterica subsp. diarizonae.
• Horses: S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis.
• Currently over 2600 serovars are recognized.
Species and subspecies of salmonella bacteria
Serovars of salmonella bacteria
• Salmonella spp. are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
• The genus Salmonella contains two species, S. enterica, and S. bongori.
• S. enterica. contains six subspecies: S. enterica subsp. enterica, S. enterica
subsp. salamae, S. enterica subsp. arizonae, S. enterica subsp. diarizonae, S.
enterica subsp. houtenae and S. enterica subsp. indica.
• Within each subspecies are serovars; over 2500 serovars are presently known.
• Most of the isolates that cause disease in humans and other mammals belong
to S. enterica subsp. enterica.
• Salmonella ser. Typhi, Salmonella ser. Paratyphi and Salmonella ser. Hirschfeldii
are human pathogens that are transmitted from human to human.
• The remaining Salmonella serovars, sometimes referred to as non-typhoidal
Salmonella, are zoonotic or potentially zoonotic.
• First isolated in 1884 by salmon
• S. choleraesuis in pig intestine
• Prevalence in the U.S.

• 1980: 30,000
• 1986: 42,028
• 1998-2002: 128, 370
survive in the
Salmonellas are
facultative intracellular phagolysosome
of macrophages
Carrier evade the

status bactericidal effect
of antibodies
• Salmonellas are relatively resistant to various environmental factors.
1. The organism can persist for an average of 14 months in the

environment where calves are reared.
2. Survive in dried bovine feces for up to 6 years
3. Survive in soil for up to 1 years
4. Do not survive for more than 5 days in bovine urine not mixed with
feces.
Epidemiology
• Worldwide occurrence in all animal species.
• Important zoonosis and food-borne illness.
• The morbidity rate in outbreaks reaching 50% or more.

• Mortality rate reach 30%.
• The case–fatality rate often reaches 100% if treatment is not
provided.
Spread of typhoid fever in human
• The source of organism: infected animal, which contaminates feed
and water by feces, urine, nasal discharge, aborted fetus.
• Rout of infection:
1. Direct or indirect means,
2. animal to- animal transmission,
3. contaminated animal feed;
4. contaminated environment (soil, birds, rodents, insects, and water
supplies).
• An estimated 1.4 million cases occur annually in the U.S., although

only about 40,000 are culture-confirmed and reported to CDC.
source of organism in salmonellosis
Prevalence in Animals
Reptiles
86%
Birds
50%
Dogs
1-36%
Horse
2-20%
Cattle
6%
Pathogenesis
• The pathogenesis is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon.
• (serovar–host specificity) and (serovar–host adaptation) determine

the nature of the disease.
dose of the
challenge
severity of
colostrum intake
infection in neonates
depend on immune
status of the previous exposure
animal to infection
exposure to
stressors
Carrier
Septicemia
state
Enteritis
Salmonellosis
forms
Respiratory Abortion Polyarthritis

Carrier state
• Is the most common type of infection
• Not accompanied by clinical signs.
• These carriers act as reservoirs for further spread of infection through
shedding and contaminate the environment.
• Carrier state occur because salmonellas are facultative intracellular
organisms that survive in the phagolysosome of macrophages and
other cells, they can evade the bactericidal effects of antibody and
complement.
• Thus persistence of infection in animals and in the environment is an
important epidemiologic feature of salmonellosis. Carrier animals
shed organism and may introduce infection into herd.
Presence of carrier
animals
persistence of
infection occur
due to
Salmonellas are
resistant to various
environmental factors
Virulence factor of Salmonella:
1. Fimbriae which required for the attachment onto host cells,
colonization, and biofilm formation.
2. Flagella enhance motility and the invasiveness of the bacterium.
3. LPS (endotoxins), can induce shock when release.
4. TTSS (Type three secretion system) that is required for invasion of
epithelial cells of the intestine.
5. Superoxide dismutase that protects salmonellas from reactive
oxygen species produced by the host cells.
6. Siderophores, (enterobactin and salmochelin), allowing them to
overcome this limitation.
Clinical signs:
• Septicemia
• In neonatal ruminants and foals with a high case–fatality rate.
• There is profound depression, dullness, prostration, high fever (40.5–
42°C), and death within 24 to 48 hours.
Acute enteritis
1. Fever (40–41°C)
2. severe, fluid diarrhea, sometimes dysentery, and occasionally tenesmus.
3. fever subsides with the onset of diarrhea.
4. The feces have a putrid smell and contain mucus, sometimes blood, and fibrinous
casts.
5. Anorexia, in some cases thirst.
6. Increase heart rate and respiratory rate,
7. mucosae are congested.
8. Pregnant animals commonly abort.
9. The case–fatality rate without early treatment may reach 75%.
10. severe dehydration and toxemia
11. loss weight, becomes weak and recumbent, and dies in 2 to 5 days.
Tenesmus: feeling of constantly needing to pass feces, despite
an empty colon.
loss weight, weakness and recumbent
Acute enteritis
Chronic Enteritis
• Intermittent or persistent diarrhea, with the occasional passage of

