AmityName

Business School
of Institution

Course Title: Professional Ethics

And Social Responsibility For
Sustainability
Credit Units: 2
Course Code : PFE701

Faculty In Charge- Dr Jaideep Kaur

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Business School
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Module I: Philosophy and Ethics

Descriptors/Topics:
• Introduction to ethical philosophy: definition, nature,
scope, branches.
• Basic Theories (Deontology, Utilitarianism, Virtue Theory,
Rights Theory, Casuist Theory)
• Morals, values and Ethics
• Moral Issues, Moral Dilemmas &Moral Autonomy
• Basic Ethical Principles
• Contemporary philosophy: action, ethics, and
responsibility
• Linking philosophy and ethics & its implications

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Session Objectives
• To understand the concept of ethical
philosophy.
• To elucidate the Morals, values and
Ethics.
• To make clear about the Moral Issues,
Moral Dilemmas & Moral Autonomy,
• To understand the Basic Ethical
Principles and its implications
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•The word “ethics” is derived from the Greek word

ethos (character), Derived from the Greek word
“ethos”, which means “way of living”, ethics is a
branch of philosophy that is concerned with human
conduct.

•It consists in a code of conduct of human beings

living in a society.

•Ethics examines the rational justification for our

moral judgments; it studies what is morally right or
wrong, just or unjust.

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NATURE OF ETHICS
• Ethics aims at systematic knowledge. So, ethics
is a science.
• Every science is concerned with a particular
sphere of nature. As a science ethics has its
own particular sphere; it deals with certain
judgments that we make about human conduct.
It deals with systematic explanation of rightness
or wrongness in the light of the highest Good of
man.

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NATURE OF ETHICS
• Ethics is a normative (relating to an evaluative
standard) science. It is concerned with what
ought to be done rather than what is the case.
• Ethics is a science of values as it discovers the
forms of conduct or behavior, which have the
character of morally obligation.
• Ethics deals with moral phenomena and it
observes and classifies them and explains them
by the moral ideal.

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SCOPE OF ETHICS
• Provide a Competitive Advantage in Terms of
Customers. Customers favor those organizations, which
are known for their ethical practices.
• Improve Employee Happiness.
• Morale and culture
• Reputation
• Attract More Investors
• Better for Society
• Guiding people in the practice of right conduct or the art
of living the good life.
• Ethics help man to avoid bias and prejudice.
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Basic Theories Deontology

The term deontology is derived from the Greek deon, “duty,”
and logos, “science.” Immanuel Kant
• Deontology is guided by an individual's own personal sense of
morality, or what is right and what is wrong to us.
• Kant's deontology, sometimes called deontological ethics,
starts by acknowledging that actions and their outcomes are
independent things.
• Basically, there are things you have to do, even though you
know they are wrong, such as shooting that intruder to protect
your family.
• According to deontology, you need to focus on the act, such as
protecting your family, and not the likely death it will mean for
the intruder.

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Utili-tari-anism- Bentham and Mill.

• Utilitarianism is the idea that the action that is the most
moral (or seems the most right) is the one that creates
the most good for all parties involved. In utilitarianism,
everyone's happiness counts the same. So, you should
consider the rights and needs of that intruder before you
shoot him, according to Bentham and Mill.
• On the other hand, deontology considers what benefits
you and the people you care about, not necessarily what
is good for society or anyone else. Kant tells you to
shoot the intruder with the intent to kill, even though it is
morally wrong, because it is your duty to protect your
family.
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Rights theory
• In ethical theories based on rights, the rights established
by a society are protected and given the highest priority.
• Rights are considered to be ethically correct and valid
since a large population endorses them.
• Individuals may also bestow rights upon others if they
have the ability and resources to do so.
• In terms of rights theory, if an action or decision respects
the rights of other people it would be considered ethically
correct. ...
• Freedom of speech is an example of a basic human right
that all people should be entitled to because they are
human beings. 10
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Virtue Ethical Theory

• The virtue ethical theory judges a person by his/her
character rather than by an action that may deviate from
his/her normal behavior.
• It takes the person’s morals, reputation, and motivation
into account when rating an unusual and irregular
behavior that is considered unethical.
• Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity,
integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all
examples of virtues. ... The virtuous person is the ethical
person.

