PHY1014

2D Motion

Kinematics in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

The curved path followed by an

object moving in a (2-d) plane is y

called its trajectory. (x1, y1)

x
Position vectors can be written: r y
r1
r1 = x1ˆi + y1ˆj and r2 = x2ˆi + y2ˆj r2 (x2, y2)

and the displacement vector as: x

r = r2 − r1 = ( x2 − x1 ) ˆi + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj

i.e. r = xˆi + yˆj

WARNING: Distinguish carefully between y-vs-x graphs
(actual trajectories) and position graphs (x, or y-vs-t)!
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Velocity in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

Average velocity is given by: y

y ˆ
vavg =  r =  x ˆi + j v
t t t
vy
Instantaneous velocity by: r y
r r
v = lim  r = dr = dx ˆi +
dy ˆ
j v x x
 t →0  t dt dt dt x

As seen in the diagram, as t→0…

∆𝑟Ԧ , and thus also 𝑣Ԧ become tangent to the trajectory.
dy
Since v = v x ˆi + v y ˆj it follows that v x = dx and vy = .
dt dt

Motion in 2-d may be understood as the vector sum of two

simultaneous motions along the x- and y-axes.
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Velocity in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

If the angle of 𝑣Ԧ is measured y

relative to the positive x-axis, its v
components are:
vy
v x = dx = v cos 
dt vx
dy x
vy = = v sin
dt

where v = v x 2 + v y 2 is the body’s speed at that point.

 vy 
Conversely, the direction of 𝑣Ԧ is given by  = tan −1  
 vx 
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Velocity in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

Once again, distinguish carefully between position

graphs and trajectories…

s y
v

t x

Position graph: Trajectory:

Tangent gives the Tangent gives the
magnitude of 𝑣.
Ԧ direction of 𝑣.
Ԧ
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Example 1 PHY1014

A particle’s motion is described by the two

equations: x = (2t2) m and y = (5t + 5) m,
where time t is in seconds.

Draw the particle’s trajectory.

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Example 2 PHY1014

A particle’s motion is described by the two

equations: x = 2t2 m and y = (5t + 5) m,
where time t is in seconds.

Draw a speed-vs-time graph for the particle.

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Think-Pair-Share 1 PHY1014

A car drives over a hill at a steady 60 km/h. Is it

accelerating as it crosses the crest of the hill if it
doesn’t loose contact with the ground ?
Justify your answer.

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Acceleration in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

aavg = v
t y
v1 v v
where v = v 2 − v1 is the 2 v2
change in instantaneous
a
velocity during the interval t. v2
v
As we approach the limit −v1

t→0… x

a = lim v = dv
t → 0  t dt
…the instantaneous acceleration is found at the same point
on the trajectory as the instantaneous velocity.
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Acceleration in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

y
Instantaneous acceleration can
v
be resolved…
a
We can resolve it into a⊥
components parallel to and
perpendicular to the a
instantaneous velocity…
Where… x

a alters the speed, and

a⊥ alters the direction.
a and a⊥, however, are constantly changing direction, so
it is more practical to resolve the acceleration into…
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Acceleration in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

y
x- and y-components…
v
a = a x ˆi + a y ˆj ax

dv dv
a = dv = x ˆi + y ˆj ay
dt dt dt
a
dv dv
Hence a x = x and a y = y . x
dt dt
We now have the following parametric equations:
vfx = vix + axt vfy = viy + ayt
xf = xi + vixt + ½ax(t)2 yf = yi + viyt + ½ay(t)2

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Kinematics in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

In two dimensional (2-d) motion…

v
a
a =0 0
a⊥

a
a⊥ a⊥ a⊥
a
𝑎Ԧ can have a a
components
both parallel to
and perpendicular to 𝑣Ԧ .

