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Ch-1:Introduction to IR

1.1. The Concept of Nation, State and


Nationalism
1.1.1. Nation
🞧Etymologically, the word nation is derived from
the Latin term natio/natus, which mean “the
act of being born (birth).”
🞧 So, a nation is usually defined as a set of
people and tribes.
🞧Nation originally connected with a term ethnos
(people having a common descent), in contrast
to demos (a population defined by common
citizenship).
 Conceptually, Nation can be defined as:
a) a historically constituted stable political
community of people that evolve organically
out of more similar ethnic communities that
shared common identity, social practices, and
psychological make-up)” (Stalin)
b) a cultural-political community that has become
conscious of its autonomy, unity and
particular interests.
 Basically, Nation has a tendency and potential
to constitute a nation-state.
 Thus, a common language, religion, ethnicity, race,
and/or culture are often the foundations of national
identity.
Nationalism
 Nationalism is :-
a) a kind of excessive, aggressive patriotism.

b) the feeling of belonging to a nation

c) social and political movements on behalf of a nation

d) the process through which nations are formed.

 Thus, Nationalism is the doctrine that asserts the


nation as the basic political unit in organizing society
Anthony D. Smith
What do nationalists want?
 Nationalist has 3 main claims:
a) nations are distinct and unique
b) loyalty to the nation is more important than
other interests and values
c) the nation should have its own state
1.1.4. Nation-state
 Nation state - a state which is formulated by
absolute majority ethnic groups.
 It is an autonomous political community bound
together by the overlapping bonds of citizenship
and nationality,
 Examples of nation-states may include:
 Iceland, Sweden, Japan, Greece are mostly
culturally homogenous with few minorities
 In to days world, the nation-state is more a
political ideal than a reality, as all states are, to
some degree, culturally and ethnically
heterogeneous.
 Why is the idea of a nation-state not necessarily
realistic?
 Now day, nation states are put under pressure and
their role in world politics is significantly
challenged by religion, culture and ethnicity as
potent forces in world politics
1.1.3. State
 The state is a political association that establishes sovereign
jurisdiction within defined territorial borders.
⚫ In international politics, state is an entity composed of:
1) Territory: a demarcated landmass administered by a
government
2) Population: a collection of people residing in a defined
territory,
3) Government-an integrated set of institutions that is
capable of making and enforcing laws over of the
state
4) Sovereignty:- the principle of absolute power or
-the absence of other higher authority in
either domestic or external affairs.
Cont’d
a) Internal Sovereignty: within a given territory, the
government is the single legitimate authority and no
external power has the right to intervene in actions that
take place within national borders.
 The state has a supreme authority to make decisions that
are binding on all citizens, groups, and institutions within
the state’s territorial borders.
b) Eternal sovereignty- the ultimate power of the state to
conduct its foreign relation without the interference of the
3rd party. (supremacy of the state).
⚫ Externally the state has:-
 absolute and unlimited authority to be actor on the
world stage
 the capacity to act as an independent and autonomous
entity in world affairs
1.2.Understanding International Relations (IR)
 International Relation: is an academic field of study
that deals with the overall forms of interactions of both
state and non-state entities at the international system.
 The first university chair of international relations was
founded at the University of Wales in 1919.
 The basic questions of the study of International
Relations
a) Why should we study international relations?

b) What is the subject matter?

c) Relations concerning what?

d) Relations between whom?


 Accordingly, IR looks at:
a) the ways in which decisions made within a
country affect that country’s relationships
with other countries or.
b) who makes the decisions and how those
decisions affect the national interests of a
state.
Cont’d
 To this end, the sphere of IR may includes 3 sets of relations
1) Between states:
 treaties, wars, alliances, diplomacy, etc.
2) Between societies:
 movement of people, goods, information, technology, money; ethnic, cultural
(including religious), political ties
3) State-society relations across borders:
 Can a state exercise power over citizens of another state? YES
 If you visit another country
 If you do business in another country
 If you seek another government’s protection from your own
government
 Such relations can be problematic,
because they challenge state sovereignty
 Some challenges are benevolent and
easily regulated by international
treaties/Laws
 Others are highly controversial and lead
to conflicts
Spheres of
IR:
Relations International
International
concerning Politics Economics

what?

International
Society
1.3. Actors in IR
 Actors are all the interacting entities that
participate in the international system.
 International Relations (IR) traditionally focused on
interactions between states.
 However, it has been broadened over the years to
include relationships between international
organizations, multinational corporations, societies
and citizens.
 The major participants categorized into 2 :
a) State Actors:
b) Non-State Actors
a) State Actors
 States interacting with one another on the global
stage.
 Each state is considered to be sovereign (free) but
some are more powerful than others.
 They are the primary actors in international
relations
 The leaders of those nations,
 Sub-state organizations (groups or organizations
within a nation e.g. Executive),
b) Non-State Actors:
 They are non-sovereign entities that exercise significant
economic, political, or social influence at international level.
a) IGOs-AU& UN,
b) MNCs- a profit oriented organizations such as Coca-Cola,
Sony &, etc.
c) NGOs- religious institutions, charity organizations, political
activists, academic research communities, and terrorist
groups
E.g. International Red Cross Society, Doctors Without
Borders, etc.
d) TIG: Transnational Interest Groups:
Example: Amnesty International, Human Rights
Watch, Greenpeace, etc.
Levels of Analysis in International Relations
 Levels of analysis are the main units to explain and
predict how international relations is affected by these
units.
 There are four levels of analysis to explain and predict
international relations.
a) Individual level
b) Group level
c) State level and
d) System level
1) Individual Level Analysis
 Individuals may be-leaders, activists, head of a corporation
 The Moral principles of such individuals may translated into
norms of state
 Democratic governments are preferred means for transferring
those moral principles of individuals into those of the
international system.
 We can look at the individuals personal quality such as;
a) Behaviors: Great leaders-Mandela / crazy leaders-Hitler
b) Psychology and emotions: fears and visions
c) Motivations: capacity to make a difference and decisions
d) Experiences or backgrounds of individuals
 Therefore, we can analyze how these personal perspectives
affect international relations/ international phenomenon.
2) Group Level Analysis
 The Groups can be: interest groups, political
organizations, group of lobbyists, etc.
 For instance, we can look at; the actions of groups of
individuals, such as:
a) all voters of a country and the way they express their
views in the general election,
b) political parties picking up on the issue in their
campaigns or
c) social movements ( e.g. Ethiopian Society in USA)
forming to counter the effects of the crisis on society
3) State Level Analysis
 The power of state translates into the national
interest of that state.
 The position of the state can analyze as:
 How states interact with each other to deal with
their foreign policy?
 How they cooperate in the framework of
international organizations?
 The Nature of states relations with other states (
w/h can be Cooperative or competitors or
antagonists)
⚫ A state-level study require careful consideration of what kinds
of states we are looking at?
⚫ Hence, we may look at factors which may determine the foreign
policy and international relations of states, such as:
a) Geographical and strategic factors: such as size of the
state, geographical position of the state- landlocked or
access to the Sea
b) Demographic factors: size of population and ethnic
circumstances
c) Level or type of economy: economically advanced vs
poor; agrarian vs industrialized
d) Military capacity, size and quality :- strong military
capacity or weak)
e) Organizational factors: form/ nature of government
f) Historical ties and experiences
4) System Level Analysis
 It implies the big picture/a global linkages that go beyond
single interactions between states.
 The relations between states are necessarily anarchic as there
is no central power (Leviathan-world government) to maintain
order and stability.
 The global system conceives as the structure within which
states
a) Cooperate

b) Compete and

c) confront each other over issues of national interest


(which can be economic, political, cultural, social,
technological, distribution of power and etc.)
 In system level, states no longer have a conscious interest in
forming foreign policy
 Thus, the best possible policy formulas are determined
by the structure of the system itself (anarchy) and the states’
place within that system (distribution capabilities).
 Generally, at this level we can explain how global trends
and forces (such as distribution of power, technological
advancement and the global environment, etc.) affect
international relations.
 Example: How Bipolarity (during the Cold War period)
affects states foreign policy between USSR and USA?
The Structure of International System
 Depending on the number of powerful states
competing for power, the structure of international
system can be classified as:
a) Uni-polar system-
b) Bi-polar system-
c) Multi-polar system.
 These structural system of classification also
implies their hierarchical relationship
the states in such systems are forced to balance each
other’s power.
1. Uni-polar system -there is one state with the greatest political,
economic, cultural and military power and hence the ability
to totally control other states.
 It is unstable international system
2. Bi-polar system -there are two dominant states (super powers)
and the less powerful states join either sides through alliance
and counter alliance.
 It believes to constitute the most stable system of
international relations
 Problem- it is vulnerable for zero-sum game politics because when
one superpower gains the other would inevitably lose.
 Example the cold war period(1947 to 1990) between USSR
and USA.
3. Multi-polar system- in such system there are various
equally powerful states competing for power
 It is the most common throughout history.
 The states in such systems are forced to balance each
other‘s power
 Power is the currency of international politics.
 As money is for economics, power is for international
relations (politics).
 In the international system, power determines the
relative influence of actors and it shapes the structure of
the international system.
 During the period around World War I it was a typical
world system
Characteristics os the International System
1) Power: it can be conceptualized in terms of
both relations (the ability to do something) and material
(capability) aspects.
 Some of the elements of power are tangibleAttributes of
International System
 ble, such as military capabilities and natural resources, while
others are intangible such as patriotism and reputation.
 Thus, power is the currency of international politics.
 As money is for economics, power is for
international relations (politics).
 In the international system, power determines the relative
influence of actors and it shapes the structure of the international
system.
Elements of Power
 Power is built on tangible and intangible attributes.
a) Military capabilities (troops, technology)
b) Size of economy (GDP),
c) Sophistication of economy and technology
d) Population,
e) Geography ( few borders, mountains, location)
f) Internal cohesion (stability)
g) Patriotism
h) Natural resources (oil, minerals, food)
i) Reputation
j) Education, information
k) Alliances (sometimes unpredictable).
2) Anarchy: a system where power is decentralized
and there are no shared institutions with the right
to enforce common rules.
 It mean that, states had to rely on their own
resources or to form alliances through which the
power of one alliance of states could be balanced
against the power of another alliance.
3) Sovereignty: it implies the ultimate power of a
state to conduct its foreign relation without the
interference of the 3rd party at the international
Mainstreaming Theories of IR
1) 1)

