PWC 2
PWC 2
PWC 2
SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by
Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
OCTOBER 2024
JOHN COX MEMORIAL CSI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KANNAMMOOLA, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, KERALA -695011
CERTIFICATE
RIJIN MOHAN S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to all who
helped us to complete the seminar successfully.
I am deeply indebted to our guide Mrs. Aiswarya N R, Asst. Prof., Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering and seminar coordinator Mrs. Tini S Russel, Asst. Prof.,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their excellent guidance, positive
criticism, andvaluable comments.
I thank the Principal Dr. Anshad A S and the Head of the Department Dr. Liji R F, Associate
Prof., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, John Cox Memorial CSI
Institute of Technology, Kannammoola, for their inspiration guidance and unstinted support.
Finally, I thank my parents and friends near and dear ones who directly and indirectly
contributed to the successful completion of my seminar.
ABSTRACT
The communication over power wire can be used for transferring data on low and medium speed.
This communication allows to reduce wires used for sensor networks, signal wires and data
transmission. It can use for vehicles having more number of sensing elements and number of BCM of
featured vehicle. So sensors are connected with transmitter controller board via cable, Power wire
transmitter will transmit sensor data over same power wire which provides power to sensor device,
transmitter and receiver board. This communication will be the good solution for reducing number of
wires for multiple sensor device interfacing. The major application area for this system would be
electrical vehicle which have multiple sensor networks and complex wiring.
CONTENTS
i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
ii
DEPARTMENT OF ECE POWER WIRE COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER -2
POWER WIRE
systems also depend on power wires. Over all, power wires reliably transmit electrical power,
ensuring continuous operation and safety. Power wire design and construction address critical
considerations, including safety, efficiency, and durability. By understanding power wires'
characteristics and importance, individuals can appreciate the vital role they play in modern
electrical systems.
The widespread use of power wires underscores their significance in supporting
modern infrastructure. From residential buildings to industrial facilities, power wires distribute
electrical energy, facilitating daily activities and economic operations. As technology advances and
electrical demands increase, the development of more efficient and secure power wires remains
essential for meeting growing energy needs and ensuring reliable electrical systems.
CHAPTER -3
PWC
The Power Wire Communication (PWC) system utilizes a power line channel or
powerline carrier modem as the communication medium between the transmitter and receiver. This
technology enables data transmission over existing power wires, eliminating the need for dedicated
network cabling. Data rates in PWC systems vary widely, depending on frequency, range, and
application. Low-frequency carriers, typically in the 100-200 KHz range, are used on high-voltage
transmission lines to support analog voice circuits, telemetry, and control circuits. These circuits
can transmit data at rates of a few hundred bits per second and can span several miles. In contrast,
higher data rates typically imply shorter ranges. Local area networks operating at millions of bits
per second may cover only one floor of an office building. High-speed data transmission over
shorter distances is ideal for applications requiring rapid data exchange.
The PWC system offers numerous benefits, including the elimination of
dedicated network cabling and utilization of existing power infrastructure. This technology
supports various data rates and applications, enabling real-time monitoring and control capabilities.
The scalability and reliability of PWC make it suitable for diverse applications, such as industrial
automation, smart grids, in-vehicle communication, and commercial and residential networks. By
leveraging power wire communication, industries can enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and
improve overall system performance. In industrial settings, PWC enables real-time monitoring of
equipment and processes. In smart grids, it facilitates efficient energy distribution and consumption
management. In-vehicle PWC systems enable communication between vehicle components,
improving safety and performance.
Commercial and residential networks can utilize PWC for secure and reliable
data transmission. The widespread adoption of PWC technology has transformative potential. As
demand for efficient communication solutions grows, PWC is poised to play a critical role. With its
proven reliability and efficiency, Power Wire Communication is an attractive solution for
industries seeking to optimize data transmission. By harnessing the potential of existing power
infrastructure , PWC technology unlocks new possibilities . The future of communication lies in
Innovative technologies like Power Wire Communication. As technology advances, PWC will
continue to evolve to meet the growing demand for efficient communication solutions. Power
Wire Communication is revolutionizing the way industries transmit data. Its impact will be felt
across various sectors, driving innovation and progress. The technology’s continued development
will enable faster, more reliable, and more efficient data transmission. As the demand for efficient
communication solutions continues to grow, Power Wire Communication will play an increasingly
important role. Its potential to transform industries and revolutionize data transmission makes it a
technology worth watching.