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Kinematics in 2-Dimensions PHY1014

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Think-Pair-Share 2 PHY1014

This acceleration will cause the particle to

a) speed up and curve upward
b) speed up and curve downward
c) slow down and curve upward
d) slow down and curve downward
e) Move to the right and down
f) Reverse direction
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Acceleration in One Direction Only PHY1014

Let us consider a special case in the xy-plane, in which a

particle experiences acceleration in only one direction…

xf = xi + vixt + ½ax(t)2 yf = yi + viyt + ½ay(t)2

vfx = vix + axt vfy = viy + ayt
y
Letting ax = 0, and starting at the v0
origin at t = 0 with v0 making an angle
v0y
of  with the x-axis, we get:
 x
v0x

vx = v0 cos vy = v0 sin + ayt

x = v0 cos t y = v0 sin t + ½ayt2
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Acceleration in One Direction Only PHY1014

Since the equations are parametric, we can

eliminate t:
x
x = v0 cos t t =
v 0 cos

Substituting in y = v0 sin t + ½ayt2,

2
y = v0 sin x +1 a  x 
v0 cos 2 y  v cos  
we get  0 
 ay 
y = ( tan  ) x +   x2
( 0 )
 2 v cos  2 

Any object for which one component of the acceleration is
zero while the other has a constant non-zero value follows
a parabolic path.
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Example 3 PHY1014

A particle with an initial velocity of 𝑣Ԧ = 5.00𝑖Ƹ m/s

experiences a constant acceleration 𝑎Ԧ = −1.63𝑗Ƹ m/𝑠 2 .
Draw a physical representation of the particle’s
motion.

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Projectile Motion PHY1014

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Strategy: Projectile motion PHY1014

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Example 4 PHY1014

A tennis player hits a ball 2.00 m above the ground. The

ball leaves his racquet with a speed of 21.0 m/s at an
angle 5.10˚ above the horizontal. The horizontal distance
to the net is 7.00 m, and the net is 1.00 m high. Does the
ball clear the net?

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Example 5 PHY1014

A long jumper can run with a maximum speed of 8.0 m/s. The long
jumper comes to the edge of a river bank which is 2.5 m above the
water and 10.0 m away from the opposite bank.
(a) If she runs jumps at 45° with maximum speed, will she clear the
river?
(b) What is the minimum speed she requires to clear the river?

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Strategy: Projectile motion PHY1014

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Think-Pair-Share 3 PHY1014

A 100 g ball rolls off a table and lands 2 m from the base of
the table. A 200 g ball rolls off the same table with the same
speed. It lands at distance…

a) <1m
b) 1m
c) between 1m and 2 m
d) 2m
e) >2m

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Range PHY1014

y
The horizontal distance travelled v0
by a projectile before it returns to v0y
its original height is called its 
range. v0x R x

i.e. R = x – x0 if and only if y – y0 = 0

Δx = v0 cos t Δy = v0 sin t - ½gt2

v 0 2 sin ( 2 )
R=
g

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Range PHY1014

Range
12

10

v 0 2 sin ( 2 )
R=
6

g 4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

R is a maximum when sin(2) = 1

2 = 90°
 = 45° for maximum range.
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Range PHY1014

v 0 2 sin ( 2 )
R=
g
y
v0
80°
50°
70°
40°
20°
10°
R x

A projectile fired at an elevation of (90° – ) will have the

same range as a projectile launched at angle .

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Think-Pair-Share 4 PHY1014

A battleship simultaneously fires two shells at enemy ships

with the same initial speed. If the shells follow the
parabolic trajectories shown, which ship gets hit first?

battleship
A B

a) A
b) B
c) both at the same time
d) need more information

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Example 6 PHY1014

A small plane flying at 50 m/s, 60 m above the ground,

comes up behind a truck travelling in the same direction at
30 m/s and “drops” a package into it. At what angle to the
horizontal should the “bomb sights” (a straight sighting
tube) be set?

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Example 6 PHY1014
A small plane flying at 50 m/s, 60 m above the ground, comes up
behind a bakkie travelling in the same direction at 30 m/s and drops
a package into it. At what angle to the horizontal should the “bomb
sights” (a straight sighting tube) be set?

y
xP0, yP0, t0 vP


aPy vBx
vP1x, vP1y

x
xB0, t0, vBx x1, t1

xP0 = t0 = vP0y = 0 yP0 = +60 m y1 = 0 m xB0 = ? x1 = ?

vPx = +50 m/s aPy = –g = –9.8 m/s2 vBx = +30 m/s t1 = ?

