CHE 314 – TRANSPOT PHENOMENA 1I

SOLVED PROBLEMS

Question 1
Gasoline at the mean bulk temperature of 27 oC flows inside a circular tube of 10 mm inside
diameter. The average bulk velocity is 0.061 m/s and the is 1.5 m long. The flow starts at the
heated tube inlet (no upstream developing section) and the tube surface temperature is
constant at 38oC. Determine the average heat transfer coefficient over 1.5 m length of the
tube. Are the temperature and velocity profile developing or developed in the 1.5 m length of
tube?
Take the following fluid properties:
μ2 = 5.223 x 10-4Pa.s; μb = 5.892 x 10-4 Pa.s; kb = 0.1591 W/m.oC
ρb= 874.6 kg/m3 cpb = 1757 J/kg. K Prb = 6.5
Use the following formula

[ ] [ ]
0 .33 0. 14
Recb . Prb μb
Nu=1 . 86
L μ2
D

xv (entry length for fully developed velocity profile) = 0.05 Re. D

xt (entry length for fully developed temperature profile) = xv. Prb

Solution
Given D = 19 mm = 0.019 m; V = 0.051 m/s; L = 1.5 m
ρb . VD 874 . 6 . x 0 . 061. x 0. 019
Recb = = =1720 . 4
μb 5 .892 . x 10−4

(1 Pa.s = 1 N, s/m2)

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
0 .33 0. 14 0 .33 0 .14
Recb . Prb μb 1720 . 4 x 6 .5 5 . 892 x 10−4
Nu=1 . 86 =1 . 86 −4
L μ2 1 .5 5 . 223 x 10
D 0 . 019
=1 . 86 x 5 . 127 x 1. 017=9 .698
h̄ D
Nu= =9 . 698
k
or
k 0. 1591 2 o
h̄= x 9 . 698= =81. 21 W /m . C
D 0. 019
xv = (velocity depth) = 0.05 Re. D = 0.05 x 1720.4 x 0.019 = 1.634 m
xt= (temperature depth) = xv* Prb = 1.634 x 6.5 = 10.62 m
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The tube length L is less xv as well as xt so both depths are developing

Question 2
A vertical cylinder 1.5 m high and 180 mm in diameter is maintained at 100oC in an
atmospheric environment of 200C. Calculate heat loss by free convection from the surface of
the cylinder. Assume properties of air at mean temperature as:
ρ = 1.06 kg/m3; υ = 18.97 x 10-6 m2/s; cp = 1.004 kJ/kgoC; k = 0.1042 kJ/m.hoC

Solution
Given: L = 1.5 m; D = 180 mm = 0.018 m; ts = 100oC; tω = 20oC; ρ = 1.06 kg/m3;
υ = 18.97 x 10-6 m2/s; cp = 1.004 kJ/kgoC; k = 0.1042 kJ/m.hoC
Heat loss by free convection Q:
μ = ρυ = 1.06 x (18.97 x 10-6 x 3600) = 0.07239 kg/m.h

1 1 1
β= = = =0 . 003 K−1
T 273 .+ t f
273 .+ (
100+ 20
2 )
L3 gβΔt (1 .5 )3 x 9 . 81 x 0 . 003 x (100−20 )
Gr= 2
= 2
=2. 208 x 1010
ν ( 18. 97 x 10−6 )
μ c p 0. 07239 x 1. 004
Pr = = =0 .6975
k 0. 1042
Gr.Pr = 2.208 x 1010 x 0.6975 = 1.54 x 1010
For this value of Gr. Pr (turbulent range)
1
h̄ L
Nu= =0 .10 ( Gr . Pr ) 3=0 . 6975
k (for 109< Gr. Pr< 1012)
= 0.10 (1.54 x 1010)1/3 = 248.79
k 0 . 1042
h̄ = x 248 . 79= x 248. 79=17 . 283 kJ /h . m2 . o C
L 1 .5
∴ range of heat loss, Q=h̄ A ( t s−t ∞ )

= 17.283 x (π x 0.18 x 1.5) x (100 – 20) = 1172.8 kJ/h

Question 3
A cylindrical body of 300 mm diameter and 1.6 m height is maintained at a constant
temperature of 36.5oC. The surrounding temperature is 13.5oC. Find amount of heat to be
generated by the body per hour if
1 −1
β= K
ρ = 1.025 kg/m3; υ = 15.06 x 10-6 m2/s; cp = 0.96 kJ/kgoC; k = 0.0892 kJ/m.hoC; 298
Assume Nu = 0.12 (Gr. Pr)1/3
2
Solution

Given: D = 300 mm = 0.03 m; L = 1.6 m; ts = 36.5 oC; tω = 13.5oC; ρ = 1.025 kg/m3; υ = 15.06 x
1 −1
β= K
10-6 m2/s; cp = 0.96 kJ/kgoC; k = 0.0892 kJ/m.hoC; 298 ; Nu = 0.12 (Gr. Pr)1/3

The amount of heat to be generated:

Gr=
L3 gβ ( t s −t ∞ )
=
(1. 6 )3 x 9 . 81 x ( 2981 ) x (36 . 5−13 . 5) =1 . 3674 x 10 10
2 −6 2
ν ( 15 . 06 x 10 )
μ cp ρν c p 1 . 025 x ( 15 . 06 x 10−6 x 3600 ) x 0 . 96
Pr =
k
=
k
=
0 . 0892
=0 . 6975 ( )
ν=
μ
ρ
1
h̄ L 1/ 3
=0 .12 ( Gr . Pr ) 3=0 . 12 ( 1. 3674 x 10 x 0 .598 ) =241. 75
10
Nu=
k
k 0 . 0892
h̄ = x 241 . 75= x 241. 75=13 . 478 kJ /h . m2 .o C
L 1. 6
The lost from the surface by natural convection = the amount of heat to be generated, i.e.
Q = h A (ts - t∞)= 13.478 x (π x 0.3 x 1.6) x (36.5 – 13.5) = 467.5 kJ/h
Question 4
A horizontal heated plate measuring 1.5 m x 1.1 m and at 215oC facing upwards is placed in
still air at 25oC. Calculate the heat loss by natural convection. The convective film coefficient
for free convection is given by the following empirical
h = 3.05 (Tf)1/4 W/m2 oC
whereTf is the mean film temperature in degrees Kelvin
Solution
Given As = 1.5 x 1.1 = 1.65 m2, ts = 215oC, t∞ = 25oC

t f =273+ (215+25
2 ) =393 K
Mean film temperature =

∴ h̄ =3 . 05 ( 393 )1/ 4 =13. 58 W /m2 o C

Rate of loss by natural convection

Q=h A s ( t s −t ∞ ) =13 .58 x 1 .68 x ( 215−25 ) =4257 . 38 W

Question 5
A room is heated by initiating a fire at the fireplace. The ex-filtration of the room air through
a chimney is reduced by the use of a glass door fire screen of height 0.8m and width 1.1m. If

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the ambient air temperature is 25oC and the surface temperature attained by the glass door is
175oC, calculate the free convection heat transfer rate from the fire place to the room. For this
case the following correlation given by Churchill and Chu is valid

[ ]
2
0 . 387 ( Gr . Pr )1/ 6
Nu= 0. 825+ 8 /27
[ 1+ ( 0 . 492 /Pr )9/ 16 ]

The thermo-physical properties of air at the prevailing temperature are

k = 3.208 x 10-2 W/m2 oC; υ = 23.13 x 10-6 m2/s; Pr. = 0.688

Solution

Given: ts = 175oC; t∞ = 25oC; L = 0.8 m; B = 1.1 m

The film temperature

t s +t ∞ 175+25
tf = + =100o C
2 2
1 1
β= = =2. 68 x 10−3 K −1
T f ( 100+273 )

Grashoff’s Number

L3 g β Δt ( 0 . 8 )3 x 9 .81 x 2. 68 x 10−3 ( 175−25 )

Gr .= 2
= 2
=3 . 77 x 10 9
ν ( 23 . 13 x 10 )
−2

Gr . Pr .=Ra =3.77 x 109 x 0. 688=2 .594 x 10 9

[ ]
1/6 2
0 .387 ( 2. 594 x 10 )
9
Nu= 0. 825+ 8 /27
=164 . 6
[ 1+( 0 . 492/0 . 688 )9/16 ]
⃗h L
Nu= =164 . 6
k

⃗ k 3 . 208 x 10−2
∴ h= x 164 . 6= x 164 . 6=6 .6 W /m2 o C
L 0.8

The convection heat transfer rate =

Q=⃗h x A s ( t s−t ∞ ) =6 .6 ( 0 .8 x 1. 1 ) ( 175−25 )=290 . 4 W

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Question 6
t1
t2
For what value of end temperature difference ratio is the arithmetic mean temperature

difference 5 % higher than the log mean temperature difference?

Solution

The ratio of the arithmetic mean temperature difference and the log mean temperature

difference can be written as

t̄
=
( 2 )
t +t 1

=
2
( t +t ) 1
( ln t / t )
2
1 2

( )
tm t 1−t 2 2 ( t 1−t 2 )
ln t 1 / t 2

Since the arithmetic mean temperature difference is 5% higher than the log mean temperature

difference, we have

t̄
=1 . 05=
2 ( ) t 1 +t 2

=
( t 1 / t2 ) +1
( ln t1 / t 2 )
( )
tm t 1 −t 2 2 ( t 1 /t 2 )−1
ln t 1 / t 2
or
t̄ ( t1 /t 2 ) +1
=
t m ( t 1 / t 2 )−1
( ln t1 / t 2 )=2 x 1. 05=2. 1

By trial and error method, we get

t1
=2. 2
t2

Question 7

The following data relate to a parallel flow heat exchanger in which air is heated by hot

exhaust gases
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 Heat transfer per hour 155450 kJ
Inside heat transfer coefficient 120 W/m2 oC
Outside heat transfer coefficient 195 W/m2 oC
Inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot fluid 450oC and 250oC respectively
Inlet and outlet temperatures of the cold fluid 60oC and 120oC respectively
Inside and outlet diameter of the tube 50 mm and 60 mm respectively

Calculate the length of the tube required for the necessary heat transfer to occur. Neglect the
tube resistance

Solution
Given data: Q = 155450 kJ/h; hi= 120 W/m2 oC; ho = 195 W/m2 oC; th1 = 450oC; th2 = 250oC;
tc1 = 60oC; tc2 = 120oC; di = 50 mm = 0.05 m; do = 60 mm = 0.06 m

t 1 −t 2 ( t h 1−t c 1 )−( t h2 −t c 3 )
LMTD , t m = =
ln ( t 1 / t 2 ) ln ( ( t h1 −t c 1 ) / ( t h2 −t c 3 ) )
( 450−60 ) −( 250−120 ) 390−130
¿ = =236 .66 o C
ln ( ( 450−60 ) / ( 250−120 ) ) ln ( 390/ 130 )
The overall heat transfer coefficient is given by

1 ro 1 1
= + = (0. 03
U r i h i h o 0 . 025 120
1
+ )( ) ( )
1
195
=0 .01513

i.e. U = 66.09W/m2 oC
Total heat transfer rate is given by

Q = U A tm = U x (π do L) x tm
Q 155450 x ( 1000/3600 )
∴ L= = =14 . 68 m
U x π do x t m 66 . 09 x π x 0 .06 x 236 . 66