The integration of PWC into existing systems is relatively straightforward,
making it an accessible solution for industries looking to upgrade their communication
infrastructure. Furthermore, PWC’s compatibility with various protocols ensures seamless
interaction with diverse devices. In conclusion, Power Wire Communication is a groundbreaking
technology that enhances data transmission efficiency and reliability. Its applications are vast, and
its potential impact is significant. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the
importance of efficient communication solutions will only continue to grow. Power Wire
Communication is poised to meet this demand, driving innovation and progress across industries.
The technology’s continued advancement will be shaped by the evolving needs of industries and
the ingenuity of researchers and developers. As Power Wire Communication continues to evolve,
its potential to transform the communication landscape will only continue to expand.
CHAPTER-4
A single-phase power wire consists of two conductors: one hot wire and one
neutral wire. This configuration is commonly used in residential and commercial settings for
powering appliances, lighting, and electronic devices. Single-phase power wires typically operate
at a voltage of 120/240 volts and are suitable for most household applications. The hot wire carries
the electrical current, while the neutral wire provides a return path to complete the circuit. The
neutral wire is usually connected to the grounding system to ensure safety. Single-phase power
wires are used for devices that require less power, such as lamps, televisions, and computers.
In single-phase systems, the voltage alternates between positive and negative
polarities, forming a sinusoidal waveform. This waveform allows for efficient transmission and
distribution of electrical power. Single-phase power wires are widely used due to their simplicity,
safety, and cost-effectiveness. They are the most common type of power wire used in residential
and commercial electrical installations.
A three-phase power wire consists of four conductors: three hot wires and one
neutral wire. This configuration is commonly used in industrial settings, commercial buildings, and
high-power applications. Three-phase power wires operate at a voltage of 208/240 or 480 volts and
are suitable for powering heavy machinery, motors, and high-energy devices. The three hot wires
carry alternating currents that are offset from each other by 120 degrees, creating a balanced and
efficient power distribution system. The neutral wire provides a return path to complete the circuit.
Three-phase power wires are used for devices that require high power, such as industrial
machinery, data centers, and large commercial air conditioning systems.
Three-phase systems provide greater power density and efficiency compared to
single-phase systems. They also offer better voltage regulation and reduced energy losses. This
configuration is ideal for applications requiring high power and reliability. Three-phase power
wires are widely used in industries, such as manufacturing, oil and gas, and healthcare.
DC power wires are designed for direct current applications, where electricity
flows in one direction only. These wires are commonly used in electronic devices, automotive
systems, renewable energy systems, and telecommunications. DC power wires typically consist of
two conductors: a positive wire and a negative wire. The positive wire, often marked with a red or
yellow insulation, carries the electrical current from the power source to the device. The negative
wire, usually marked with a black or blue insulation, provides a return path to complete the circuit.
DC power wires operate at various voltage levels, including 12V, 24V, 48V, and
higher. They are essential for powering electronic devices like smartphones, laptops, and
televisions. Automotive systems, including batteries, starters, and alternators, also rely on DC
power wires. Renewable energy systems, such as solar panels and wind turbines, utilize DC power
wires to transmit power. Telecommunications equipment, including routers and servers, also
depend on these wires. DC power wires have lower voltage drop compared to AC systems,
resulting in higher efficiency due to reduced energy losses. Their simplified circuit design and
wiring make them easier to install and maintain. Additionally, DC power wires provide increased
safety due to lower voltage levels. Overall, DC power wires play a vital role in modern technology,
enabling efficient and reliable power transmission in various industries.
CHAPTER-5
PWC PROTOCOLS
Research and study in the technology domain supporting DTOPL led to the
emergence of different protocols describing the modulation scheme used, the data transmission
rate, the limitations, the drawbacks, the relative cost and the target applications.
5.1 X-10
It is the most ancient communication protocol used in home networking since
1978 developed by X-10 US Corporation. It is used to allow compatible devices to communicate
with each other over 110V AC wiring
X-10 simply provides the technical specifications of how a device should place a
signal onto the power line. The X-10 technology transmits binary data using the amplitude
modulation technique. In order to differentiate the data symbols the carrier uses the zero voltage
crossing point of the 60 Hz on the negative or positive cycle. Hence for synchronization, the
presence of a 120 kHz signal burst at the zero crossing indicates the transmission of a binary one,
whilst the absence of the 120 kHz signal indicates a binary zero
(Local Operation Networks) technology is an important new solution for control networks
developed by Echelon ® Corporation. A control network is any group of devices working in a
peer-to-peer fashion to monitor the different components cited above. In some ways, a
LONWORKS control network resembles LAN. It can control and link factory conveyor belts,
product inventory, and distribution systems for optimum efficiency and flexibility. Smart office
buildings can turn lights on and off, open and lock doors, start and stop elevators, and connect all
functions to a central security system. In the same manner, homeowners can program a vast array
of products and conveniences, from sprinkler systems to VCRs, with a touch tone phone from any
remote location. The Lon Talk communications protocol is a layered, packet-based, serial peer-to-
peer communications protocol. This protocol is designed for the requirements of control systems,
rather than data processing systems. Also, this protocol is media-independent, which allows the
system to communicate over any physical transport media. LonTalk has been approved as an open
industry standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-EIA 709.1.
