CHAPTER 3 :

KINEMATICS OF MOTION IN
A STRAIGHT LINE
By: Dr Nurhayani Romeo
Candidates should be able to
▪ Motion in a straight line
▪ Equation of motion for a moving particles
▪ Vertical motion under the gravity
▪ Displacement-time graphs
▪ Velocity-time graph
▪ Differentiation and Integration with respect to time
Kinematics

▪ Kinematics involves the study of how things move.

▪ The kinematics of an object is described in terms of its
- distance
- displacement
- speed
- velocity
- acceleration
Understand the concepts of:

Distance Displacement
• is a scalar quantity • is a vector quantity.
• is used to measure • is a measure of
the total length of location from a
path travelled. fixed origin or
• is measured in starting point.
metres, m. • has magnitude and
direction.
• is measured in
metres, m.
 Understand the concepts of:

Speed Velocity
• is a scalar quantity • is a vector quantity.
• The speed of a body • The velocity of a
relates to how fast body relates to how
the body is fast the body is
travelling. travelling and in
• Has magnitude only what direction. It is
• measured in metres the rate at which a
per second, ms–1. body changes its
position.
• has magnitude and
direction
• measured in metres
per second,
ms–1.
 Understand the concepts of:

Acceleration
- can be a scalar or a
vector quantity.
- is to measure how
quickly velocity is
changing.
- is measured in
metres per second
per second, ms–2.
- Negative
acceleration is often
called deceleration or
retardation.
 Motion Graphs

▪ The kinematics of a body can be

represented graphically.
▪ The most common graphs are
position-time, speed-time, velocity-
time and acceleration-time graphs.
Displacement-Time Graph

▪ Velocity is the gradient of the displacement-time

graph
s
v=
t
 Displacement-Time Graph (continued)

Sketch the corresponding velocity-time graph.

a)
Displacement (m)

0
0 3
Time (s)
 Displacement-Time Graph (continued)

b)
Displacement (m)

50

0
0 2 3
Time (s)
 Displacement-Time Graph (continued)

c)
Displacement (m)

300

200

0
10 30
Time (s)
Example 1

A car moves forward on a straight road from a point O, at constant velocity for 20s,
travelling a distance of 60m. During the next 20s the car is stationary, remaining
60m away from O. The car then turns to O, which takes 10s.
a) Sketch a displacement-time graph of the first 50s of the car’s journey.
b) Use the displacement-time graph to find the velocity of the car during each
stage of the journey.
 Velocity-Time Graph

v
▪ Acceleration is the gradient of the velocity-time graph. a =
t
▪ Displacement is the area under the line of a velocity-time graph.
▪ Average speed total displacement
Average speed =
time taken
 Velocity-Time Graph

Sketch the corresponding displacement-time graph.

a)
velocity (m/s)

20

0
0 3
Time (s)
 Velocity-Time Graph (continued)

b)
velocity (m/s)

50

0
0 2 3 4
Time (s)
 Velocity-Time Graph (continued)

c)
velocity (m/s)

0
0 30
Time (s)
Summary of
Kinematics Graphs
Example 2

During the first 10s of a journey along a straight road, a car accelerates from rest to
a velocity of 20ms-1. It then continues for a further 20s at constant velocity.
a) Sketch the velocity-time graph of the journey.
b) Calculate the acceleration during the first 10s of the journey.
c) Describe the motion between the first 10s and 30s of the journey.
d) Calculate the total distance travelled in the first 30s of the journey.
 velocity (ms -1)
a) A
25
-

, !
so
-

15 -

10 -

I A I 11 STime
I (s)
S 10 1520293035 40

E 0
2
b)
-

a = =

2ms
=

is no acceleration of acceleration is 0ms -

2
c) The graph has no gradient. Thus, there

d) Toral distance area

= under graph
=

(2 10 20)x x (x0 x0)

+ x

=100 400 +

=500 m
Example 3

A car accelerates smoothly from rest for 30s to a velocity of 20ms-1. It continues at
a steady velocity for 20s before decelerating to rest in 20s.
a) Sketch the velocity-time graph of the motion of the car in the first 70s of
motion.
b) Calculate the acceleration in the first 30s and the final 20s.
c) Calculate the total displacement.
d) Calculate the average speed during the journey.
a) Velocity (ms")
A

25-

" !
so -

15-

10 -

--

I (s)
is to se
I
do
Time
18 so so so

b) First 305: Final 20s:

- s

E 5 E
a =

5
=

a
=
=

0.6667ms-2
=
=- 1ms-2

c) Total displacement area

=
under graph
=(I 30xx) (2 x) 1=x20 20) x
+
+ + x

=
300 400 300
+ +

=900m

d) Average speed toral

=

displacement
Total time
o
-

12.86
=
ms-
Past Years Questions

X -----

a 3
=
 ~ at
(+ ve):