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Morals, values and Ethics

• Morals’ are the standards of the behavior or
principle of beliefs of an individual to judge what
is right and wrong.
• ‘Morals’ are usually seen in the form of
statements and general rules.
• They are usually influenced and overpowered by
several factors such a religion, society, work
culture, etc.
• Morals’ are largely affected by the surroundings
and prone to change once the surroundings of
any individual change. 12
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Morals, Values and Ethics

• Values’ are the learned belief system
where an individual motivates them self to
do several things.
• Values' are inherent and they tend to
remain the same for a longer period in an
individual's life.
• Ethics is concerned with what is good for
individuals and society and is also
described as moral philosophy.
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Moral Dilemma
• A moral dilemma is a situation in which a person is torn
between right and wrong.
• A moral dilemma involves a conflict with the very core of
a person’s principles and values.
• The choice the person makes may leave them feeling
burdened, guilty, relieved, or questioning their values.
• A moral dilemma often forces the individual to decide
which option he or she can live with, but any outcomes
are extremely unpleasant no matter what.
• The classic “lifeboat dilemma”, where there are only 10
spaces in the lifeboat, but there are 11 passengers on
the sinking ship. A decision must be made as to who will
stay behind. 14
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Moral autonomy
• It is the capacity to deliberate and to give
oneself the moral law, rather than merely
heeding the injunctions of others.
• Personal autonomy is the capacity to
decide for oneself and pursue a course of
action in one's life, often regardless of any
particular moral content.

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Basic Ethical Principles

• Truthfulness : The fact of being realistic or true to life
• Confidentiality: The state of keeping or being kept secret
or private.
• Beneficence: an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with
a strong implication of doing good to others including
moral obligation.
• Non -Maleficence: The principle of non-maleficence
holds that there is an obligation not to inflict harm on
others.
• Justice: Fair treatment.

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Ethics & its implications

• It has been said that Socrates was so
consumed by ethical theory that he chose
to die rather than violate his principles.
• It can be expressed in leadership,
Goodness, Honesty etc.

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Session Outcome
You will be able to
• Explain the concept of ethical philosophy.
• Explain the Morals, values and Ethics.
• Explain about the Moral Issues, Moral
Dilemmas & Moral Autonomy,
• Explain the Basic Ethical Principles and its
implications

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Business School
of Institution

Course Title: Professional Ethics And Social

Responsibility For Sustainability
Credit Units: 2
Course Code : PFE701

Faculty in charge- Dr Jaideep Kaur

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Business School
of Institution

Module II: Ethics at Work place

•Professional Ethical Codes
•Work Place Rights & Responsibilities
•Whistle blowing
•CSR
•Conflicts of Interest
•Managing Boundaries and Multiple
Relationships
•Socializing with Current or Former Clients,
Making Referrals
•Organizational Loyalty
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Session Objectives

•To Understand the importance of Professional Ethical

Codes
•To analyse the Work Place Rights & Responsibilities
•To know about the Whistle blowing and CSR and
Conflicts of Interest
• To understand the Managing Boundaries and Multiple
Relationships and Socializing with Current or Former
Clients, Making Referrals
•To Understand the significance of Organizational
Loyalty

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Professional Ethical Codes

•A code of ethics and professional conduct outlines
the ethical principles that govern decisions and
behavior at a company or organization.

•They give general outlines of how employees

should behave, as well as specific guidance for
handling issues like harassment, safety, and
conflicts of interest.

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In the same Global Business Ethics Survey of 2019 as

referenced above, the following findings regarding building
an ethical corporate culture were revealed:

•Organizations with “strong” or “strong-leaning” ethics

cultures increased to 66%.

•Organizations providing ethics training rose to 81%.

67% of organizations included ethical conduct as a
performance measure in employee evaluations.

•74% of organizations communicated internally about

disciplinary actions when wrongdoings occurred.