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Example 6 PHY1014

Packages projectile motion

from 𝑦𝑃𝑂 to 𝑥1

yP1 = yP0 + vP0yt – ½gt2 0 = 60 + 0 – (½)(9.8) t2  t = 3.5 s

x1 = xP0 + vP0xt + ½aPxt2 x1 = 0 + (50)(3.5) + 0  x1 = 175 m

Bakkies motion from 𝑥𝐵0 to 𝑥1

xB1 = xB0 + vB0xt + ½aBxt2 175 = xB0 + (30)(3.5) + 0  xB0 = 70 m

( 70 )
 = tan −1 60   = −40.6°
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How Far Will It Go? PHY1014

Any projectile, irrespective of mass, launch angle or launch

speed, loses 5t2 m of height every second in free fall (from
rest).
trajectory without
5m 5m gravity

1s 1s 20 m
20 m 5m
20 m
1s

2s 2s 2s

So, no matter how great a projectile’s initial horizontal

speed, it must eventually hit the ground…

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How Far Will It Go? PHY1014

…except that the Earth is not flat!

8 000 m
Because of its curvature,
5m
the Earth’s surface drops
a vertical distance of 5 m
every 8 000 m tangent to the surface.

So theoretically, in the absence of air resistance, tall buildings, etc,

an object projected horizontally at 8 000 m/s at a height of, say, 1 m
will have the Earth’s surface dropping away beneath it at the same
rate it falls and will consequently get no closer to the ground…

The object will be a satellite, in orbit around the Earth!

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Newton’s Satellite PHY1014

“The greater the velocity is with

which [a stone] is projected, the
farther it goes before it falls to the
Earth. We may therefore suppose
the velocity to be so increased,
that it would describe an arc of 1,
2, 5, 10, 100, 1000 miles before it
arrived at the Earth, till at last
exceeding the limits of the Earth,
it should pass quite by without
touching it.” – Isaac Newton
System of the World

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Sputnik 1 PHY1014
Sputnik 1 was the first artificial Earth satellite.
The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low
Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in)
diameter polished metal sphere, with four external
radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio
signal was easily detectable even by radio amateurs,
and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made
its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth.

The launch came very close to failure

• the Blok G strap-on had not attained full power at
ignition which caused the booster to pitch over
about 2° six seconds after liftoff.
• A fuel regulator in the booster also failed around 16
seconds into launch,
• A premature propellant depletion caused thrust
termination.

Sputnik 1 orbited for three months having completed

1,440 orbits of the Earth

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 SpaceX PHY1014
SpaceX, is a private aerospace manufacturer
and space transport services company founded
by entrepreneur Elon Musk (South African) with
the goal of reducing space transportation costs
and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX
has since developed the Falcon launch vehicle
family and the Dragon spacecraft family, which
both currently deliver payloads into Earth orbit.

SpaceX's achievements include

• the first privately funded liquid-propellant
rocket to reach orbit
• the first privately funded company to successfully
launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft
• the first private company to send a spacecraft to
the International Space Station
• the first propulsive landing for an orbital rocket
• the first reuse of an orbital rocket
• the first privately funded space agency to launch
an object into solar orbit (Falcon Heavy's payload
of a Tesla Roadster in 2018).
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Relative Motion PHY1014

Previously we have described

particle motion using coordinates
referred to fixed axes, called
absolute motion analysis.
Many engineering motion
problems are simplified by using
measurements made with
respect to a moving reference
system.
These measurements, when
combined with the absolute
motion of the moving coordinate
system, enable us to determine
the absolute motion and is called
a relative-motion analysis.
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Relative Motion PHY1014

Particles A and B have

separate curvilinear motions
in a given plane or in parallel
planes.
Particle A is observed from
both the stationary axes at
O and the translating (non-
rotating) axes attached to B.
The absolute position 𝑟Ԧ𝐴/𝑂
and 𝑟Ԧ𝐵/𝑂 is measured from
O of fixed x, y, z reference
frame 𝑟Ԧ𝐴/𝑂 = 𝑟Ԧ𝐵/𝑂 + 𝑟Ԧ𝐴/𝐵
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Relative Motion PHY1014

Differentiating the position vector equation once with

respect to time to obtain velocities and twice to
obtain accelerations

Velocity 𝑣Ԧ𝐴/𝑂 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝑂 + 𝑣Ԧ𝐴/𝐵

Often the point O is a stationery fixed point on the

earth and this equation is written as

𝑣Ԧ𝐴 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐵 + 𝑣Ԧ𝐴/𝐵

Where 𝑣Ԧ𝐴 and 𝑣Ԧ𝐵 are now the velocities of

these objects relative to the earth.
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Notation in Knight Textbook PHY1014

The velocity of C relative to B is the velocity of C relative to

A plus the velocity of A relative to B.