Power lines are a possible medium that LonWorks devices could be attached to.
The data rate will then be 5 kbps and, obviously, there is no limit to the number of devices that
could be connected to the system. Some real life applications of LonWorks are automated
supermarket pricing, avionics instrument integration, circuit board diagnostics, electronic locks,
intelligent industrial I/O irrigation, management, lighting control, power supply management, and
research experiment monitoring.
CHAPTER-6
When using the powerline as a channel certain standards and regulations must
befollowed in order to avoid interference between the frequencies transmitted with anyother
frequencies already existing. Hence the bandwidth in the DTOPL environment is not limited by
physical capabilities of the line. Rather, regulatory authorities in the developed countries limit the
available bandwidth in order to prevent radio interference, other devices interference or military
bandwidth interference. We will discuss in the following section the limiting standards CENELEC,
FCC, IEEE and IEC governing data transmission over power lines.
6.1 CENELEC
For Western Europe CENELEC’s standard EN50065 [6] “Low voltage mains
signaling” gives regulations on key parameters such as frequency range, signal power and so on.
The standard allows signals to operate in the frequency band 3- 148.5kHz, avoiding interference
with ripple control systems at the lower boundary, and interference with long wave (LW) and
medium wave (MW) radio broadcasts by posting the upper boundary. CENELEC then divide this
band into further categories: The band from 3-95 kHz, or A-Band, is allocated for electrical utility
use, for such things as automated meter reading and customer load control. The range from 95-
148.5 kHz, comprising the B, C, and D bands is reserved for end-user applications. These three
bands are primarily differentiated by regulations in protocols for each band. B band, from 95-125
kHz requires no use of access protocol for establishing communications. This band is designed for
use in applications such as baby-monitors and intercoms. The C band from 125 to 140 KHz is
mainly used for intra-building computer communication. Finally the D band from 140 to 148.5
KHz is limited to energy customers' providers. Lastly, EN50065 specifies such things as maximum
signal attenuation allowed due to multiple, filter specifications for carrier removal, and specifies
the maximum transmitted power for transmission over power lines should not exceed 500 mW.
6.2 FCC
For North America the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates
transmitted power and bandwidth. The frequency range in this standard is from 100 to 450 KHz
which is higher than the CENELEC. Moreover Part 15 of the American FCC’s rule allows
transmission over power lines outside the AM frequency band (535 to 1705 KHz).
6.3 IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) publishes standards
for Power Wire Communication (PWC), ensuring interoperability and efficiency. Notably, IEEE
1901 specifies physical and medium access control layers, defining requirements for high-speed
communication. These standards address data transmission, frequency bands, modulation, error
correction, security, and interoperability for smart grids
6.4 IEC
The International Electro technical Commission (IEC) standardizes distribution
line communications through Technical Committee 57, Working Group 9 (TC57/WG9). This
standard utilizes frequencies below 150 kHz for power wire communication, enabling efficient data
transmission over existing infrastructure. IEC TC57/WG9 ensures interoperability and reliability in
smart grid and automation applications.
CHAPTER-7
7.1 NARROWBAND
Narrowband Power Wire Communication (NB-PWC) operates within a limited
frequency range, typically between 3 kHz to 500 kHz. This technique is suitable for low-data-rate
applications, such as smart metering, home automation, and industrial control. Narrowband PWC
offers low complexity, low cost, and high reliability, making it ideal for simple, low-speed
communication. It uses robust modulation techniques to ensure data integrity and resistance to
noise. Narrowband PWC is widely used in power grid management, building automation, and IoT
devices. Its low power consumption and simplicity make it a popular choice for applications
requiring reliable, low-speed data transmission.
7.2 BROADBAND
Broadband Power Wire Communication (BB-PWC) operates over a wide
frequency range, typically between 2 MHz to 100 MHz, enabling high-speed data transmission.
