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    Amc Lecture 3

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    Amc Lecture 3

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    LECTURE 3

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen

    November 8, 2021

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Divisibility rules

    1 A natural number is a multiple of 2 if and only if its units


    digit is even.
    2 A natural number is a multiple of 5 if and only if its units
    digit is 0 or 5.
    3 A natural number is a multiple of 10 if and only if its units
    digit is 0.
    4 A natural number is divisible by 3 if and only if the sum of its
    digits is divisible by 3.
    5 A natural number is divisible by 9 if and only if the sum of its
    digits is divisible by 9 .
    6 A natural number is divisible by 11 if and only if the
    alternating sum of its digits is a multiple of 11.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    A natural number is a multiple of 4 if and only if the integer
    formed by its last 2 digits is a multiple of 4.

    A natural number is a multiple of 52 = 25 if and only if the integer


    formed by its last 2 digits is a multiple of 25

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Divisibility rules with algebra

    We sometimes face problems in which we know some of the


    divisors of an integer, but not all of its digits.
    Example
    A is the tens digit of the integer 3A6. For what values of A is 3A6
    a multiple of 9

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3
    Example
    Find all possible ordered pairs (A, B) of digits that make 25A9B a
    multiple of 36?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3
    Example
    Find all possible ordered pairs (A, B) of digits that make 67A7B a
    multiple of 225?

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3
    Example
    Problem .22, Exercsise 1

    The 5-digit number 2 0 1 8 U is divisible by 9. What is the


    remainder when this number is divided by 8?
    1 1
    2 3
    3 5
    4 6
    5 7

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3
    Similar problems: Problem 2.12, Problem 2.18, Problem 2.34,
    Problem 2.38.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Definition
    A prime number (or simply prime) is a natural number p > 1
    where only positive divisors are 1 and p.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Prime Factorization

    A Factor tree is a visual chart that shows a step-by-step process of


    breaking an integer down into a product of primes.

    Primes are very special numbers. Primes are the only integers that
    cannot be broken down into a product of two smaller integers.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Express 12 as a product of only prime numbers.
    We begin by finding smallest prime divisor of 12.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Express 20 as a product of only prime numbers.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Express 30 as a product of only prime numbers.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Express 63 as a product of only prime numbers.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Express 63 as a product of only prime numbers.

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    lcm

    Example
    Find lcm[12, 45]
    Let’s start with the prime factorizations of 12 and 45.

    We underline the largest exponent of each prime in either of the


    prime factorizations of the integers.

    lcm[12, 45] = 22 32 5 = 180

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Use the prime factorization of 9, 15, and 24 to find lcm[9, 15, 24]

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    GCD

    Example
    Find GCD(42, 60)
    We begin by examnining the prime factorizations of 42 and 60

    Underline the smallest exponent of each prime in either of the


    prime factorization of the integers

    GCD(42, 60) = 21 31 = 6

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Find GCD(36, 84)

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Counting divisors

    Example
    Find all of the positive divisors of 200
    200 = 23 52 .

    A divisor of 200 can only have prime divisors of 2 and 5. This


    means that we can express any positive divisor of 200 in the form

    2a 5b

    where a ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3} and b ∈ {0, 1, 2}

    There are 4 possible values for a and 3 possible values for b. Hence

    4 × 3 = 12

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Example
    Find all of the positive divisors of 192

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    In general: Let n be a natural number with prime factorization

    n = p1e1 p2e2 · · · pm
    em

    The the number of positive divisors of n is

    (e1 + 1)(e2 + 1) · · · (em + 1)

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Similar problem: Problem 2.23

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Find the smallest positive integer which when divided by 10 leaves
    a remainder of 9, when divided by 9 leaves a remainder of 8, by 8
    leaves a remainder of 7, etc, ...down to where, when divided by 2,
    it leaves a remainder of 1.

    A) 2519
    B) 2520
    C) 2521
    D) 2522

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3


    Similar problems: Problem 2.19, Problem 2.24, Problem 2.42,
    Problem 2.56

    Dr. Hoang Thanh Nguyen LECTURE 3

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