1 Idealism(Liber
. alism)
2.Realism
3. Structuralism
4. Constructivism
1. Idealism/Liberalism
 It was introduced by John Locke & Immanuel Kant.
 They believed that:
a) human beings are innately good and believe peace and
harmony between nations is achievable and desirable.
b) States should have no reason for going to war against one
another.
c) Democracy and free trade would promote international
relations & collectivist aspirations among the world
states
Basic Assumptions
1) Progress/change- possibility for significant
change in the character of international relations
over time.
2) Non-uniformity of states- States have different
interests and they pursue their interests in
different ways- through cooperation or in another
way
3) Cooperation and interdependency- political
and economic cooperation leads to the creation
of interdependence
4) International institutions, morality and laws: all
these can shapes state behavior
 States can bound by international agreements and
treaties
 Accordingly, the League of Nations was created to
maintain international peace & to assist state to
settle their differences through arbitration.
 International politics foster free trade enhance
global commerce creates interdependence
 Thus, structures of law and cooperation create “global
governance”
 However, when the League collapsed due to
the outbreak of the Second World War in
1939, it failed to retain a strong hold and a
new theory emerged to explain the continuing
presence of war.
 Generally,Idealism difference in identity
 Solution shared norms
2. Realism
 Draw upon the assumption of T. Hobbes and N. Machiavelli
 It explains international relations in terms of power.
 Realists believed that:
a) Competition and conflict are inherent dimensions
of international relations.
 Conflict is an inevitable and continual feature of inter-
national relations.
b) the major goal of a state is to advance its power &
National interest with little regard for morality or
friendship.
 Morality has no place in international politics
c) International organizations are tools used by
powerful states.
Basic assumptions
1) Anarchy- power is decentralized and there are
no shared institutions with the right to
enforce common rules.
 International laws are not effective
 Conflict and war are inevitable.
 There is no supreme power at international
level to enforce laws or punish aggressive
behavior
2) Statism- states are the sole actors in IR
3) Survival- states act to maintain or increase their power in order
to protect national interest and ensure survival.
 Power is the only thing to ensure security- Security Dilemma
 Nations should always be heavily armed and ready for war.
 Friendships, religions, ideologies, cultures, and economic systems
matter little.
4) Self-help- since there is in no any central power in the system,
states must provide help for themselves.
 States had to rely on their own resources
 States must strategically use their resources to maximize their
power and advance interests.
 Every state looks after themselves and no one looks after the
system as a whole.
5) Zero-Sum Game- ones’ gain is a lose for the others.
Generally, realism is power struggle among state
 Realists believe that international organizations
appear to be successful when they are working in the
interests of powerful states.
Solution: balance of power

3. Structuralism/Marxism
It focuses on understanding how global structures, such as
economic systems and power hierarchies, shape the behavior
and interactions of states and other international actors.
 It concentrated on the inequalities that exist within the
international system, inequalities of wealth between the rich
and poor.
4.Constructivist
It emphasizes that international politics are shaped by social
interactions and shared beliefs.
It suggests that the identities and interests of states are not fixed
but are constructed through social interactions and cultural norms.
 It highlights the importance of values and shared interests
between individuals who interact on the global stage.
 It explains that the essence of international relations exists in the
interactions between people.
Critical Theories

 It is the theories that have been established in response to


mainstream approaches in the field, mainly liberalism and
realism.
 They oppose commonly held assumptions in the field of
IR that have been central since its establishment.
 They provide a voice to individuals who have frequently
been marginalized, particularly women and those from the
Global South.
Chapter-2: Foreign Policy and Diplomacy
2.1. Foreign Policy
 Foreign policy is:
a) a guide line or principle that dictates the foreign
relations of a state.
b) a set of priorities and plan of action what a state
wants to achieve in the global political system
 The foreign policy of any state should always
directed towards promoting the national interest
and the prestige of its people on the world.
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2.2. National Interest
 National Interest: is the claims, objectives,
and demands which a state aspires to secure in
its foreign relation.
 It is What a state:
a) seeks to protect or achieve in its relation with
other.
b) feels to be necessary to its security and well
being
 National interests commonly include:
1) Self preservation (primary duty of any
government)
2) Independence (Sovereignty)
3) Economic well-being
4) Military security
•Components of National Interest based on content
Security Interests Economic Interests Ideological Interests
 protecting  Promoting an  Promoting a
national borders. adequate standard just/moral way of
 Ensuring the of living for citizens life
safety of citizens  Ensuring adequate  protecting and/or
protecting allies. levels of promoting a
 Protecting areas employment just/moral system
of military  Ensuring economic of politics, law, and
importance (host development and government
military bases) growth  Protecting and
 Protecting bases  Establishing trade promoting a
and sources of relations with other just/moral
national power nations economic system
2.3. Foreign Policy Objectives: Core National
Interests
 Based on:
a) the value placed on the objective,
b) time element placed on its achievement and
c) kind of demands the objective imposes on other
states in international system, foreign policy
objectives/ National Interests can be classified as:
1) Short Term/Core Objectives

2) Middle Term Objectives

3) Long Term Objectives


1. Short Term/Core Objectives
 The primary objective of any states in
which no one can compromise
 They are very vital for the existence of states
and
 Need to be preserve at all time by any cost.
 Most people are willing to make
ultimate sacrifices.
 Article of faith that a citizen accepts without
any question.
 Other goals cannot be achieved unless the state
maintains its existence.
 Such as:
a) Self-preservation: territorial integrity
b) Ensuring sovereignty and
c) Preserving Cultural identity /historical values
of the state.
2. Middle Term Objectives
 Varies across states due to the difference in the level of
economic, technological progress, and military
capability.
 It can be seen in three ways.
a) Promoting economic development and social
welfare.
 Promoting international trade,
 Encouraging foreign investment and
 Protecting the rights of nationals who live abroad
 Promoting social welfare
b) Promoting the prestige of the state at international
stage
 This can be achieved by enhancing:
 Industrial development,
 Scientific and technological skill
 Nuclear capacity, and
 Distribution of the foreign aid for the developing
countries
c) Self-extension/imperialism
 Inducing socio-economic and political ideologies over
other state.
 Ensuring prosperity, Peace, Justice, Power, and etc.
3. Long Term Objectives
 They are persistent interest which might be rarely
changed
 Its purpose is to reconstruct the entire
international system according to states
plan/vision.
 Long range objectives have not time frame.
 States normally make universal demands
 Being self reliance in economy and military
power
 Having strong trade and development relation
 Maintenance of international peace and order
2.4. Foreign Policy Behaviors(Law)
It is the patterns/designs and actions states take
towards each other.
According to Arnold Wolfers, all foreign policy behavior
ultimately boils down to three possible patterns:
(1) Self-preservation (maintaining the status quo);
(2) Self-extension (revising the status quo in one‘s own
favor);
(3) Self-abnegation (revising the status quo in some
else‘s favor).
Displayed in weak/Less Developing Countries (LDC)
who are very much dependent on foreign aid
 Self-preservation: is the state of preserving the existing
international system and international economic order to
secure their current benefits.
 States like U.S.A has become the primary loyal supporter of
the international order.
 Self-extension: is the desire and an act of restructuring the
international system by newly emerging powerful states so as
to create enabling environment to promote their national
interest.
 Such as China, India, Brazil, Germany and others
 Self-abnegation: it is an act of compromising/relinquishing
ones long lasting national interest for temporary and
immediate benefits
 This happens when weak states of the world fail to defend and
promote their national interests in their external relations.
2.5.Foreign Policy Dimensions/Orientations
 Dimensions are outlooks, approaches and
strategies that states choose to interact with the
outside world.
a) Alignment
b) Non-alignment
1) Alignment
 Alignment: is a formal agreements to provide mutual military,
economic or technological assistance
 States may seek to construct diplomatic relations or
alliances(partnership) when they assume that they cannot:
 achieve their objectives,
 defend their interests or
 deter perceived threat by mobilizing their own
capabilities
 Allied countries may:
 Pool their military resources,
 acquire access to foreign bases and
 stake out territories
 Hence, states with common problems and common enemies
make diplomatic and military alliances.
2) Non-alignment
 It was emerged after 1945 as the foreign policy pattern
of most developing state during cold war.
 Non alignment is a stance of formal non-partisanship
in world affairs.
 The assumption is that alliance or counter alliance
may breed tension and ultimately lead to disaster.
 It is a movement mostly held by the developing
countries, as Non -Alignment Movement (NAM)
in which they called for a new foreign policy
path/choice/ to be followed disregarding both the
West and East bloc politics and alliances.
 It is a means to secure state from generating of
potential enemies.
 Why states prefer Neutrality/Isolation:
 To gain security and independence
 Due to the topographical characteristics,
 To ensure freedom of action,
 To warrant freedom from international
complication and/or
 Due to tension and economic necessity.
 E.g Switzerland
2.6. Foreign Policy Instruments
1) Diplomacy
2) Propaganda
3) Economic means
4) Alliance and treaty
5) Coercive Means: Military Power