This technique is suitable for applications requiring high-bandwidth, such as internet access, voice
over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and video streaming. Broadband PWC supports data rates up to
several hundred megabits per second, making it ideal for demanding applications. It uses advanced
modulation techniques, like OFDM, to ensure reliable and efficient data transmission. Broadband
PWC is widely used in smart home networks, commercial buildings, and industrial settings,
providing fast and reliable connectivity. Its high-speed capabilities enable seamless multimedia
streaming.
ideal for devices requiring minimal energy usage. Its simple modulation scheme and low
complexity ensure reliable data transmission. UNB PWC is suitable for applications requiring
sporadic data transmission, such as periodic sensor readings or status updates. Its low interference
and robustness make it suitable for noisy industrial environments.
CHAPTER-8
PWC IN VEHICLE
power wire communication is becoming a standard feature in modern vehicles. The use of power
wire communication in vehicles is expected to continue growing, driven by the increasing demand
for electrification, connectivity, and autonomous driving. As this technology evolves, it will remain
a critical component of vehicle design, enabling the creation of safer, more efficient, and more
sustainable vehicles.
CHAPTER-9
Power wire communication plays a vital role in Smart Grids, enabling two-way
communication over existing power distribution networks. This technology facilitates real-time
data exchange between utilities, consumers, and grid devices, enhancing grid efficiency, reliability,
and resilience. By leveraging the existing power infrastructure, power wire communication
eliminates the need for additional communication infrastructure, reducing costs and increasing
deployment speed. Power wire communication supports advanced smart grid applications,
including real-time monitoring and control, automated meter reading and billing, demand response
management, and distributed energy resource integration. This technology also enables electric
vehicle charging management, allowing utilities to optimize charging schedules and manage peak
demand.
Various power wire communication protocols are used in Smart Grids, including
Power Line Communication (PLC), Broadband Power Line (BPL), Narrowband Power Line
(NPL), G3-PLC, and PRIME. These protocols provide high-speed data transmission, improved
security, and reliability, ensuring seamless communication between devices. The integration of
power wire communication in Smart Grids enables utilities to optimize energy distribution, reduce
energy waste, and provide consumers with real-time energy management tools. Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) and smart home automation are also enabled by this technology, allowing
consumers to monitor and control their energy usage. Power wire communication further supports
grid optimization and management, enabling utilities to predict energy demand, detect power
outages, and respond quickly to grid disturbances. Renewable energy integration is also facilitated,
allowing utilities to manage the variable output of solar and wind power sources. As Smart Grids
continue to evolve, power wire communication will remain a critical component, driving
innovation and efficiency in the energy sector. Its ability to enable real-time communication and
data exchange will support the development of more resilient, sustainable, and responsive grids,
meeting the growing demands of a connected and energy-hungry world. By harnessing the
potential of power wire communication, utilities can create a smarter, more efficient, and more
sustainable energy future.
CHAPTER-10
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PWC IN VEHICLE
The power line communication block diagram comprises with power line transmitter, power line
receiver.
BATTERY: A battery is a device that stores electrical energy in the form of chemical
energy. It consists of cells with positive and negative terminals, converting chemical
reactions into electrical energy. Batteries power various devices, including vehicles,
smartphones, and laptops. They come in primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary
(rechargeable) types.
POWER SUPPLY: A power supply is a device that converts electrical energy from a
source to a usable form for electronic devices. It regulates voltage, current, and frequency
to ensure stable output, providing voltage stabilization, noise reduction, and overvoltage
protection. Power supplies can be linear or switching types, fixed or adjustable. They
ensure efficient energy transfer for various devices, including computers, smartphones, and
industrial equipment, and come in forms such as AC-DC or DC-DC converters.
LCD: A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a flat-panel display technology used for
displaying text, images, and videos. LCDs consist of a layer of liquid crystals sandwiched
between two transparent electrodes. When an electric current is applied, the crystals align
to block or allow light, creating images on the screen. LCDs are thin, lightweight, and
energy-efficient, making them ideal for various applications, including smartphones,
computers, televisions, and industrial displays. They offer high resolution, fast response
time, and wide viewing angles.
POWER LINE TRANSMITTER: A Power Line Transmitter sends data over power
wires, converting digital signals from the Transmitter MCU into high-frequency pulses. It
modulates the carrier frequency to encode data, ensuring reliable transmission through the
power grid. The transmitter injects the modulated signal onto the power line, enabling data
communication over existing wiring. It utilizes technologies like OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing), spread spectrum, or carrier wave modulation to
transmit data efficiently and minimize interference. Power Line Transmitters are used in
applications such as smart grids, home automation, and industrial control systems,
facilitating communication between devices over existing power infrastructure.
