SOLUTIONS

MMME2047 spring 2024

1. For the flow to be incompressible, we need that [2]:

∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0.
∂x ∂ y ∂z
We first find the partial derivatives [4]:
∂u ∂v ∂w
=2 xy−1 , =−2 xy +1 , =0 ,
∂x ∂y ∂z

The sum of the three derivatives yields 0 and therefore the velocity field is
incompressible [2].

2. (a)
kg m
1000 ×0.25 ×0.5 m
ρUx m
3
s
ℜx = = =125000 → laminar
μ kg
0.001
m×s
0.664 0.664
Cf = 0.5
= 0.5
=0.0019
ℜx 125000

( )
2
1 2 1 kg m
τ w = ρ U C f = ×1000 3 × 0.25 ×0.0019=0.0594 Pa[4 ]
2 2 m s

(b)
δ 5 5
= 1 /2 = =0.0141
x ℜx ( 125000 )1/ 2

And, with x=0.5 m: δ=7 mm. Using von Karman laminar profile:

u y
= 2− =
U δ δ ( )
y 2 mm
7 mm
2−
2 mm
7 mm (
=0.49 )
And, with U=0.25 m/s, u(x=0.5 m, y=2 mm)=0.1225 m/s. [4]

3. We need to calculate the specific speed, but first we need to

calculate the head [2]:
∆p 100000 Pa
H= = =10.19 m
ρg kg m
1000 3 × 9.81 2
m s

We calculate the specific speed [4]:

 ( )
3 1 /2
rad 6 m
1/ 2 523 ×
' n ( Q¿ ) s 60 s
N= = =5.23
( s )
s ¿ 3/ 4 3/ 4
(g H ) m
9.81 ×10.19 m
2

Therefore, best is to have an axial pump [2].

4. ‘superheated steam’ is steam heated beyond the boiling point

temperature at the local pressure
[2]

‘saturated steam’ is steam at the boiling point temperature

corresponding to the local pressure
[2]

The conditions at 40 bar and 400°C are found in the superheated

steam tables on p.7 of the booklet, and they are:

Enthalpy, h, 3214 kJ/kg, must state value and unit correctly [2]

Entropy, s, 6.769 kJ/kgK “ [2]

5. The entry condition to the turbine is from tables p.7, h = 3343 kJ/kg
and s = 7.082 kJ/kgK as given in the data. The exit condition for
isentropic process is p = 0.3 bar and s = 7.082 kJ/kgK
[2].

This corresponds to a wet steam condition between s f = 0.944 kJ/kgK

and sg = 7.767 kJ/kgK and enthalpy between hf 289 and hg 2625
kJ/kg, data given. The dryness fraction is therefore given by:

7.082 = 7.767x+0.944(1-x), so x = 6.138/6.823 = 0.900 [2]

Therefore enthalpy requires that the student realises the dryness

fraction formula for s is the same as for h and is given by:

h = 2625x+289(1-x) = 2625*0.9+289*0.1 = 2391 kJ/kg [2]

Therefore specific work output is from the steady flow energy

equation, given:

w = 3343 – 2391 = 952 kJ/kg [2]

6. The entering condition at 40°C has a saturation pressure for water

vapour of psat = 0.07375 bar. Use the equation:
ps ps
ϕ= → 0.5= → ps=0.0369 bar [2], and
pg 0.07375
ps 0.0369
ω=0.622 =0.622 =0.0238 [2]
( p− ps ) ( 1−0.0369 )
The room condition requires the use of the same process: p s for 20°C is
ps ps
0.02337, so ϕ= → 0.5= → ps =0.0117 bar, and
pg 0.02337
ps 0.0117
ω=0.622 =0.622 =0.0074 [2], and amount of water to be
( p− ps ) ( 1−0.0117 )
removed from the air is 0.0238 – 0.0074 = 0.0164 kg/kg [2]

7. a) 0.3NH3 + 0.7H2 + xO2 + yN2 ® aH2O +bN2

Balance N: 0.3 +2y = 2b, b = 2.306

Balance H: 3*0.3 + 2*0.7 = 2a, a = 1.15

Balance O: 2x = a, x = 0.575
[3]

N2/O2 ratio by volume in air 3.76, so y = 3.76x and y = 2.156

[2]

0.3NH3 + 0.7H2 + 0.575O2 + 2.156N2 ® 1.15H2O +2.306N2

[3]
ni
For molar mass use the formula ~
m=∑ ~ m with the water vapour
n i
and nitrogen in the products:

Sum of moles: 1.15 + 2.306 = 3.456

1.15 2.306
Therefore ~
m= 18+ 28=24.67 kg/kmol [6]
3.456 3.456
b) for the gas, having the molar mass, we can calculate the specific
gas constant and the density from the gas law [4]
~
R 8.314 J J p 200000
R=~ = =0.337 =337 ; ρ= = =1.978 kg /m3
m 24.67 gK kgK RT 337 × 300
The Re requires use of the data given and the data just calculated

[2]
ρUx 1.978∗1.5∗0.02
ℜx = = =3,296
μ 1.8 ×10
−5

Nusselt number is then calculated using the calculated Re and the given
Pr:
0.8 0.4 0.8 0.4
Nu=0.023 ℜ Pr =0.023 ¿ 3296 0.7 =13.0 [2]
Rearranging the Nu formula for convective heat transfer coefficient, h,
gives:

[4]
hd h∗0.02 13∗0.027 2
Nud = →13.0= → h= =17.6W /m K
k 0.027 0.02
8. (a) There are 6 dimensional parameters and 3 dimensions, therefore 3
groups are necessary to describe the flow [2].

(b) The Pi-theorem can be applied by considering the drag force, dynamic
viscosity and span length as non-repeating variables, with the speed, density and
chord length as repeating variables.

Let’s start with the first group:

a b
π 1=D ρa U b c c → [ π 1 ]=[ ML T −2 ][ M L−3 ] [ L T −1 ] [ L ] =M 1+a L1−3 a +b+ c T −2−b
c

To make the exponents zero, we need:

1+a=0 -> a=-1

-2-b=0 -> b=-2

1-3a+b+c=0 ->1+3-2+c=0 ->c=-2

We obtain a group similar to the drag coefficient [6]:

D
π 1= 2 2
ρU d
Second group:
a b
π 2=μ ρa U b c c → [ π 2 ] =[ M L−1 T −1 ][ M L−3 ] [ L T −1 ] [ L ] =M 1+a L−1−3 a+ b+c T −1−b
c

To make the exponents zero, we need:

1+a=0 -> a=-1

-1-b=0 -> b=-1

-1-3a+b+c=0 ->-1+3-1+c=0 ->c=-1

We obtain the reciprocal of the Reynolds number [6]:

μ
π 2=
ρUc
Third group:
a b
π 3=b ρa U b cc → [ π 2 ]= [ L ] [ M L−3 ] [ LT −1 ] [ L ] =M a L1−3 a+b +c T −b
c

To make the exponents zero, we need:

a=0

b=0

1-3a+b+c=0 -> 1+c=0 ->c=-1

We obtain the span to chord ratio [6]:

b
π 3=
c
(c) We must have the same Reynolds number [2]. The speed of 950 km/h is
converted into 264 m/s. For the propotype:

kg m
0.74 × 264 × 3 m
ρUc m
3
s
ℜ= = =36,000,000
μ kg
0.0000163
m× s
For the model using water at a speed of 20 m/s the chord must be [4]:

kg
36,000,000 ×0.001
ℜ× μ m× s
c= = =1.8 m
ρU kg m
1000 3 × 20
m s