56
1) Diplomacy
 Diplomacy is
a) A verbal discussion with the intent to influence or
negotiate on a given issue/ National Interest for a
mutual acceptable outcome (Aiken, 2005)
b) The art and practice of conducting negotiations
between representatives of states to resolve matters of
mutual concern ( Holsti, 1992)
 It can take place at a bilateral level or multilateral
level.
 States communicate, bargain, influence one
another, and adjust their differences through
diplomacy.
 Diplomat: is a person appointed by a state to
conduct diplomacy with another state or
international organization.
 Diplomats seek to secure the national interests of
their states
Functions of Diplomats
1. Bargaining and communication-negotiation
2. Protecting the rights of nationals who lived abroad
3. Providing advice and making overall policies
4. Symbolic representation of their country
5. Promoting friendly relationships between the origin
and host state

58
Qualities of Effective Diplomats
a) Realistic: It is important to have goals that much with your
ability to achieve them.
b) Carefulness about words : The experienced diplomats plans
out and weighs words carefully.
c) Seek common ground: finding common ground to ends
dispute successfully.
d) Flexibility: have to be situation analysist
e) Understanding the other side: have to a deep insight
f) Patient: bide your time.
g) Leave avenues/opportunities of retreat/withdrawal : it is
axiomatic that even a rat will fight if trapped in a corner.
 The same is often true for countries.
 In conclusion, Diplomats may use both carrot
and stick diplomatic tactics:
1) Carrot:
a) Promise

b) Rewards

2) Stick
a) Threats
b) Punishment
2) Propaganda
 Propaganda is:
a) Ideas, facts or allegations spread
deliberately to promote ones interest or to
damage an opposing interest
b) a systematic attempt to affect the minds,
emotions and actions of a given group for a
specific public purpose.
Types of Propaganda
White • True Sources
• Uses Facts
propaganda • Truthful Messages

Gray • Non-identified
sources
Propaganda • Uncertain Sources

• Spread False
Black information as if
true
Propaganda • Deceptions
 3) Economic Means
 The rich and developed nations use economic related
matters as the means for securing their national
interests in international relations.
 The gap between the rich and poor countries
provides a big opportunity for the rich nations to
manipulate the national interests of the poor states.
 Some of these economic instruments are:
a) Tariffs
b) Quotas
c) Boycotts: imposes on incoming goods
d) Embargos: imposes on outgoing goods
e) Aid
a) Tariffs : are taxes charged for goods that leave
or enter a country for the purpose of:
 raising revenue or
 protecting domestic producers from foreign
competition
 In order to get a product from another
country, you have to pay extra for it.
 Think of
how many goods Ethiopia imports.
 How do you think tariffs might affect the
economy?
 How do you think this affects world trade?
b) Quota: is a restriction on imported goods in
terms of amount as per a given time period.
 Putting a quota on a good creates a shortage,
which causes the price of the good to rise.
 Consumers are less likely to buy this good
because it’s now more expensive than the good
produced in the home country.
 Quotas encourage people to buy domestic
products, rather than foreign goods (boosts
country’s economy).
 Fore Example: A country might limit the
amount of cars imported from other
countries to 500,000 per year.
 What do you think happens when the
country reaches the import limit? Where
will the rest of the cars come from?
 How do you think this quota impacts the
country’s economy?
c) Boycott (refuse): an act of withdraw from
commercial or social relations with (a country) as a
punishment or protest.
 It is an absolute restriction against the purchase
and importation of certain goods/ services from
other country
 It is eliminating the import of either a specific or
the total range of products against the state in
which the boycott is organized.
d) Embargo: is a refusal to sell to a specific
country
 It is deprive another country of goods prohibits
its own business men from concluding its
transactions with commercial organization in the
country against which the embargo is organized.
 An embargo may be enforced either on specific
category of goods, such as strategic materials, or
on the total range of goods that private
businessmen normally send to the country being
punished.
e) Foreign Aid: Loans and Currency
Manipulations
 It is an act of transferring money, goods, or
technical advice from donor to recipient
 It may include favorable tariff rates, currency
rates, granting or extending credits, providing
military support
4) Alliances and Treaties
 Alliances and Treaties are mostly used for securing
identical and complementary interests states.
 Alliances are either military or economic in nature.
⚫ Sch as: NATO, etc
5) Coercive Means: Military/Deterrence
 It is the use of hard power.
 Deterrence- building up military force as a threat
to warn another state not to pursue a particular
course of action
⚫ Example: Syrian and the use of chemical weapons
 War can be used by states for fulfilling their
desired goals and objectives.
2.7. Ethiopian Foreign
policy and diplomacy
Introduction
 The history of Ethiopia can be traced back to
more than 3000 years.
 Throughout its long history, Ethiopia has been
connected to the outside world.
 Accordingly, the character of Ethiopian foreign
relations ranges from:
a) Active engagement to closed door policy
and
b) Religious inclinations to secular foreign
relations
 The FP behavior of Ethiopia were shaped by
a) External Factors and
b) Internal Factors
a) External Forces: Ethiopia had serious of defensive war
with Egypt, Somalia, Italy , Turkey.
 As a result, most of its diplomatic and FP were
defensive ones and hence Ethiopia had established
relation with the Christian world to access weapon.
b) Internal Motives: internally, Ethiopia was seeking
technology and enhancing power and capability.
Emperor Tewodros (1855-1868)
 Emperor Tewodros had strived to Put an end
Zemen mesafint/anarchic structure by controlling
one after the other through military might.
 He had strived to United the northern principalities,
Gondar, Gojam, Tigre, Wollo+ Shewa and made
one Ethiopia
 Tewodros introduced the idea of modernity and
modern army at the time.
 Throughout his reign Tewodros tried to develop a
dynamic foreign policy that reached out beyond the
Horn Region.
 Emperor Tewodros :
a) Had an expansive agenda/motive up until
Jersualem
b) Had a vision to establish strong country with
strong military, modern bureaucracy, and
advancement in technology
c) was conscious of the relevant of sea outlets
 To this end, he sought the Western
Christian world to recognize his country
and help him to modernize his country.
 Moreover, as Keller has put it “he appealed
to Britain, France, and Russia as Christian
nations to assist him in whatever ways
possible in his fight against the Turks,
Egyptians, and Islam”.
 His desires behind to form such a relation
with these countries were:
a) To get recognition of Ethiopia as a
Christian nation i.e. as a friend on the
basis of Religion.
b) to get help him against the Turkish and
Egyptians attack
c) to produce local military weapons and
wanted to be Independent.
 His strong desire was not to import
weapons but to produce locally
 Basic Principles of Emperor Tewoderos’s
Foreign Policy
a) Sovereignty
b) Equal Recognition
c) Mutual Respect
d) Reciprocity (win-win relation) in Diplomacy
 Emperor Tewodros had a strong believes for
equal recognition, mutual respect, and
reciprocity just like as the queen of England
or king of France
 Despite his demand to be recognized as the
emperor of Ethiopia and treated with respect
and equal footing with the British Queen
that was not reciprocated by Queen Victoria.
 In addition, the emperor’s demand for
modern technology and skilled manpower
from Britain was not concluded to his
satisfaction as the latter sent religious
missionaries.
 Consequently, Tewodros took desperate
measures by taking hostage of several
British missionaries including the consul
which was responded with the British
Military Expedition (Keller).
 He had imprisoned the English consul,
captain Cameron suspected him of
conspiring with the Turks and he later
detained Hormuzd Rassam, who came to
negotiate the release of the captives.
 The British then sent a large military
expedition(32000) commanded by Robert
Napier
 Kasa Mircha(the then Yohannes IV) of
Tigray helped the British out all the way to
Debre- tabore-capital of Tewodros.
 The king retreated to Mequdella, in western
wollo as there was serious rebellion
surrounding the capital.
 In effect, thus, Tewodros had lost the
battle with the British before a shot was
fired.
 On 10 April, Twodros’s loyal followers (Gebrye)
tried unsuccessfully to check the advance of the
British at the Battle of Aroge, which was the
only battle fought b/n the two sides.
 The following day , as the victorious British
troops stormed to capture him, the king
committed suicide (took his own life) in a
dramatic act of defiance.
 In general his foreign policy principles really
made him as untimely innovative –world class
leader of 19th century.
 Proactive in his foreign policy orientations
unlike his predecessors.
 His ruthless in terms of treating citizens,
particularly the clergy was strong set back
Yohannes the IV (1872-1889)
 Likewise Emperor Tewodros, Yohannes considered
Islam as a threat to the territorial integrity of the
polity.
 In recognition to his service the British rewarded,
muskets, rifles and ammunitions.
 He was able to secure military advisor-J.C.Kirkham
 He had faced a very dangerous period as:
a) the European powers reinforced their presence in
Africa
b) Egypt tried to put a serious security threat in
its continued attempt to invade the country
 However, Egypt faced subsequent defeat both in 1875 and
1876 at the Battle of Gundet and Gura respectively
(Keller).
 In addition, the emperor fought defensive wars many
times in different front so as to reverse the Italy and
Sudan (Mahadist)expeditions.
 Yohannes faced Mahadist invasion of Ethiopia where the
king sacrificed his life.
⚫ He had strong belief on diplomatic ways of
resolving problems.
⚫ He had strong reliance on foreign powers and
hence was not wise and calculative .e.g
Heweet Treaty- named after William Hewett,
signed on 3 June 1884.
⚫ In the treaty, British promised to:
a) allow free transit to Massawa port+
b) Massawa was to become British protectorate,
c) Bogus was to be restored ;
⚫ of Gojjam.
⚫ Domestically, he had encountered with
challenge of power struggle from
⚫ Menelik of Shewa and