•Companies that work on building and maintaining ethical

workplace cultures are more likely to be financially
successful, as well as having more motivated and
productive employees. 5
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Workplace Ethics: Examples

Preferential Treatment. Employees who receive special treatment at
work, whether from patronage, friendship, or sexual and/or romantic
relationships, are privy to unfair and unethical favoritism, which should be
reported by fellow employees.
Gossiping. Spreading untrue rumors about colleagues, company projects
and plans, or anything else related to work culture is both unethical and
indicative that an employee cannot be trusted when it comes to discretion
and privacy.
Dishonesty. This can manifest in several different ways, though common
ones include taking credit for other people’s work or misleading information
about progress on a project. Dishonesty comes in many different forms
and is another trait that can derail an employee’s career no matter how
small or harmless it may seem in the moment.
Selfishness. Thinking only of your own interests, even in seemingly
insignificant situations such as hoarding office supplies, leaving dishes
unwashed in the kitchen, not remaking coffee or refilling the printer paper,
is not a behavior conducive to cooperation, and is likely to be considered
inconsiderate or even unethical by coworkers. 6
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5 benefits of a code of ethics

• #1. Sets the right culture. ...
• #2. Builds a good reputation. ...
• #3. Helps remain in compliance with laws
and regulations. ...
• #4. Attracts outstanding employees. ...
• #5. Promotes social change.

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•Integrity-the quality of being honest and having strong

moral principles.
•Objectivity-the quality or character of being objective :
lack of favoritism toward one side or another : freedom
from bias Many people questioned the selection
committee's
•Professional competence-Professional competencies
are skills, knowledge and attributes that are specifically
valued by the professional associations, organizations
and bodies connected to your future career.
•Confidentiality- the state of keeping or being kept
secret or private.
•Professional behavior- Professional behaviour is a
form of etiquette in the workplace that is linked primarily
to respectful and courteous conduct. ... 8
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Employee Rights in the Workplace:

•Healthy and Safe Work Environment:
•Adequate Rest Time:
•Annual paid Holidays:
•Fixed Working Hours:
•Medical Claim against accidents met in
the company:
•Supply of stationary and other essentials:
•Unfair Dismissal
•Refusing to work during the holiday
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Employee Responsibilities in the Workplace

•Role and responsibility of a manager
•Team playing
•Managing
•Development
•Leadership responsibilities
•Work for goal

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•A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or

whistle blower) is a person,
•Usually an employee, who exposes information or
activity within a private, public, or government
organization that is deemed illegal, illicit, unsafe, or
a waste, fraud, or abuse of taxpayer funds.
•Whistle-blowing is an ethical action
•Under the Employment Rights Act 1996 if an
employee “blows the whistle” they will receive
protection from being dismissed or victimized (ie by
being subjected to a detriment) because of their
whistle blowing. ..
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Corporate Social Responsibility

•It is a management concept whereby companies

integrate social and environmental concerns in
their business operations and interactions with
their stakeholders.
•The purpose of corporate social responsibility is
to give back to the community,
•Take part in philanthropic causes, and provide
positive social value.
•Businesses are increasingly turning to CSR to
make a difference and build a positive brand
around their company. 12
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Business benefits of corporate social

responsibility
•Better brand recognition.
•Positive business reputation.
•Increased sales and customer loyalty.
•Operational costs savings.
•Better financial performance.
•Greater ability to attract talent and retain staff.
•Organizational growth.
•Easier access to capital.

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• A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which

a person or organization is involved in multiple
interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one
interest could involve working against another.
• A conflict of interest arises when a person
chooses personal gain over the duties to an
organization in which they are a stakeholder or
exploits their position for personal gain in some
way.
• For example, the person might have a loyalty to
an employer and also loyalty to a family
business. Each of these businesses expects the
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person to have its best interest first.
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Managing Boundaries and Multiple

Relationships
• It is a set of cognitions and strategies by which people manage the
critical boundaries between their multiple life domains.
• It creates a setting in which individuals and groups can manage their
own activities to achieve a defined set of results.
• Setting clear boundaries, helps to maintain good productivity and
social dynamics in the work place.
• It helps you to maintain the relationships.
• Examples: Not discussing a client's private health information with
others;
• Keeping work contact numbers separate to your personal contact
numbers;
• Not performing additional favours for clients, outside of the scope of
your role.
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Organizational Loyalty
• Employees' loyalty towards organization refers to their
adoption of the values, attitudes and beliefs of the
organization and their willingness to exert additional
effort to achieve the goals and objectives of the
organization.
• Loyalty tends to encourage your employees to do their
best work and perform to their highest of standards.
• If you have loyal employees working for you, then you
are going to have employees who work productively and
efficiently.