3(3)
=

ams-
=

VBl

i) a) (2 16 2) (2x3x))
(= x x +

distance 3x
=

Tocal
+
=

40m
=

8-16
ii) n area
= from

40 x
+
32
=

x
=
- 8

x txv S
=
x

8 4V
=

- I
v = -
2 ms
Past Years Questions

30 -

25

. !
-

so -

15 -
a
2a
-
10 -

S
-
eT-
T ->

ise
ii) T x
+
T
+ iS
=

IT x
+ 1
=

R
=15 -T

180-2T) formula uapezium

iii) 3300 =(180 =
+ 25
x E

3300 I
=

(180 n) +
25
x

132 90
=
In
+

In 42 =

x
=
84

84 180-35
=

-
96 -
=

3T
T 64
=

T
=32
I

... distance & decelerating 1

=

32 25
x +

=400 m
Calculus in Kinematics

S V A
as d2S
-
-

dt dt

Sudt Sa dt
Past Years Questions
i) 4,t 1 v 4,t 2
=
=

v
=

0 4 2a 4r
=
+ -
0
4 a
= r
+
-

a 6
=

1, 1143224
taken
I calc, mode, equ,
r = -
2

. a
=
0.5,a 6 4(0.5)
2+2):t
=
= -

(67
=
-

4ms-2
=

6
=
-
4t

ii) v =
0 iii) s Svdt
=

zt2)dt
6t -
2+2 0
=
=S?(6 + -

5 + 372
2

t) 0 (3 +
=
-

2 t(3
=

-(3)3] (310) (0)3]

=

=[3(3)2
- -

0
-

t
=

27 0,3
= -

t 35 =
9m
=

t 0S
=
Past Years Questions

-v
=
i) v S(5.4
= -1.62t)

S. 4t
= = 0.81t +
C

-> da rest
0
t 0,
=
=

v 5.4t
=
-
0.81t

0 5.4t
= -0.81t2

0 (3t
= -
c)(+ -
0)
sbb area
modulus
dia distance
cannot-ve.
25,7
0s
↓ ve,
= -

t =

displacement can

ii) t 10,
=

5.4(10) 0.81(10)"
iii) a S
=
vat +

(S-at
-

(,5.4 ((s.4t-0.8It)
-

v
at
=

+-0.81t)d+
=
+

=-27 ms-1

v(ms-1)
M
=(2.2 - 0.2+37 )[2.2 0.2773) I
+ -

10 + is =40

40 40
=so m
+
1 x0)
+ -
Past Years Questions

ji in
i) When t 15,
= v a =

225b
+ -
0

v 30=
10
+

v 48
=

When t 35,0
=
a
= 12253
+
-
8

is sbb & 35s object rest

a
=
- 1225b -
3

40 ( = - 1225b) 225b +

40
=
- 10003 a
=
- 1225) -

0.04)
b
=
-
0.04 49
=

s=Saeatitisatea-ooyers
at
iii)

10
=

308
+
+
160
-

-360m @ 786.67 m
Past Years Questions

=
-

I 0
=
i) a 0
=

1.2 +" -0.6t 0

=
11.2x -0.6nb 0
=
=

E x 0,n 2
= =

let x
=

x2 -" 0, 2 2
=

t = =

4
0,t
=

t
=

signore)

:.t 4S
=

ii) = 0
v
S1.2tz
=
- 0.6t dt

0.6t -0.6 0
I 4 0.37 c
=
+
=
+ -

Ii 0.6
=

I
C
=

+12 1
58 0.3t
=

v =

+
- 1
+

IS
=

t
at t 1,v
=

5(1)2
=

- 0.3(1) 1
+

33
=
 Formulae for Constant Acceleration
If a particle is moving in a straight line with a constant acceleration then there are five
equations of motion that can be used to determine missing quantities.

v = u + at Where These are sometimes called the

s = displacement in metres suvat formulae.
s = 21 (u + v)t u = initial velocity in ms–1

s = ut + 21 at 2 v = final velocity in ms–1

a = acceleration in ms–2
s = vt − 21 at 2 t = time taken in seconds

v 2 = u 2 + 2as
For vertical motion acceleration due to gravity is g, 10 ms–2.
 Example 4