⚫ TekleHaymanot of Gojam
⚫ As a personality and as a ruler, Yohannes highly differed
from Tewodros.
⚫ Unlike Tewodros II, Yohannes IV was very patient and
more diplomatic.
⚫ Yohannes IV gave priority to diplomacy than military
confrontation.
⚫ He was more patient and less impulsive than his
predecessor.
⚫ So, Yohannes had been deceived by false promise.
⚫ He was also cheated while he sent his envoy to Egypt
seeking peace settlement after defeating his enemy at
the battle field.
…..
⚫ For instance following Ethiopia’ s victory at Gura, the
statuesque was preserved:
⚫ Bogus was to remain in Egyptian hands
⚫ Though free trade and free passage to envoys and letter
via messawa was allowed, there was a limit on the vital
import of arms and ammunitions
…..
Internally
⚫ He was clever in terms of playing kings one another so
that they remain weak and loyal to him
⚫ He also give some autonomy for respective kings
⚫ Was harsh to Muslim as he was a monk.
Menilik II FPD
 Before he won the throne, as king of shewa, he had built
his military and diplomatic activities exploiting the
existing powers around the horn ;
 He had made informal alliances with Italians and others.
Internally, he moved to south and south west part of the
present Ethiopia under the claims of regained what he
calls-’my ancestors land’
…….
⚫ His subdued internal resistance lords through the use of
force and peaceful ways.
 Just as he succeeded Yohannes , as king of Kings of
Ethiopia, Menlike had to deal with the Italy.
 ITALY tried to deepen its relations with the king by way
of treaties, diplomatic activities and non diplomatic
ways such as Subversion and war to effect its
colonial ambitions .
 Personalities such as Count Antonelli approach
Minilek court to fulfill his countries ambition
diplomatically
……
 The Treaty of Wechale signed in may 1889
( The controversy over Article XVII)
 The Italian version of such provisions bound the king to
make all his contacts through the agency of Italy, that by
default made Ethiopia under the Protectorate of Italy;
 The Amharic version had made the use of the service of Italy
 Supported by powers
Italy course of action seemed to have endorsed by other
powers- except Russia
 Antonoli tried hard to pursued the king accepting the Italian
version of the treaty
……
⚫ Menelike announced his abrogation of the treaty in February
1893 dashed the last hope of the Italians to achieve their
objectives without resorting to arms.
 Subversion
Italy tried to threat Menelike by taking subversion actions in
the country, using some personalities in Tigray and Eritrea
..but all in vain.
 It was real threat as there had been territorial encroachments
from the North and an attempt to incite violence in Tigray
and got some to defect Menelik
………..
 The military option: By the end of 1895, both diplomacy
and subversion had thus failed…
 The Italians took that option in October by crossing the
Marab river and occupying Addigrat
 In the following week Menilek mobilized a force ,
accompanied by his wife Tayytu, marched them to meet
them.
 On the night of 29 February 1896, the Italian forces under
the command of General Oreste Baratieri decided to launch
attack…
 by the mid day of march1, the War was over with the
glamorous victory of Ethiopia
…..
⚫ Italy and Ethiopia concluded the Addis Ababa Treaty in
1896 and according to the treaty:
⚫ The Wuchale Treaty was nullified.
⚫ Italy recognized Ethiopia as a sovereign state
unconditionally.
⚫ Ethiopia recognized Eritrea as Italian colony in the form
of the status quo
⚫ The war increased Ethiopia’s prestige. Ethiopia was
distinguished as a “symbol of black dignity and
Independence.’’ Many European countries after the battle
of Adwa established relations with Ethiopia.
……
⚫ What were the significance of Adwa Victory ?
1) Recognition of Ethiopian Independence:
 a) Diplomatic representation at the court of the king
 b) Delimitation of boundaries with colonial powers-mostly
dictated by the colonial powers.
2) Harbinger of freedom/liberation/ forces across the world-
 Black movements
 Pan africanism
3) it had also racial implications
…….
⚫ The Adwa victory symbolizes unity of the country
⚫ It increased the legitimacy and consolidation of his reign
⚫ Shouts of “Viva Minelike” were heard in the street of Rome
and other major Italian .
⚫ The Italian government sought clemency for the prisoners,
using French king ;
⚫ The Commander was put into bar and he was humiliated
…….
o New post Adwa –Addis Ababa treaty signed between the
two, on 26 October 1896. The main provisions were:
 The abrogation of the treaty of wuchale;
 Italian recognition of the absolute independence of
Ethiopia;
 The question of delimitations of the boundary between
Ethiopia and the Italian colony of Eritrea was differed for the
future negotiation; and
 Until then the situation before the outbreak of
hostilities(status-que ante) was accepted by both.
…….
calculating the balance sheet
o What were limitations and achievement?
o What were the changes and continuities?
o What made Adwa victory from that of victories at Gundet and
Gura?
…….
o the post Adwa peace treaty sanctioned Eritrea as Italian
colony;
o The country remained landlocked despite such decisive
victory;
o Just like his predecessor, the king failed to transform the
military victory into diplomatic victory
…..
⚫ Adwa and its implications for Sudan
 For Sudan, Ethiopian independence had negative
consequence.
 Adwa reopened the question of the Nile With Sudan under
Mahadist rule and Ethiopia independent, which Britain
assumed the Nile area was open to French, consequently
launch an expedition against Mahadist
in march.
 Some two years letter, Omdurman, the Mahdist capital fell
and Sudan become an Anglo-Egyptian condominium-British
colony
……
⚫ The Fashoda Case: demonstrating Menelike genius of
diplomacy
 It was on the question of the Nile and Sudan that the
Emperor Menilek’s diplomatic genius was most amply
demonstrated.
 Soon after Adwa, the French began to execute their grandiose
plan of a trans-African empire by sending two major
expeditions from west and east Africa TO Control the
confluence of Blue Nile and white Nile.
……
 English was also moving to control the same area.
 In the treaty of friendship that he signed with the British in
May 1897, he agreed to impose an arms blockade on the
Mahdist state.
 Minelike frequently exchanged letters with the Mahadists-
leader- the Khallifa Abdullahi, that both countries
should stand together against the colonial power.
……
 Minelik had agreement with France to extend logisic
suport to the french contingent forces (one begun from
east africa and the second from west Africa)
 In actual fact Menlike proved to be lukewarm in his
support.
 He was playing an elaborate game of furthering his own
territorial interests in the west without antagonizing any
one of the three powers involved: Britain, France and
Mahdist sudan
……
 On the other hand, taking advantage of the Mahdist
disarray, and with the possible connivance of the khalifa, he
extended his sway over the Asosa and Bela Shangul region.
 Accompanying the de Bonchamps mission, Dejjach(th future
ras) Tesamma Nadaw of Gore established Ethiopian
authority in the Baro river region as far as Nasir, just short of
the confluence of the Sobat river(as the Baro river as
known in Sudan) with the white Nile.
……
 Ultimately, 1898, the French and the British were left to sort
the question of the white Nile village of Fashoda (now
kodok), in what turned out to be one of the most tense
diplomatic confrontation.
 The tension subsided when the French forces withdrew,
leaving the British to establish their ascendancy over the vital
waterway.
…….
What was British Policy over Nile Water use ?
…….
⚫ In 1902, London dispatched John Harrington to Addis Ababa
to negotiate border and Nile water issues with Emperor
Menelik.
 Article III of the May 15, 1902, Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty, which
resulted from the visit, provides:
“His Majesty the Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia,
engages himself towards the Government of His
Britannic Majesty not to construct or allow to be
constructed, any works across the Blue Nile, Lake Tana
or the Sabot, which would arrest the flow of their waters
into the Nile except in agreement with His Britannic
Majesty’s Government and the Government of the
Sudan.”
Li J Eyasu’s (1913-16)
⚫ Lij Eyasu , was grandson of Menilike( son of Ras Michael of
wollo, and Menilike’s daughter- Shawaaraga)
⚫ He was chosen to heir the throne in 1909…but Menilike did
not die till 1913.
⚫ Eyasu’s approach to brave-new
1) He considered himself as progressive than the old monarchs
2) He was more sympathetic to Muslim
…….
As result of these two factors , he lost the support of the
church, the conservative element of the system
 Externally, he had frequent visit to Somalia and support the
Somalia patriotic forces. Consequently became the target of
the Allies(France, Italy, Britain) while first world war was
about to start. His External relation was embraced by
Germany, Ottoman Empire…(central powers)
 Accordingly, both external and internal conservative forces
conspired against him while he was on visit-in modern
terms that was coup
……
⚫ By the time, following Minelike’s death, the surrounding
powers entered a tripartite agreement in 1906 to
ensure their colonial interest as Eyasu move was
considered as inimical to them. so, they were
reconsidering to control the country again.
ETHFP During Hailsilasse Era
I. Before Italian occupation
1.1. Internal motives/Goals
 Earlier Autonomous provinces no longer retained their
autonomy. E.g. Jima Aba Jifar;