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Session Outcome
You will be able to
• Explain the importance of Professional Ethical Codes
• Explain the Work Place Rights & Responsibilities
• Explain To know about the Whistle blowing
and CSR and Conflicts of Interest
• Explain the Managing Boundaries and Multiple
Relationships and Socializing with Current or Former
Clients, Making Referrals
•Explain the significance of Organizational Loyalty

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 AmityName
Business School
of Institution

Course Title: Professional Ethics And Social

Responsibility For Sustainability
Credit Units: 2
Course Code : PFE701

Faculty In Charge- Dr Jaideep Kaur

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 AmityName
Business School
of Institution

Module III: Ethical Considerations

•Basics of Intellectual Property Rights
•Confidentiality
•Unintentional breaches of Confidentiality
•Principles of Natural Justice
•Redressal Mechanism
•Organizational Complaint Procedure

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Session Objectives
• To understand the Basics of Intellectual
Property Rights
• To know about the Confidentiality and
Unintentional breaches of Confidentiality
• To clarify the Principles of Natural Justice
• To explicate the Redressal Mechanism
and Organizational Complaint Procedure

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Basics of Intellectual Property Rights

•Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons
over the creations of their minds. refers to creations of the
mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works;
designs; and symbols, names and images.

•Intellectual Property rights provide protection for

creations and inventions, to enable creators and inventors
to earn recognition and financial benefit from their work.

•Intellectual property protection is critical to fostering

innovation. Without protection of ideas, businesses and
individuals would not reap the full benefits of their
inventions and would focus less on research and
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There are four types of intellectual property rights

Trade Secrets- Trade secrets refer to specific, private

information that is important to a business because it
gives the business a competitive advantage in its
marketplace. If a trade secret is acquired by another
company, it could harm the original holder.
Examples of trade secrets include recipes for certain
foods and beverages new inventions, software,
processes, and even different marketing strategies.

Patents -a patent is a type of limited-duration protection

that can be used to protect inventions (or discoveries) that
are new, non-obvious, and useful, such a new process,
machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter. 5
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Copyrights - A copyright is a type of intellectual

property protection that protects original works of
authorship, which might include literary works, music,
art, and more. Today, copyrights also protect computer
software and architecture.

Trademarks -the fourth type of intellectual property

protection is a trademark protection. Remember,
patents are used to protect inventions and discoveries
and copyrights are used to protect expressions of ideas
and creations, like art and writing For example, the Nike
symbol–which nearly all could easily recognize and
identify–is a type of trademark.
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Advantages of Intellectual Property Rights

•Provides exclusive rights to the creators or
inventors.
•Encourages individuals to distribute and share
information and data instead of keeping it
confidential.
•Provides legal defense and offers the creators
the incentive of their work.
•Helps in social and financial development.

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Unintentional breaches of Confidentiality

A breach of confidentiality happens when data
or information provided to you by the client is
disclosed to a third-party without the approval of
the client.
Even though the breach of confidentiality was
unintentional; a client can still suffer financial
losses due to this.

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Why is confidentiality important?

Protecting confidential information is vital. If
you're in a position where you have access to
or are given this type of data at work, your
career relies on your ability to keep patient or
client confidentiality.

If you don't, you could lose trust and integrity in

the eyes of your existing (and potential future)
clients, who could terminate your contract and
take legal action against you.
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Principles of Natural Justice

• Natural justice has found its origin in the early
Greek and Roman empires, being
acknowledged even in Kautilya’s Arthashastra
• Principles of natural justice can be said to be
the rules of fair play. It is a common law concept
that represents higher procedural aspects
developed by courts which every judicial, quasi-
judicial, and administrative body must abide by.

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• Natural justice equates with fairness,

equality and equity. The concept also
extends to a general duty to act fairly and
to ensure that fair decision is reached by
an objective decision maker.
• The chance to be heard by an impartial
judge is what lies at the heart of the
principle and procedural fairness. Ensuring
procedural fairness protects individual
rights and enhances public trust in the
process. 11
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Redressal Mechanism
• A grievance mechanism is a procedure that provides a
clear and transparent framework for addressing
grievances related to the process in the workplace. This
typically takes the form of an internal procedure for
complaints, followed by consideration and management
response and feedback.
• The grievance procedure is the method by which a
grievance is filed and carried through different steps to
an ultimate decision.

