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    AMC Lecture 1

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    AMC Lecture 1

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    12 views17 pages

    AMC Lecture 1

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    quangetc3
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    LECTURE 1

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen

    November 1, 2021

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1
    Sets

    A set is a collection of objects.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Sets

    A set is a collection of objects. The objects can be anything:


    numbers, letters, all copies of this note, or absolutely nothing.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Sets

    A set is a collection of objects. The objects can be anything:


    numbers, letters, all copies of this note, or absolutely nothing.

    The objects in a set are called the elements of the set.

    A set is usually denoted by placing the objects in the set inside a


    pair of curly braces, for example, the set of odd integers less than 8
    is
    {1, 3, 5, 7}

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Some sets are too long to specify in this way. For instance, the set
    of all even positive integers. In such a case, we can write the set
    like
    {x ∈ Z+ | x is even}
    Here the braces stand for the words “the set of ”, and the vertical
    bar stands for the words “such that”.

    R : the set of real numbers.


    Z : the set of integer numbers
    Q : the set of rational numbers.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Subset

    We say a set A is a subset of a set B if ∀ x ∈ A then x ∈ B. This


    is denoted A ⊂ B.
    Example
    1 {1, 2} ⊂ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and {3, 4, 5} ⊂ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
    2 Z⊂R
    3 N⊂Z

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Example
    1 How many 2-element subsets can be formed from a set of 3
    elements ?
    2 How many 2-element subsets can be formed from a set of 4
    elements ?
    3 How many 2-element subsets can be formed from a set of
    2021 elements ?
    4 How many 2-element subsets can be formed from a set of n
    elements ?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1
    Empty set

    Empty set ∅ is the (unique) set containing no elements. It is


    therefore a subset of every set.
    Example
    How many subsets can be formed from a set of 3 elements?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Example
    How many subsets can be formed from a set of 4 elements?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Example
    In general, how many subsets can be formed from a set of n
    elements?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Operating on sets

    Question: Give two sets A and B, in what ways can we form a new
    sets from them?

    Union
    Intersection
    Complement

    Example
    Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and B = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}. What is
    A ∪ B? What is A ∩ B? What is B − A?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Venn diagram

    A useful way to think about sets is through Venn diagram. The


    basic idea is to represent a set by a circle.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    One common type of problem which we can solve easily using
    Venn diagrams is below.
    Example
    At one hospital, there are 100 patients, all of whom have at least
    one of the following ailments: a cold, the flu, or an earache. 38
    have a cold, 40 have the flu, and some number have earaches. If
    17 have both colds and the flu, 10 have colds and earaches, 23
    have the flu and earaches, and 7 have all three, how many have an
    earache only?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1


    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1
    Example
    We have two sports clubs offered to a class of 100 students. 70
    students joined the basketball club, 40 students joined the
    swimming club, and 10 students joined neither. How many
    students joined both the swimming club and the basketball club?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 1

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