 Power struggle to augment his power



 The focus was to reinforce centralism at home- measures had
been taken to usurp local /provincial forces; to this effect,
the 1931 constitution
II. External Motives
 His pro allies position was a calculative move to boost up his
legitimacy at home and won international recognition of the
country , which enabled him to safeguard the territorial
integrity of the country.
 His progressive outlook and shuttle diplomacy earned
honor for his country and himself.
 the king had extensive visit diplomatic visits to different
countries irrespective the countries ideologies
 e.g. from 1916-1966 he had made visits to 167 countries
 e.g2. during the same period leaders of 63 countries had
made return visits to Ethiopia.
….
 Joined international organization such as League of nation to
ensure the survival of the state ;
 Yet when it was invaded in 1941, the League of Nation gave
him a deaf ear;
The post War Period /
nd
 After 2 world war, its role and motive behind joining the
club of the then powers was also motivated by the security
concerns
….
 The emperor had strong conviction that international
organizations could bring peace and security of the world
and Ethiopia in general.
 Appreciating Ethiopia's role as a founding member of the
UN, the secretary general said:
 …it is more than an encouraging commentary, Ethiopia, which had
suffered from the League of nation, should remain a bright star
among those nations which repose confidence in those principles that
failed her in the hour of her tragic distress in the 1930s.
……
⚫ After the return of the king from exile, his diplomatic effort
had been targeted :
A) restoring the sovereignty of the king and his country. The
British approach of Ethiopia was “ occupied enemy
territory administration ” and there had been efforts to
allay British and restore the autonomy of the country
e.g. the 1942 Anglo-Ethiopian agreement reinforced
the dependency of the country for every affair of the
country, though it also recognize the ‘free and
‘independent ‘status of Ethiopia(Bahru, 1991)
….
1) The provision of mutual diplomatic accreditation led to
British precedence over Ethiopia
2) The police
3. Key posts in the bureaucracy was controlled
4. The military including air force, the king had to get the
consent of British commander-in-chief
…..
B) Regaining the lost territories of the country: Eritrea
and Ogaden
The second Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement, signed in 1944 had
been instrumental to shift the locus of sovereignty to
Ethiopia.
 the military , diplomatic missions and external trade
leverages as sign of the restoration of its sovereignty
 however, British presence in Eritrea and Ogaden put a
challenge to the country’s quest for full autonomy
…..
⚫ British had followed different diplomatic tactics and
strategies on Ethiopia's claim to Eritrea and Ogaden
⚫ Regarding Eritrea
London had a different approach to adress the issues
o it wanted to join the low land-Muslim population of Eritrea
to Sudan, leaving the northern Christian highlanders to be
joined to Ethiopia;
o at different times, it wanted the whole part to be librated;
o At times, it wanted to trade Eritrea with Ogaden that While
Ethiopia could ensure its sea outlet and Eritrea, London
wanted to retain ogaden region with British Somali land;
…..
 At the worst, London rejected Ethiopian claims to both
regions out rightly at London conference, held 1945
 Ultimately, the UN the fate of Eritrea had been decided by
the UN. The UN entrusted the issue to the “Commission”,
including Burma, Guatemala, Norway, Pakistan and South
Africa, Norway, Pakistan & South Africa, to gather public
opinion of the colony-Eritrea
 All of these countries, except Norway, were pro-Italians
The positions of member of the commission
I. Guatemala, as one of the supporter of Italian position just
like the positions of most Latin American states+ Pakistan
supported independence;
II. Burma and South Africa recommended federation
……
⚫ Norway Stood for union
⚫ UN adopted passed a decision, resolution 390 V endorsing
the federation formula
 US and British was for federation but for different reason.
 British wanted to trade off Eritrea for Ogaden…but when it
realized that Ethiopia position was unswerving, they turned
against Federation formula…but “it was too late”( Bahiru,
1991, p.183)
 US wanted to replace the role of old powers and ensure its
presence in the region( due to the diplomatic efforts of
Ethiopia)
Regarding Ogaden
⚫ British resolute to have effective control on the region…but in
1948, it had retreated from the earlier position that it just
wanted the some portion of –Haud area as corridor to French
somali land, and leave the rest part of ogaden to Ethiopia.
⚫ But Ethiopian position was unswerving…that led to the
Withdrawal of Britain in 1954.
⚫ Yet, it had left a complicated problem that continued to date-
it had left a bomb there -it had supported the unification of
all Somali, especially ogaden region from Ethiopia and other
neighboring countries –BY THEN claim of GREATER
SOMALIA was born by British and grown by the Somali
Elites
……
⚫ Ethio-Us relation started during Menilik and the relation had
been boosted in many aspects: economic, technical
+education, Airlines, public health, agriculture, transport,
military aid,
⚫ The communication base-quagnew station at Asmara;
⚫ Foreign policy goals of the country were the following:
⚫ Ethiopia’s ownership over the railway to Djibouti;
⚫ Free and unfettered access to the sea;
⚫ Recovery of Eritrea;
⚫ Military assistance to develop a small modern army; and
⚫ US investments in development projects
……
⚫ The countries role in the formation of OAU, NAM was
paramount;
⚫ The king earned credibility and fame and his role as Good
office could be underlined;
⚫ The country participated in two major peace keeping
operation (Korea and Congo)
During the high time of the revolution the role of the king
was very much focused on external relation of the country.
The Military Government
What were the factors determining its foreign policy ?
A) Ideology-systemic factors+ government attributes
B) the Eritrean and Ogaden conflicts
C) The Somalia aggression
D) Sudan subversion policy(neighboring countries)
E) Regional issues-decolonization agenda
⚫ The reasons for the failure of the Derg’s foreign policy
were:
⚫ The regime cracked down by the various opposition
groups. Its choice of using force to put down its
opposition groups changed the heads and minds of the
masses,
…..
⚫ It is external relation with Western Europe was not positive,
⚫ Bad human rights record because of Red Terror,
⚫ Famine and hunger that become recurrent under the regime,
⚫ The Derg’s turned to the Soviet Union while the west supported
TPLF and EPLF to weaken Mengistu,

⚫ Was the domestic factor or systemic factor shapes its foreign


policy orientation?
⚫ Why US-ETHIO relation deteriorated ?
The Current Ethiopia FP
FP seen in light of the domestic politics. FP should help to
address the internal problems such as Poverty ,
backwardness and civil conflicts.
 the assumption is that if we solve our domestic problems at
home, then :
a) we can reduce our vulnerabilities so that the outside forces
could not destabilize the country.
b) we can deter others
c) There will be peace at home
d) There will be democracy

⚫ So what is National interest?
…….
By national interest we can only be
 ‘

referring to the interest of the entire


people −no more, no less’. ….