If B is moving to the right relative to A, then A is moving to

the left relative to B.
Therefore,

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Procedure For Analysis PHY1014

When applying the relative position equations, it is

necessary to specify the location and translating x
and y
As the vector addition forms a triangle, there can
be at most two unknowns.

Unknowns can be solved graphically, by

geometry or by resolving into unit vectors
(Cartesian components)
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Inc.

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Example 7 PHY1014

A train, traveling at a constant speed of 90 km/h, crosses

over a road. If automobile A is traveling at 67.5 km/h along
the road, determine the magnitude and direction of relative
velocity of the train with respect to the automobile.

© 2013
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Example 7 PHY1014

Velocity vector diagram 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐶 + 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇/𝐶

𝑣Ԧ𝐶 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇/𝐶

45̊ 𝜃

𝑣Ԧ 𝑇

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𝑣Ԧ 𝑇/𝐶 = 63.8 𝑘𝑚ℎ , ∡ − 48.4°
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Example 7 PHY1014

Velocity vector diagram 𝜃

𝑣Ԧ 𝑇 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐶 + 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇/𝐶 𝑣Ԧ𝐶 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇/𝐶

45̊ 𝜃

Geometry 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇
2 2 2
𝑣𝑇/𝐶 = 𝑣𝑇 + 𝑣𝐶 − 2𝑣𝑇 𝑣𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45°
𝑣𝑇/𝐶 2 = 90 2 + 67.5 2 − 2 90 67.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45°
𝑣𝑇/𝐶 = 63.8 km/h
Direction
𝑣𝐶 𝑣𝑇/𝐶
= 𝜃 = 48.4°
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

𝑣Ԧ 𝑇/𝐶 = 63.8 𝑘𝑚ℎ , ∡ − 48.4°
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Example 8 PHY1014

Plane A is flying along a straight-line path, while plane B is

flying along a circular path having a radius of curvature of
ρB = 400 km. Determine the velocity and acceleration of B
as measured by the pilot of A.
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Example 8 PHY1014
Velocity vector diagram

𝑣Ԧ𝐵 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐴 + 𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴

𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴

𝑣Ԧ𝐴
𝑣Ԧ𝐵

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴 = 100 𝑘𝑚ℎ , ∡ − 90°
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Example 8 PHY1014

Velocity vector diagram 𝑣Ԧ 𝑇/𝐶

𝑣Ԧ𝐵 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐴 + 𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴

𝑣Ԧ𝐴
𝑣Ԧ𝐵

Geometry
𝑣𝐵/𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴 = 600 − 700 = −100 km/h

𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴 = 100 𝑘𝑚ℎ , ∡ − 90°

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Example 9 PHY1014

At the instant, car A and B

are traveling with the speed
of 18 m/s and 12 m/s
respectively. Also at this
instant, A has a decrease in
speed of 2 m/s2, and B has
an increase in speed of 3
m/s2. Determine the velocity
of B with respect to A.

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Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc.

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Example 9 PHY1014

Velocity vector diagram 𝑣Ԧ𝐵 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐴 + 𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴

30°

𝑣Ԧ𝐵
𝑣Ԧ𝐴

𝛼 𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴
𝜃

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𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴 = 9.69 𝑚/𝑠 , ∡21.7°
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Example 9 PHY1014

Velocity vector diagram

𝑣Ԧ𝐵 = 𝑣Ԧ𝐴 + 𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴 30°

Geometry 𝑣Ԧ𝐵
𝑣Ԧ𝐴
𝑣𝐵/𝐴 2 = 𝑣𝐴 2 + 𝑣𝐵 2 − 2𝑣𝐴 𝑣𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
𝑣𝐵/𝐴 2 = 18 2 + 12 2 − 2 18 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
𝑣𝐵/𝐴 = 9.69 m/s
𝛼 𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴
Direction 𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝐵/𝐴 𝜃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛30°
𝛼 = 28.3°
𝜃 = 60° − 𝛼 = 21.7°

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

𝑣Ԧ𝐵/𝐴 = 9.69 𝑚/𝑠 , ∡21.7°
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Think-Pair-Share Answers PHY1014

1. Yes, change direction

2. D
3. D
4. B
5. 𝑎𝐴 > 𝑎𝐶 > 𝑎𝐵

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Example Answers PHY1014
1.

2.

3. 4. Height above ground at

the net is 𝑦 = 2.01 m.
5. (a) No, 𝑥 = 8.46 m
(b) 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 8.85 m/s
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