A car travelling at 6 ms-1 accelerates at 2 ms-2. Calculate its speed 8 seconds later.
u 6
=

v u
=
at
+

I
 Example 5

A car, initially travelling at 8 ms-1, accelerates at a constant rate of 3 ms-2 until it is travelling
at 17 ms-1. Find
a) the distance travelled while accelerating
b) the time taken to accelerate
17
8,a 3,v
= =

v =

at
a) v
=
0+
=
2as b) s [(u
=
v)t
+
ev u
=
+

172 8
=
+2(3)s 37.5 I(8
=

k)t
+

289 64
=
6s
+

37.5 12.5t
=

65 225
=

t 35
=

S 37.5 m
=
 Example 6

A car, initially travelling at 8 ms-1, accelerates at a constant rate of 3 ms-2 until it is travelling
at 17 ms-1. Find
a) the distance travelled while accelerating
b) the time taken to accelerate
 Example 7

According to driving guidelines the minimum braking distance for a car travelling at 20 ms-1
is 30 m. Find
a) the deceleration of the car
b) the time it would take for the car to stop.
30,v 0
=

v 20,5
=
=

at
b) v 0
= +

a) v2
=
2 as
+
v
0 20 (t)
=
-

0
=
202 2(30)) a)
+
-

- 60a 400
=
t
=> 20
=

t 35
2ms2
=

a
=
-
Past Years Questions
 t 5s
=

t 35=

A B C
⑨11⑧

0 14
=

a BC> a AB

BC
SAB s
=

AC:s ut at ii) v u
=
at
+

i) at
= +

AB:s ut =
+

1
5 (4(5 3)
= +
I(S 3)"a
+ +
14
=
4(8)
+

S 14(5) I(5) a
=
+

324
S 112 46ms-
=
=
+

5 10
2a 0
=
+
-

SAC = 2 SAB

112 32a
+ 2(70 2a)
=
+

=
140 25a
+

112 329
+

Ta 28
=

- 2
4mS
X
=

a
Past Years Questions

AB: AC:

ut at
+
2
5 ut
=
2at2
+

S =

248 8v 32a
= +
-
0
100 4u
=

I(4) a
+

A
US
E 45 C D 100 4u
=
8a +
-

0 48 16a =

- R

1100m148m
I
-

I 16a
200 80 3mS
+
a
=
=

100 4u
= 8(3)
+

76 45
=

-
I
1 14mS
=
 S 4S

A loUm B 148 m 2 D
11
a c

at ii)
2
19
S ut
v
61,0
=
+
= =

AC:
at
2

i) AB:S Ut
=

1
+

248 8
= +
I(8) a
I(u)2a
2
100 40 0 =
2as
=
+
0
248 8u 32a
+

AD:V
=
+ -

100 4u
=
8a -
0
612 192 2(3)s
+

=
+

2(100 yu
=
8a)
+

- 3721 361 65
=
+

16a
200 8u
= +

65 3360
=

③ -
8 S ut
=

1
+
at
2

560 m
s =

16a
200 80
I(3)(4)2
+
=

100 40 =
+

( -
) 329
2118 80
= +

40 76 :Scp 560-100-148
=

-
48 -16a =

- I
1a ms
(shown) 0
X
312mx
=

a 3
=
Tutorial: Kinematics

1.

2.
 ---
s v a

1.7) Up 3ms1 =

ap 0.005
=

ms-2

t 400s
=

1 at
2
i) s ut
= +
v u
=
at
+

s 3(400)
=
I(0.005)(400)2
+
=

3 0.005(400)
+

1600m =5 ms
=

ii) t 400s
=

s 1600
=
m

v 0.04t -0.0001t2+k
=

s Sv
=
dt

=
S0.04t -0.000172 + 1

=0.0272 -003 nt
+ +

s
0,t 0, 0
=
= =

5 0.0272-0013+let
=

manimum speed =
=
0

1600 0.02(40872
=

-08 (408) 2(400)

+

1600 3200
=

10 400k
+ v 0.04t
=

-0.00012+
400k 60
=

a 0.04
=

-0.0002t

k =

E 0 0.04 -0.0002t
=

t 200s
=

v 0.04(200)
=
-

0.0001(200+
=ms-2

iii) s =

1400m v E
=

s ut
= at
+

0 0.04
=

(400) -

V =
ms
- I
5 40
=

1400
=(280) 2 (280) "a
=
+
0.0001 (4007"+
t 2805
=
39208a = =
2
0.02619ms
-

a
2. 4) a 4
=

ms-
2

t 85
=

i) v It =ms
=

a =

= Itisre
a 5
=
-

t
2

--is
-

ms

Ims-
= 2

it decrease mis-
is

ii) toes u 0
=

SOA= vt at2
+

a t
=

0(8)
=>

2(4)(8)2
+

t 8
=

8m
=

s S2
=
+
(I 5) dt

=[F+ 5].
((27)5)
= -

((8))
=63.3 m

:. S 8 63.3
= +

=71.3m
3.

4.

5.
6.