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Objectives of Grievances
• To enable the employee to air their grievance
• To clarify the nature of the grievance
• To investigate the reasons for dissatisfaction
• To obtain, where possible, a speedy resolution
to the problem
• To take appropriate actions and ensure that
promises are kept

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Benefits of Grievance Handling

Procedure
• It encourages employees to raise concerns without fear
of reprisal.
• It provides a fair and speedy means of dealing with
complaints.
• It prevents minor disagreements developing into more
serious disputes.
• It serves as an outlet for employee frustrations and
discontents.
• It saves employer’s time and money as solutions are
found for workplace problems. It helps to build an
organizational climate based on openness and trust. 14
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Organizational Complaint Procedure

• The formal complaints procedure is
intended to ensure that all complaints are
handled fairly, consistently and wherever
possible resolved to the complainant's
satisfaction.
• Responsibility will be to: deal reasonably
and sensitively with the complaint; take
action where appropriate.
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Complaints handling procedure

• Listen to the complaint. Thank the for
bringing the matter to your attention. ...
• Record details of the complaint. ...
• Get all the facts. ...
• Discuss options for fixing the problem.
• Act quickly. ...
• Keep your promises. ...
• Follow up.
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Session Outcome
• Explain the Basics of Intellectual Property
Rights
• Explain Confidentiality and Unintentional
breaches of Confidentiality
• Explain the Principles of Natural Justice
• Explain the Redressal Mechanism
and Organizational Complaint Procedure

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 AmityName
Business School
of Institution

Course Title: Professional Ethics

And Social Responsibility For
Sustainability
Credit Units: 2
Course Code : PFE701

Faculty In Charge- Dr Jaideep Kaur

1
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Business School
of Institution

Module IV: Global Issues In Different

Sectors
Globalization of MNCs
Business Ethics and Corporate Governance
Environmental Ethics
Sustainable Development Goals
Corporate Wars
Ethics pertaining to discipline: Manufacturing,
Marketing, technology- Ethical Hacking,
Teaching Ethics, Media Ethics, Bio Ethics,
Legal ethics, Business ethics, management law,
journalism
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Globalization of MNCs,
• Globalization describes an ongoing process by
which regional economies, societies and
cultures have become integrated through a
globe-spanning network of communication and
trade.
• A multinational company (MNC) is an
organization that operates in two or more
countries.

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What Are the Benefits of Globalization?

Access to New Cultures
• Globalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign
culture, including food, movies, music, and art. This free
flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason
you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as
you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a
Bollywood movie.
The Spread of Technology and Innovation
• Many countries around the world remain constantly
connected, so knowledge and technological advances
travel quickly. Because knowledge also transfers so fast,
this means that scientific advances made in Asia can be
at work in the United States in a matter of days. 4
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Lower Costs for Products

• Globalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce
their products. It also increases global competition, which drives
prices down and creates a larger variety of choices for consumers.
Lowered costs help people in both developing and already-
developed countries live better on less money.

Higher Standards of Living Across the Globe

• Developing nations experience an improved standard of living—
thanks to globalization. According to the World Bank, extreme
poverty decreased by 35% since 1990. Further, the target of the first
Millennium Development Goal was to cut the 1990 poverty rate in
half by 2015. This was achieved five years ahead of schedule, in
2010. Across the globe, nearly 1.1 billion people have moved out of
extreme poverty since that time.
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Access to New Markets

• Businesses gain a great deal from globalization, including new
customers and diverse revenue streams. Companies interested in
these benefits look for flexible and innovative ways to grow their
business overseas. International Professional Employer
Organizations (PEOs) make it easier than ever to employ workers in
other countries quickly and compliantly. This means that, for many
companies, there is no longer the need to establish a foreign entity
to expand overseas.
Access to New Talent
• In addition to new markets, globalization allows companies to find
new, specialized talent that is not available in their current market.
For example, globalization gives companies the opportunity to
explore tech talent in booming markets such as Berlin or Stockholm,
rather than Silicon Valley. Again, International PEO allows
companies to compliantly employ workers overseas, without having
to establish a legal entity, making global hiring easier than ever. 6
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Business Ethics

•Business ethics is the study of appropriate business

policies and practices regarding potentially controversial
subjects including corporate governance, insider trading,
bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility, and
fiduciary responsibilities.

•Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational

standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern
the actions and behavior of an individual in the business
organization.

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• Corporate governance is the combination of

rules, processes or laws by which businesses
are operated, regulated or controlled.
• The term encompasses the internal and external
factors that affect the interests of a company's
stakeholders, including shareholders,
customers, suppliers, government regulators
and management.

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Environmental ethics
• It is a branch of ethics that studies the
relation of human beings and the
environment and how ethics play a role in
this.
• Environmental ethics believe that humans
are a part of society as well as other living
creatures, which includes plants and
animals.
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• Environmental ethics helps define man's

moral and ethical obligations toward the
environment. ..
• Water and air pollution,
• The depletion of natural resources,
• Loss of biodiversity,
• Destruction of ecosystems, and
• Global climate change are all part of the
environmental ethics debate. 10
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• Conservation ethics also revolve around

making human communities and
ecosystems better,
• Protecting important resources for the
present and future.
• This philosophical approach values the
human/nonhuman dynamic in nature,
recognizing how humans and the
environment have an ongoing causal
relationship with one another.
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• The Sustainable Development Goals or

Global Goals are a collection of 17
interlinked goals designed to be a
"blueprint to achieve a better and more
sustainable future for all".
• The SDGs were set in 2015 by the United
Nations General Assembly and are
intended to be achieved by the year 2030.

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What are the 17 sustainable development goals?

• The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to
transform our world:
• GOAL 1: No Poverty.
• GOAL 2: Zero Hunger.
• GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being.
• GOAL 4: Quality Education.
• GOAL 5: Gender Equality.
• GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.
• GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.
• GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth.
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• GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

• GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
• GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
• GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and
Production
• GOAL 13: Climate Action
• GOAL 14: Life Below Water
• GOAL 15: Life on Land
• GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
• GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal
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Corporate Wars
• Corporate warfare refers to attacks on
individuals or companies by other individuals or
companies. Such warfare may be part of
economic warfare and cyber warfare; but can
involve spying, 'dirty' PR tactics, or physical
theft.
• The intention is largely to destabilize or sink the
value of the opposing company for financial
gain, or to steal trade secrets from them.

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Ethical With Manufacturing Companies

• Maintaining a Safe and Ethical
Manufacturing Environment
• Reducing Harm to the Environment
• Operating a Fair and Secure Workplace
• Duty to Provide Safe Products

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Media Ethics
• Truth and Accuracy
• Independence
• Fairness and Impartiality
• Humanity
• Accountability

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• Bioethics is commonly understood to

refer to the ethical implications and
applications of the health-related life
sciences.
• Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues
emerging from advances in biology and
medicine. It is also moral discernment as it
relates to medical policy and practice.
• Better of the human mankind
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Legal ethics
• Independence, honesty and integrity.
• The lawyer and client relationship, in
particular, the duties owed by the lawyer to
his or her client.
• This includes matters such as client care,
conflict of interest, confidentiality, dealing
with client money, and fees.

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Session Outcome
You will be able to explain
• Explain the role of Globalization of MNCs
• Explain the importance of Business Ethics
and Corporate Governance
• Explain about Environmental Ethics
• Explain the Sustainable Development
Goals
• Explain the Corporate Wars and ethics in
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Course Title: Professional Ethics

And Social Responsibility For
Sustainability
Credit Units: 2
Course Code : PFE701

Faculty In Charge- Dr Jaideep Kaur

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Module V: Research Ethics and Academic Integrity

• Best practices in research / standards setting initiatives
and guidelines: COPE, Committee on Publication
Ethics, WAME, World Association of Medical
Editors) etc
• Academic misconducts: Falsification, Fabrication and
Plagiarism (FFP)
• Redundant publications: duplicate and overlapping
publications, salami slicing, Selective reporting and
misrepresentation of data.
• Violation of publications ethics, authorship, and
contributor ship
• Use of plagiarism software like Turnitin, Urkund and
other open source software tools
• Complaints and appeals examples and fraud from India
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Session Objectives

•To understand the role of COPE and WAME

•To know about the significance of publication
ethics
•To understand the violations in publication
•To evaluate the importance of software like
turnitin

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• The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is

a forum for editors of peer-reviewed journals to
discuss issues related to the integrity of the
scientific record.
• It supports and encourages editors to report,
catalogue and instigate investigations into
ethical problems in the publication process.
• COPE was established as a registered charity in
the United Kingdom in October 2007.