“Ensuring national security means


protecting the population from strife, war
and disintegration”.(FDRE,2002, P.8)
.
……
The theoretical prism of Security and National interest
 human security than state security approach
 National interest defined in light of liberal/idealist lense. …
…that social and economic and political problems/ needs
should be addressed to bring peace …not through balance of
power and military capability
…..
⚫ The Foundation of Foreign Affairs and National Security
Policy
 Development and the building of a democratic system ;
 National pride and prestige as a basis for policy.
If we take national pride as a source of foreign and security
policy, we are doing so to utilize it as an instrument of
development and democracy and as a guarantor for
overcoming national humiliation(FDRE,2002, P,17).
Globalization
The Foreign Policy Strategies
1. Devoting the prime focus to activities at home.
2. Strategy centered on the economy
3. Full utilization of benefits based on proper analysis
4. Minimizing threats on the basis of proper analysi
5. Reducing vulnerability to threats.
…….
6. Building a reliable defence capability
a) Capacity building on the basis of a thorough threat analysis
b) Building capacity by focusing on manpower development
c) Cost-effective use of financial resources
d) Ensuring symbiotic linkage between defence expenditure
and the economy
……
e) Building capacity in the context of economic development
and current threats
7. Building strong implementation capacity
7.1. Forging national consensus
7.2. Strengthening the professional diplomatic capability
7.3. Coordinating and involving those with a role in
implementation
Chapter Three: International Political Economy
 IPE is the study of the tensions and interactions
between the market and the state
 Thus, IPE consists of two central dimensions namely:
1) Political/State Dimension: focuses on how :
 power is distributes
 national interest are promoted
 decisions are made about who gets what, when and
where in a society
2) Economic/Market Dimension: focuses on how:
 wealth and income distribution & individual interest
 scarce resources and Products are allocated
 Market is:
 the place where individuals engage in self interested
activities.
 Realm of individual action and decisions.
 State is
 a Political unit where same individuals undertake
collective action in the interest of a broadly defined
community or ‘society’/ national interest
 Realm of collective action and decision.
 Thus, Society contains BOTH state and market
elements.
STRUCTURES of IPE
 It implies the connection of States and
markets through “global systems of
production, exchange, and distribution” at
international level.
 They change, and will continue to change
in the future.
 These arrangements reflect history, culture
and values.
 IPE is not just the study of institutions or
organizations but also of the values they reflect.
 IPE gives equal weight to social, political and
economic arrangements
The Structures of the IPE
 The four GPE/ IPE structures are:

SECURITY PRODUCTION

FINANCE KNOWLEDGE
The Security Structure
 Security from natural forces or human made threats is a
universal aspiration of human beings.
 When one person or group provides for or contributes to
security, IPE security structure is created.
 Thus, the establishment of well structure security,
contributes for the coordination of the state and the
market.
 Fore example, sometimes China has been thought of as a
threat to US security interests, at other times it has been
seen as a part of a trilateral balance of power along with the
US and the Soviet Union.
 This security question tempers to some degree relations
between the US and China in all areas.
The Production Structure
 Production is the act of creating wealth and
wealth is nearly always linked to power.
 The issue of who produces what and for whom lies
at the heart of international political economy.
 Recent decades have seen dramatic changes in the
production structure with the production of cars
shifting from the US to Japan and now to other
countries including Korea, Mexico and China.
 These production structural change affects the
distribution of wealth and power in the world
The Finance Structure
 It is the pattern of money flows between and
among nations.
 It defines who has access to money, how
and on what terms.
Money directly amounts to wealth and is
therefore central to IPE.
 Canyou think of any transfers of money
between nations that actually take away
from the wealth of the recipient nation?
The Knowledge Structure
 Knowledge can lead to the creation wealth for those
who can use it effectively.
 Who has knowledge and how it is used is therefore an
important factor in IPE.
 Nations with poor access to knowledge in the
form of industrial technology, scientific
discoveries, or medical procedures, are less likely
to be benefited from the international relation.
 One reason why developing states desire to
establish a strong relation with the developed
states is that to have greater access to industrial
technology exchange.
Traditional Theories of IPE/GPE
 Variety of theorists attempt to describe the
way how states should interact with or do
behave at the international market.
 Among others the major one includes:
1) Mercantilism (Realism)
2) Capitalism (Liberalism)
3) Marxism (Structuralism)
1) Mercantilism: Analytical Perspectives on IPE
 The most oldest one -Dominant approach until
1800s
 The international system is like a jungle in
which each state has to do what it can to survive.
 For this reason, the aim of every state must be to
maximize its wealth and independence
 The most powerful states define the rules and
limits of the system: through hegemony, alliances,
and balances of power.
Basic Arguments of Mercantilism
1) Focus: states are the primary actor
2) Relationship between economics and politics: politics drives
economics
3) Nature of economic relations: conflictual (zero-sum game)
 One country’s gain is another’s loss
4) Goal: Make Mother Country wealthy
5) Wealth cannot be created, only acquired through:
a) Establishment of colonies
b) conquest and theft (imperialism)
c) exporting more than importing
d) protecting domestic industries
6) Favorable Trade Balance for MC
a) Export raw materials & resources from
colony to Mother Country- MC
b) Export finished products from MC to
colony
2) Capitalism: Analytical Perspectives on IPE
 Became popular in 1800s
 Free trade and the free movement of capital will
ensure that investment flows to where it is most
profitable to invest
 Free trade is crucial for it permits countries to benefit
from their comparative advantages.
 Each country can exploit its own natural advantages,
resources and endowments and gain from
specialization.
 Free market ensures an efficient and equitable
distribution of goods and services across the world
economy.
IR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figures
⚫ Adam Smith :
CAPITALISM/Laissez-faire
⚫ Wealth of Nations,
1776
⚫ “the individual,
pursuing his SELF-
INTEREST, will bring
on general benefits to
society”
⚫ NEED for free markets
(no government
intervention)
IR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figures
⚫ Thomas Malthus:
predicted that the
population would
outpace the world’s
food supply
⚫ People should limit
kids
⚫ No gov’t help for
the poor
IR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figures
⚫ David Ricardo: “iron
law of wages”
⚫ Limit kids b/c people
have more kids when
$ is strong;
⚫ increase in labor later
means a decrease in
$$ and….
⚫ Unemployment
increases
⚫ “No gov’t help for
IRON LAW OF the poor”
WAGES
Central Arguments of Capitalism
1) Focus: individuals & enterprises are the
primary actors on international market
2) Nature of economic relations:
harmonious-interests are reconcilable
3) Relationship between market and politics:
economics drives politics
4) Private Ownership: Market economy
a) Capitalists should be FREE to do what they wish to do
b) Buyers and sellers are free to exchange goods and services at
prices determined by…..”SUPPLY and DEMAND”
 For this reason, capitalism is also called the “free-
enterprise” system
5) Profit Motive: self-interest and cooperation
 When enough people want something, producers
produces more and more because they want a
PROFIT
“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer,
or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their
regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to
their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to
them of our own necessities but of their advantages. “
(The Wealth of Nations”)
6) Harmony of interests (Adam Smith):
pursuit of self-interest will make everyone
better off
Example: Those who produce the highest
quality products at the lowest prices not only
make consumers’ lives easier/more enjoyable
but reap producers the highest profits
7) Comparative and absolute advantage
(Ricardo)
a) Comparative Advantage: Countries should
focus on producing those goods & services
they can produce most cheaply and trade
for the rest
b) Absolute Advantage: Any country that can
produce a given product more efficiently(
in terms of time, quality, quantity, price)
than any other country in the world and sell
for the rest
3) Marxism: Analytical Perspectives on IPE
 Prominent perspective in the 20th century but has
declined since the fall of communism
 The World system is stratified into proletariat vs.
Capitalist
 The world economy is an arena of competition,
between the `oppressor and the oppressed’.
 The oppressors or capitalists are those who own the
`means of production’ (trade and industry).
 The oppressed are the working class.
 The struggle between the two arises because capitalists
seek to increase their profits and this requires them to
exploit ever more harshly the working class.
 Accumulation of capital in the hands of
capitalists
 Owners of capital (capitalists) take almost
all of surplus products produced by workers
 Power is rooted in ownership and control of
capital Impoverishment of workers
 Struggle between classes for power – for
control of the economy and the state
 In international relations this description of
`class relations’ within a capitalist system has
been applied to describe the relations
between:
a) the `core’ (industrialized countries) and
b) the `periphery’ (developing countries), and
the unequal exchange which occurs between
the two.
COMMUNISM: extreme
form of socialism in which
“all people” own the
means of production as the
state “withers away” and
produces a classless society
Basic Assumptions of Marxism/ Structuralism
1) Focus: social classes,& forces are
determinant actors in the production
and distribution of goods.
 States are tools of these elites in
the capitalist system—not
independent entities
2) Nature of economic relations:
conflictual (zero-sum game)
3) Relationship between economics
and politics: economics drives politics
4) CLASS STRUGGLE:
 Struggle for power and economic control
between the “haves” and the “have nots”
classes
 In industrial times the “haves” are the
bourgeoisie/middle class capitalists; the
“have nots” are the wage earning laborers
5) Class wealth is power
 The social class that holds the economy also
controls the government power for its own
advantage… (class wealth = class power)
 Middle class shrinks: small businesses are ruined
by capitalist
 Working class GROWS as masses of poor labor
at the mercy of a small, rich elite class
6) Communism is Supposed to Happen when
Poverty & desperation drive Masses of
workers/proletariat to:
 seize control of the government and the
means of production
 destroy the capitalist system
 make a VIOLENT REVOLUTION
 establish a “dictatorship of the proletariat”
7) After the “dictatorship of the
proletariat” occurs…..
 All
property and the means of production
are owned by “the people”
 All goods and services are “shared
equally”
 A “classless society” emerges

 the “state withers away”