spots of blood, mucus, and firm fibrinous casts;
• Intermittent fever (39°C);
• loss of weight and emaciation.
Chronic enteritis
• Abortion: caused by S. Abortusovis infection typically occurs during
the second half or last third of pregnancy.
• Dry gangrene of extremities.
• Arthritis and foci of osteomyelitis.
• Severe diarrhea and dehydration characteristic in the horse.

Arthritis and foci of osteomyelitis
Abortion: caused by S. Abortusovis. and S. Dublin
occurs during the second half or last third of pregnancy.
Severe diarrhea and dehydration characteristic in
the horse
Clinical pathology
• Culture of organism from feces,
• DNA Recognition by PCR,
• Serology in blood or milk ELISA,
• Hematology for changes in leukon,
• Biochemistry for electrolyte changes.

SS agar media. Salmonella colony
PCR
ELISA TEST
Detection of Clinically Normal Carrier
Animals
• The most difficult diagnostic problem in salmonellosis is the detection
of the clinically normal carrier animal.
• Fecal cultures at 14-day intervals for three examinations and repeat

the examination on the day of parturition. At that time, swabs are
taken from feces and the vagina of the cow and the feces of the calf. A
combination of fecal culture and serologic tests offers some
improvement in accuracy, but it is insufficient.
Treatment
1- Antimicrobials in cases of bacteremia:
• Trimethoprim-sulfonamide (20 mg combined/ kg) every 12–24 h IV/IM)
• Amoxicillin-clavulanate (12 mg combined/kg every 12 h IM)
• Enrofloxacin (2.5–5.0 mg/kg every 24 h SC/IM)
• Ceftiofur (1.1–2.2 mg/kg every 24 h for 3 days SC/ IM)
2- Anti-inflammatory therapy:
• Flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg IV as a single dose)
• Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg SC/IV as a single dose)
3- Supportive fluid and electrolyte therapy.
Control
• Prevent introduction of infection into herd.

• Limit spread of infection within the herd by identification of carrier
animals, prophylactic antimicrobials, restricting movement of animals,
clean water supply, hygiene, and disinfection of buildings.
• Quarantine the new introduced animal and examine the feces twice
in a 15-day interval to make sure it is free from disease.
• Avoid spread of infection in veterinary clinics and dispose of infective
materials.
• Vaccines for immunization are available but not effective.

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Prepared by:

Dr. Khaleel Z. K. Al-Alo

Prepared by: Dr. Khaleel Al-Alo Faculty of veterinary

• Salmonella spp. Gram negative rod.

• Prevalence in the U.S.

Carrier evade the

1. The organism can persist for an average of 14 months in the

• Important zoonosis and food-borne illness.

• The morbidity rate in outbreaks reaching 50% or more.

• An estimated 1.4 million cases occur annually in the U.S., although

• (serovar–host specificity) and (serovar–host adaptation) determine

Respiratory Abortion Polyarthritis

• Intermittent or persistent diarrhea, with the occasional passage of

• Dry gangrene of extremities.

• Arthritis and foci of osteomyelitis.

• Severe diarrhea and dehydration characteristic in the horse.

• DNA Recognition by PCR,

• Serology in blood or milk ELISA,

• Hematology for changes in leukon,

• Biochemistry for electrolyte changes.

• Fecal cultures at 14-day intervals for three examinations and repeat

• Prevent introduction of infection into herd.

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