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COPE
•It provides advice to editors and publishers
on all aspects of publication ethics and, in
particular, how to handle cases of research
and publication misconduct.

•It also provides a forum for its members to

discuss individual cases.

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World Association of Medical Editors

The World Association of Medical Editors (abbreviated
WAME, pronounced "whammy") is an international, virtual
organization of editors of medical journals.

A medical journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that

communicates medical information to physicians and other
health professionals.

It was originally founded in 1995 by a group of members of

the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

•WAME has more than 1830 members representing more

than 1000 journals from 92 countries.
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WAME has the following goals

•To facilitate worldwide cooperation and communication

among editors of peer-reviewed medical journals;
•To improve editorial standards, to promote professionalism
in medical editing through education, self-criticism and self-
regulation;
•To encourage research on the principles and practice of
medical editing.
•To produce publications that are timely, credible and
enjoyable to read;
•To recognize that, in addition to these specific objectives, a
medical journal has a social responsibility to improve the
human condition and safeguard the integrity of sciences.
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Significance of Publication Ethics

• Truthfulness in Data
• Innovativeness
• Proper Authorship and Acknowledgement
• Consistency in Methodology
• High-quality scientific publications
• Public trust in scientific findings
• People receive credit for their work and
ideas.
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Violation of publication ethics

• Fabrication is making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
• Falsification is manipulating research materials,
equipment, or processes, or changing or
omitting data or results such that the research is
not accurately represented in the research
record.
• Plagiarism is the appropriation of another
person’s ideas, processes, results, or words
without giving appropriate credit.
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Duplicate submission-This refers to the

practice of submitting the same study to two
journals or publishing more or less the same
study in two journals
Multiple submissions-means sending
more than one story to the same publisher
Plagiarism-the practice of taking someone
else's work or ideas and passing them off as
one's own.

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Fake Affiliation-affiliation-related
misconduct in which a real, existing author
is falsely included on a paper, without telling
him or her.

Gift authorship,-Gift authorship is defined

as co-authorship awarded to a person who
has not contributed significantly to the study.

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Ghost authorship- A ghost author is a person

who has made a substantial contribution to the
research or writing of a manuscript but is not
named as an author.

Salami -Publication of two or more articles

derived from a single study

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Benefits of using a plagiarism checker

•Provides links of the source text
The good thing with plagiarism checkers is that they
provide the links for the source text that is plagiarized.
This makes it easier for anyone using the software to
determine whether the results presented are based on
substantial evidence.
•Speed
Plagiarism checkers work fast. These software
applications can search the entire web within a matter of
seconds. They then match the text in question with other
documents from around the world and highlight any
part/paragraph/section that has been plagiarized within a
short time.
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Provides the similarity percentage

• Whenever you write appropriate content and run it
through a plagiarism checker, it provides you with the
percentage of plagiarism.
Useful for writing original pieces within a short time
• Plagiarism checkers have proved to be quiet crucial,
especially to web writers who are required to write
authentic content within a quick turnaround. It can be
challenging to get the time for checking the originality of
the texts they write.

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Helps in checking your paraphrasing prowess

• Plagiarism checkers only highlight content that is
an exact match of the original author’s words. As
such, if you have paraphrased your material well
enough, then it won't show any plagiarism. You
get to know how excellent your paraphrasing
skills are if you don't get any texts highlighted as
having been copied.

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Helps in staying within the regulatory and

ethical limits
• Plagiarism checkers play a significant role for
both writers and academicians. It is important to
follow the ethical limits .

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Session Outcome
You will be able to
Explain the role of COPE and WAME
Explain the significance of publication ethics
Explain the violations in publication
Explain the importance of software like
turnitin 17