POWER LINE RECEIVER: A Power Line Receiver extracts data from high-frequency
pulses transmitted over power wires, demodulating the carrier frequency to decode the
original digital signal. It filters out noise and interference, amplifies the weak signal, and
sends the recovered data to the Receiver MCU for processing and display. The Power Line
Receiver uses techniques like adaptive filtering, equalization, and error correction to
ensure reliable data recovery, and is designed to operate in harsh electrical environments
with high noise and attenuation. It enables communication in smart grids, home
automation, industrial control systems, and vehicle electronics, allowing devices to receive
and respond to data transmitted over power lines.
CHAPTER-11
SYSTEM WORKING
The power Wire communication system is designed to transmit data over existing
power wires, eliminating the need for additional wiring. At the heart of this system is the Vehicle
Body Control Module (BCM), located at the rear of the vehicle, which houses a power supply
section, various sensors, an LCD display, and an 8-bit microcontroller unit. The BCM receives its
power supply directly from the vehicle battery, converting the 12VDC to 5V for the
microcontroller, sensors, and other devices. Sensors connected to the BCM transmit data through
analog communication using a single wire, which is then collected and processed by the BCM. The
processed data is transmitted to the control unit over the power supply wire, combining high-
frequency signals with the 12VDC power. This enables data transmission over the same wire used
for power distribution.
The receiver section of the system filters out the communication signal from the
12VDC power using a power line receiver. The filtered signal is then buffered and strengthened
before being sent to the receiver microcontroller unit (MCU). The MCU processes the transmitted
data and displays it on an LCD display, providing real-time information. By utilizing existing
power wiring for data transmission, this system simplifies installation and reduces costs. Single-
wire communication and high-frequency signal transmission enable efficient data exchange
between devices. The power Wire communication system is ideal for vehicle applications, where
space and wiring complexity are concerns. Overall, this system enables reliable and efficient data
transmission, facilitating advanced vehicle control and monitoring capabilities. The system's design
ensures seamless integration with existing vehicle infrastructure.
CHAPTER-12
5.1 ADVANTAGES
5.2 DISADVANTAGES
SIGNAL INTERFERENCE: Incorporating smart sensors into GNSS systems can increase
the overall cost of the technology
DISTANCE LIMITATION: The integration of multiple sensors introduces complexity
into the system design. Managing and calibrating different sensor types requires
sophisticated algorithms and software, potentially making the system more difficult to
develop and maintain.
SECURITY CONCERNS: Integrating multiple sensors, especially if they are bulky or
heavy, can impact the size and weight of the GNSS device.
BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS: Smart sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes,
may experience drift over time, leading to potential inaccuracies in the data they provide.
REGULATORY ISSUES: GNSS systems with integrated smart sensors may require more
frequent maintenance to ensure proper calibration and functionality.
CHAPTER-13
APPLICATIONS
HOME AUTOMATION: Smart Lighting uses PWC to control lighting systems remotely,
enhancing home automation and energy efficiency. PWC integrates alarms and surveillance
cameras, ensuring secure homes and buildings. Energy Management systems utilize PWC to
monitor and control energy usage, optimizing energy efficiency.
INTERNET ACCESS: BPL provides high-speed internet access using existing power lines,
revolutionizing home networking. Home Networking creates a network within a home
without additional wiring, leveraging PWC technology.
SMART GRID: Grid Management systems employ PWC to monitor and control the
electrical grid for efficient energy distribution. Demand Response systems adjust power
supply based on demand, preventing outages and ensuring reliable energy.
SECURITY SYSTEM: Surveillance systems integrate CCTV cameras and other security
devices. Access Control systems manage access to buildings and facilities.
AUTOMATED METER READING (AMR): AMR automatically collects data from utility
meters. PWC enables accurate and timely billing information.
AEROSPACE: Real-time flight control data transmission relies on PWC for efficient
operation. Electrical load management systems in aircraft employ PWC for optimal
performances.
STREET LIGHTING CONTROL: Smart Street Lights control street lighting based on
time or environmental conditions. PWC optimizes street lighting energy consumption.
CHAPTER-14
CONCLUSION
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3, June 2015.
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control and automation systems" Communications Magazine, IEEE, pp106 – 113
[9.] Gang-Neng Sung1, Chun-Ming Huang, and Chua-Chin Wang – “A PLC Transceiver
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[11.] F. Aalamifar, Viability of powerline communication for smart grid realization, Ms. Thesis,
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[12.] Echelon Corporation, "LonWorks PLT-30 A-Band Power Line Transceiver Module,
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