“Communist Paradise?”
Summary of Traditional Perspectives on IPE
Key Point
 These three traditional perspectives
usefully highlight different actors,
different processes, and different
`levels of analysis’ in the study of
IPE
3.3. Survey of the Most Influential National Political Economy
systems in the world
1. The American System of Market-Oriented
Capitalism
2. The Japanese System of Developmental
Capitalism
3. The German System of Social Market Capitalism
Differences among National Political
Economy Systems
(1) the primary purposes of the economic activity of the
nation
(2) the role of the state in the economy, and (3) the
structure of the corporate sector and private business
practices
Core Issues, Governing institutions and Governance of
International Political Economy
International Trade and the WTO
International Investment and the WB
International Finance and the IMF
The global financial system is divided into two
A. a monetary system: relationship between and
among national currencies
B. a credit system: refers to the framework of
rules, agreements, institutions, and practices that
facilitate the transnational flow of financial capital
Chapter-4: Globalization and Regionalism
4.1.Definition of Globalization
 We have been experiencing globalization
since the days of European colonization.
 Advances in telecommunication and
transportation technologies accelerating
the process of globalization.
 The Internet has made all nations
next-door neighbors
 Accordingly, Globalization can be understood
as:
1) a complex web of interconnectedness which
shapes our lives by events that occur, and
decisions that are made at a great distance from
us/spill over effect
 The world has become a single social system as a
result of growing ties of interdependence.
2) a process by which the people of the world are
unified into a single society and function
together.
 This process is a combination effect of economic,
technological, socio-cultural and political forces.
4.2. Characteristics of Globalization
1) Insignificance of geographical distance:
 territorial borders between nation-states are
becoming less-relevant.
2) Stretchiness:
 Instant expansion of social and political activities
across state .
 events, decisions, and activities in one part of the world
come to have significance for individuals and communities
in other parts of the world.
 For instance wars and conflicts in developing countries
would increase the flow of asylum (refuge) seekers and
illegal migrants in to the developed countries;
3) Accelerating Interactions
 Rapid flow of ideas, news, goods,
information, capital and technology around
the world
Aspects of Globalization
1) Economic Globalization
2) Political Globalization
3) Social Globalization
4) Cultural Globalization
a) Economic Globalization is:
 the process whereby all national economies
have, to a greater or lesser extent, been
absorbed(used) into an interlocking global
Economy.
 a shift from a world of distinct national
economies to a global economy in which
 production is internationalized

 financial capital flows freely and


immediately (instantly) between countries’
b) Cultural Globalization is:
 The process in which information, values and
norms that have been exercised in one part of
the world enter into a global flow that tends to
‘flatten out’ cultural differences between
nations, regions and individuals.
 It is closely linked to and emerged in
association with economic globalization and
the communication and information
revolution.
c) Political Globalization is:
 The emergence of global political order
without political boundaries
 the process through which policy making
responsibilities have been passed from national
governments to international organizations.
 It implies the impacts of transnational
organizations at both national and an
international level.
Perspectives on the Debates of Globalization
 Although globalization is a word that we call
daily, there has been intense debate about its:
a) Nature,
b) Impact and
c) Significance
 Accordingly, there are 3 mainstreaming
approaches against these debate:
1) Hyper-globalism
2) Skepticism
3) Transformationalism
1) The Hyper-Globalism
Basic Arguments
 Globalization is
a) Inevitable phenomena:
 due to the establishment and available access
of computerized financial trading and satellite
communications.
b) Profoundly Radical
 Revolutionary set of economic, cultural,
technological and political shifts since 1980s.
c) Bringing improvement in:
 digitalcommunications,
 global financial system and

 Production of global commodities-the


establishment of transitional networks of
production, trade and finance.
d) Resulting in the decline of the role of states
 specifically Economic Globalization
e) Inducing the culture of modernization
 Marked by uniform cultural values or way of
life
2) The Skepticism
 They undermine the view that the world is
interconnected and moving into a village.
Central Arguments
a) Globalization is not more than regionalization
 Cluster in geographical proximity and common values
b) Economic globalization is fantasy/empty dream
 There is nothing new about high levels of
international trade and cross-border capital flows.
 Still, the bulk economic activities are taking place
within, not across, national boundaries,
c) Politicians and theorists used Globalization
as an ideological device to:
 advance a market-orientated economic agenda.
 Transfer ideas, goods and peoples across states
boundary.
d) Inequality undermines global civilization:
 Globalization did not rectify the deeply rooted
patterns of inequality and hierarchy prevailing in
the developed Countries and the Developing
countries.
3) The Transformationalists
It is an intermediary between the hyper-globalizers
and the skeptics.
Basic arguments
 Globalization is:
a) a critical driving force: behind the rapid social,
political and economic changes which are
reshaping societies and international politics.
b) historically unprecedented/spontaneous
governments and societies across the globe are
behaving to adapt to a world in which there is no
longer a clear distinction between the
international and domestic affairs.
c) reconstituting or reengineering the power,
function and the authority of the state
 The role of state should be redefined, reconstituted, and
restructured in response to the growing complexity of the
process of governance in a more interconnected world
 A new sovereignty regime is displacing (transferring)
traditional conception of state power as an absolute,
indivisible, territorially exclusive power.
 National governments not powerless but must share
governance with IGOs and NGOs
 They reject both the hyper globalist view of the end of
the sovereign state as well as the Skeptics claim that
nothing much has changed.
Pros and Cons of Globalization
1) Advantages of Globalization
a) Creates interdependence:
 Free movement of good, service, people, ideas,
expertise, knowledge and technology across national
borders
b) Alternative access and cheaper prices for products
and services
c) Instant access to information
d) Enables to improve the quality of life:
 Expansion of science, technology, information and
communication makes human life go better.
e) Creates shared responsibility for global issues:
 The emergence of global
society and global citizenship
2) Disadvantages of Globalization
a) unequal economic and power relationship: gaps between
rich and poor states
b) Risks, threats and vulnerabilities
 global terrorism,
 religious fundamentalism,
 proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs)
 Rapid spread of Diseases
 Rapid spread of Economic crises
 Increased human trafficking and drugs
c) Mixing of cultures
 Dominant Western culture eroding domestic cultures,
traditions, and identities
 degradation of indigenous values, religion and cultural elements
d) Erosion of States’ sovereignty- state power is reduced
Globalization and Its Impacts on Africa

⚫ globalization is driven by a variety of forces:


1. financial or the flow of financial resources,
economic with particular reference to the flow of
goods and services
2. the Americanization of the world, the
propagation of a universal paradigm for economic and
political development, and the dominance of
unilateralism as a way of conducting international
relations.
A major consequence of this is the propagation of
a universal paradigm for both economic and political
development,
Cont’d
 The cold war has had significant consequences for
Africa .
the cold war witnessed the emergence of
authoritarian regimes in most African Countries in the
form of one-party or military regimes.
With the end of the cold war, support has been
withdrawn by the major powers for many African
countries considered no longer of strategic
importance.
This has entailed an increase in the number of so
called ―failed states‖ in Africa during the last two
decades.
Cont’d
 The end of the cold war has witnessed an over-all
decline in the strategic importance of Africa.
This has, in turn, substantially reduced Africa‘s
international negotiating power
The cold war and its demise has worked against
democracy and economic development in Africa.
The problem therefore lies in Africa‘s position in
the global system and not in the specific form taken by
globalization.
Its political impact is erosion of sovereignty
Cont’d
⚫ Globalization have had a negative impact on the
growth and consolidation of democratic governance in
Africa. Among these are the following:
1. pressured African leaders to adopt policies and
measures that are diametrically opposite to the
feelings and sentiments of the vast majority of their
people.
2. leaving little or no room for adapting them to
different societies and cultures, democracy takes on
the image of something alien and imposed from the
outside.
Cont’d
3. Globalization leads to the development of anti-
developmentalism by declaring the state irrelevant or
marginal to the developmental effort. Policies and
strategies are pushed by the external
donors…..government lose little authority and
legitimacy…..gap b/n the public and the government
4. imposing economic specialization based on the
needs and interests of external forces ….very little
linkages among them
Cont’d
5. because of the economic specialization imposed
on African countries makes rapid and sustainable
growth and development impossible, conflicts over the
distribution of the limited gains realized from
globalization become more acute and
politicized…vulnerable groups like women, youths,
rural inhabitants.
6. by insisting on African countries opening their
economies to foreign goods and entrepreneurs, limits
the ability of African governments to take proactive
and conscious measures to facilitate the emergence of
an indigenous entrepreneurial class.
Cont’d
Economically, globalization has, on the whole,
reinforced the economic marginalization of African
economies and their dependence on a few primary
goods for which demand and prices are externally
determined.
Economic and social stagnation has also triggered
a substantial brain- drain from Africa, further
weakening the ability of African countries to manage
their economies efficiently and effectively.
While the scientific and technological forces
unleashed by globalization have facilitated to some
extent access by Africans to advanced technology and
information
Cont’d
This has been at the expense of stultifying the
indigenous development of technology and distorting
patterns of production in Africa ….. utilizing capital as
against labor intensive methods of production, which
in turn increases unemployment and poverty.
What is the place of Ethiopia in the globalized
world?
What are possible advantage Ethiopia could gain
from a globalized world in different aspects;
Political
Economic
Cultural and Security
Regionalism and Regional Integration
What is Regionalism?
1) Etymologically, the word ‘region’ derives from the Latin
word ‘regio’, which means direction .
 Later it was denoted a border or a delimited
space/province
2) Conceptually, Region is:
a) a proximate geo-political territorial area consisting
of a particular list of states as basic units or
b) A collection of states that share geographical
proximity and a degree of mutual interdependence
 Where as, Regional Integration is:
a) policy designed to reduce trade barriers between a
subset of countries/region , regardless of whether
those countries are actually contiguous or even
close to each other (Alan Winters, 1999)”.
b) The process of creating political and economic
cooperation and integration among states within a
region.
 The Driving Force behind Regionalism: Material gains
“that states expect to reap from trading with each other”
 Thus, it may be beyond geographical proximity
 Regionalism involves:
a) the growth of norms, rules and formal
structures through which coordination
established and
b) policy designed by states to share mutual
opportunities and problems.
 Therefore, regionalization can be understood
as the growth of societal integration within a
given region, including political, social and
economic interaction among the units.
 The extent of regional integration may range
from cooperation amongst sovereign states on
the basis of inter-governmentalism to supra-
nationalism.
a) Inter-governmentalism- refers to interaction
among states which takes place on the basis of
sovereign independence.
 In inter-governmentalism, state sovereignty is
preserved through a process of
unanimous(undivided)decision-making in
which each member state has a veto, at least
over matters of vital national importance.
 The most common forms of inter-
governmentalism are treaties or alliances,
the simplest of which involve bilateral
agreements between states.
The other main form is leagues or
confederations, such as the League of
Nations, the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD).
 Supra-nationalism is the existence of an
authority that is higher than that of the nation-
state and capable of imposing its will on it.
 Sovereignty and decision-making authority
transferred from constituent states to an
international or regional organization.
 It occurs through the establishment of an
international federation, in which sovereignty is
shared between central and peripheral bodies, a
process often referred to as pooling sovereignty
Key Aspects /Areas of Regional Cooperation and
Integration
 /ecurity and stability: prevention of gorilla and bandit
armed, terrorism, and proxy war
 Economic: trade liberalization, market integration and
common tariff, common monetary and fiscal policies
 /ocial : capacity building and educational assistance,
personnel employment and deployment; women and
other civic association arrangements, horizontal people-
to-people contacts
Regionalization And globalization
(1) regionalization as a component of globalization
(convergent trends)
(2) regionalization as a challenge or response to
globalization (divergent trends)
(3) regionalization and globalization as parallel
processes (overlapping trends)
Regionalization, Globalization and the State
(1) nation-states oppose globalization (divergent trends);
(2) nationalism and the formation of new states are
encouraged by the forces of globalization (convergent
trends);
(3) nation-states oppose the forces of regionalization
(divergent trends);
(4) nationalism and the nation-states can be strengthened
through regionalism (convergent trends);
(5) regionalization coexists with nationalism and with
globalization (overlapping trends);
(6) nation-states mediate between trends of regionalization
and globalization (overlapping trends); and
(7) nation-states oppose globalization through
regionalization (divergent trends)
 Cultural: sports activities, tourism and heritages management
and conservation, religious contacts, language exchanges, etc
 Political: parliamentary, political party, political outlooks and
ideological commonalities, trainings and others.
 Environment: limits on carbon emission, non-nuclear free
zone, anti dumping and residual policies, limits of exploitation
of wild lives and forests
 Development: use of common natural resources, prevention
of drought and famine, locust and weeds, research and
information,..etc.
Theories of Regional cooperation and
Integration
1 . Functionalism
 Theory developed by David Matrany (1966)
Major assumptions
a) Integration is the results of gradual cooperative process
b) Form follows function :cooperation and integration is a by product
of function /functional response by states to their common
problems
c) Functional spill over integration :
 Integration deepen over a time
 cooperation in one area would broaden and deepen further areas
of common issues
Cont…
d) Integration start with low profile cooperation:
 Integration starts with very specific and technical cooperation
in some specific areas and extends to cover a wider ranges of
Common issues
e) Bottom up integration-from low cooperation to political even
security integration
 Economic integration first:
 Cooperation does not start from the political but from the low-key
economic and social planes such as the joint management of scarce resources,
unemployment,
 Global economic integration is guarantor for stable and peaceful
international system
 Economic unification will ultimately lead to political unification
f) Peace by Pieces—Gradual Transfer of /overeignty
 Sovereignty cannot . . . be transferred effectively through a
formula but only through a function
 people through day today interactions pressure the transfer of
sovereignty little by little to a new form of authority and
institutions;
 The accumulation of such partial transfers in time brings
about a translation of the true seat of authority.
 '' This is the logic of ``peace by pieces” with large grassroots
participation by themselves;
Cont…
g) The Need for a "Working Peace’’
 Peace ``is more likely to grow through doing things together
in workshops and marketplace than by signing protocols
among state leaders
 Responsibility of peace making away from the monopolistic
hands of state leaders to the ordinary section of the
populations
 Not in a protected peace but in a working peace.'' ‘Protected
peace’ -peace maintained and controlled by armies which is
usually temporary and top-down;
 unprotected public peace’ is a result of long process through
long interaction;
Cont ….
2. Neo-functionalism
 It is a revision of functionalism(in advanced form)
Basic Arguments
a) Spillover: Like functionalism ,neo-functionalism focus on the concept of
Functional spillover:
 Integration in one policy area creates pressure for integration in
further areas.
b) Non -state actors: are also considered to be important in regional
integration
a) Political Integration: is inherently expansive task that has to
begin from the political sphere into other aspects of life
 solves disputes between member states;
 The end result of the process of political integration is creating a
new international political community
Chapter 5: Contemporary Global Issues
5.1.1. Global Security Issues
 In the security arena, there are two main issues and
challenges facing the emerging new world order. These
are: terrorism and nuclear proliferation.
a) Global Terrorism
 Terrorism is defined as a global security problem characterized
by the use of violence in the form of hostage taking, bombing,
hijacking and other indiscriminate attacks on civilians targets
 It is planned and systematic uses of violence against civilians to
realize an intended goals.
Factors for Terrorism
a) Socio-economic cause:
 poverty and political isolation,
 feelings of hopelessness,
b) Political cause:
 legitimate grievances
 the failure of governments to address these
problems often foment terrorism.
 the lack of democracy,
 widespread and systematic violations of
human rights
Types of Terrorism
a) Domestic terrorism: occurs within the borders of a
particular country and is associated with extremist groups
b) Nationalist terrorism: is closely associated with struggles
for political autonomy and independence.
c) Religious terrorism: grows out of extreme fundamentalist
religious groups that believe that God is on their side and
that their violence is divinely inspired and approved.
d) /tate terrorism: is calculated, efficient, and extremely
destructive form of terrorism, partly because of the
devastating power at the disposal of governments.
2. Nuclear Weapons and Their Proliferations
Reasons for the Proliferation of Weapons
 There are strategic, economic, and political motivations for
weapons proliferation. These include:
a) Super-powers Rivalry during the Cold War b/n USA and
Russia:
 For example, both the NATO and the Warsaw Pact
justified the proliferation of weapons in terms of
collective self-defense.
b) Military Burden Sharing:
both superpowers provided weapons, technical
assistance, and arms production technologies to
their allies so that they could defend themselves.
c) Regional Balance of Power:
 Arms sales are often defended on the grounds that such transfers
contribute to regional stability and diminish the likelihood of war.
d) Political, Military, and Economic Influence:
 Many countries export weapons to obtain resources
(petroleum supplies from the Middle East )
 Fore example, the United States’ dependency on
petroleum supplies from the Middle East (Saudi Arabia)
leads to arms transfers into the Middle East 
e) Self-Reliance: Many countries develop their own weapons to
preserve or enhance their independence.
5.1.2. Global Environmental Issues
 Climate change and Global warming: Climate
change poses numerous and harsh challenges for
sustainable development
…..
5.1.3. Global Socio-economic Issues
1. Global Inequality and Poverty
•Inequality discourages the political participation of
poor people, which, in turn, diminishes their access to
education, health care, and other services that
contribute to economic growth and development.
 Inequality enables the wealthy to refuse to
compromise politically or economically, which further
weakens poor societies in a global society that requires
relatively fast responses to economic developments.
Global Inequality and Poverty

Global Inequality and Poverty


…………..
Inequality often prevents the building and proper
functioning of impartial institutions and observance of
the rule of law.

These consequences of inequality combine to ensure


that poor societies will remain poor and unequal,
trapping most of their inhabitants in a destructive cycle
of poverty.

Growing inequality among as well as within nations has


direct and indirect implications for globalization.
……
2. Migration and refugee problems
Several factors account for these developments.

•First, the number of states in the international system has


steadily increased since the end of the FirstWorldWar.

As the number of international boundaries containing the new


state has increased, so too has the volume of international
migrants and refugee.
….
/econd, there has also been a rapid increase in the world‘s population,
and it continues to grow. A growth of population has led to over
exploitation of regional resources, leading on occasions to catastrophic
famine and population movement.
Third, the revolution in communications and transportation has made
people aware of conditions and opportunities in other parts of the world,
as well as making travel to those areas easier.
Finally, the turmoil and uncertainty of the turbulent and unstable
world place an important role in motivating people to search abroad for
a better life.
Global cultural issues
Cultural Imperialism
 the result of cultural globalization- a process whereby
information, commodities and images
 portrayed as a process of ‗McDonaldization‘
 Cultural globalization is fuelled by the so-called
information revolution, the spread of satellite
communication, telecommunications networks,
information technology and internet and global media
corporations.
 The popular image of globalization is that it is a top-
down process, the establishment of a single global
system
 How Cultural (civilizational) clash and identity conflicts
emerge?

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