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    Physics Projesct

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    kelzangdorji713

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Physics Projesct

    Uploaded by

    kelzangdorji713
    6 views15 pages

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    Physics Projesct.docx

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    6 views15 pages

    Physics Projesct

    Uploaded by

    kelzangdorji713

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15

    FLUID DYNAMICS

    Acknowledgements
    I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics
    teacher, Mr. singye Wangchuk for his invaluable guidance and
    encouragement throughout this project.

    I also appreciate my friends for their support and


    collaboration, which made this journey enjoyable.

    Finally, a thank you to all the online resources that provided


    essential information and inspiration. Your contributions were
    greatly helpful.

    2
    Table of Contents
    Si No. Topics Page
    No.
    1. Introduction* 1

    2. Background Information 2

    3. Fluid Dynamics Today 4

    4. 1) Hypothesis 5
    2) Objectives
    3)Research Based Questions
    5. Interesting Facts 6

    6. Application of Fluid Dynamics 7

    7. i. Materials and Equipment 8 - 11


    ii. Experiment or Methodology

    8. i. Conclusions 11
    ii. Reference

    3
    Introduction
     Fluid dynamics is the branch of physics focused on the
    behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion and the
    forces acting upon them.
     - A key aspect of fluid dynamics is examining how various
    properties of a fluid influence its flow characteristics.
     - Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to deformation and
    flow, quantifying the internal friction within the fluid.
     - This project aims to explore the relationship between
    viscosity and flow rate.
     - The focus will be on how increasing the viscosity of a fluid
    affects its flow rate through a pipe.

    4
    Background Information

    - Several factors influence the velocity of fluid flow through


    a pipe, including:
    - The fluid's viscosity
    - The diameter of the pipe
    - The pressure difference driving the flow
    - Viscosity results from interactions between fluid
    molecules; higher viscosity leads to decreased ability for the
    fluid to flow freely due to increased internal friction.
    - The Hagen-Poiseuille equation describes laminar flow in
    circular pipes:

    Q = pi r^4 (P1 - P2) *8 \eta L


    .where
    - Q = flow rate
    - r = radius of the pipe
    - (P1 - P2) = pressure difference
    - (L) = length of the pipe
    - As viscosity increases, the flow rate decreases,
    demonstrating the effect of internal friction on flow
    dynamics.
    - Understanding viscosity's influence on flow rate has
    significant applications in:

    5
    - Engineering
    - Medicine
    - Environmental science
    - In practical scenarios, such as design of piping systems or
    analyzing blood flow in medical contexts, accounting for
    viscosity is crucial for efficient and safe fluid transport.
    - The project's hypothesis is that increasing viscosity will
    lead to a decrease in flow rate through a pipe due to
    heightened internal friction.
    - The project will systematically measure flow rates at
    varying viscosities to provide insights into fluid dynamics
    principles and confirm the relationship between viscosity
    and flow rate.

    6
     Fluid dynamics today
     The idea of fluid dynamics changed the world as we
    know it. It has allowed us to be able to move large
    amounts of liquids and gases with much less stress
    then in the past, it allowed us to use math to
    understand the forces of those objects of liquids or
    gasses when it comes to transporting those fluids and
    gasses, it has also allowed us to understand how to
    make things fly and was used in the creation of the
    first plane.

    7
    Hypothesis:
    Increasing the viscosity of a fluid will result in slower flow
    rates through a pipe due to higher internal friction.

    Objectives:
     To understand the concept of viscosity and it role in fluid
    dynamics.
     To analyze how varying the viscosity of a fluid a fluid a
    fluid affects its flow rate through a circular pipe.
     To quantify the relationship between viscosity and flow
    rate.

    Research based questions


    1. How do fluid dynamics principles apply to the design of
    aircraft wings to optimize lift and minimizing drag?
    2. What are the different regimes of turbulent flow, and
    what modules are most effective on predicting turbulence

    8
    behavior?
    3. How does fluid dynamics play a role in understanding
    blood flow in the cardiovascular system, and what
    implications does this have for medical treatment?

    Interesting Facts
     The Navier-stokes equation describes the motion of
    viscous fluid substances. Solving these equation is one
    of the seven “Millennium Prize Problems”.
     Fluid dynamics is crucial in various fields, including
    aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering
    ,meteorology, oceanography, and even medicine,
    especially in understanding blood flow.

    9
    Applications of fluid dynamics:
    1. Ship designing for boats and other water vessels.
    2. Determining mass flow rate of water or other
    liquids through pipelines.
    3. Measuring flow rates along support structures.
    4. Predicting various patterns in ocean wave dynamics.
    5. Measuring lava flow (viscometer) during volcanic
    activity.

    10
    Materials and Equipment
     Circular transparent pipe (acrylic tube)
     Viscosity standards (water, vegetable oil,
    glycerin, and mixtures to crate varying
    viscosities)
     Flow measurement apparatus (stopwatch and
    graduated cylinder to measure volume)
     Thermometer (to ensure fluids are at the same
    temperature)
     Ruler or calipers (to measure pipe dimensions)

    Experiment or Methodology
    1. Setup:
    -The acrylic pipe was securely placed horizontally on a
    table.
    -A funnel was attached to the top of the pipe to control
    fluid entry.
    2. Preparation of fluids:
     Each fluid was prepared at room temperature
    (approximately 25 degree Celcus) to maintain

    11
    consistency in viscosity. The viscosity of each fluid
    was noted as follow:
    - Water: 1cP
    - Glycine: 1.5 cP
    - Corn Syrup:1000 cP

    3. Experimental Procedure:
    - Water:
    - A 500 mL graduated cylinder was filled with water and
    poured into the funnel.
    - The stopwatch was started simultaneously as the first
    drop exited the pipe.
    - The time taken for all 500 mL to exit was recorded.
    - The above steps were repeated three times to calculate an
    average time.
    - Glycerin and Corn Syrup:
    - The process was repeated for glycerin and corn syrup,
    ensuring the pipe was thoroughly cleaned between each trial
    to prevent contamination of the fluids.

    4. Data Collection:
    - The time taken for each fluid to flow through the pipe
    was measured and recorded.

    5. Results:

    12
    -The following data was collected over multiple trials for
    each fluid:

    Fluid Viscosity (cP) Average Time Average Flow


    Taken (s) Rate(mL/s)
    Water 1 10 50 mL/s

    Glycerin 1.5 18 27.78 mL/s

    Corn Syrup 100 180 2.78 mL/s

    Flow Rate Calculation:


    We know that
    Flow Rate (Q) = Volume (V)/Time(s)
    For;
    1. Water
    Average flow rate= 500mL/10s = 50mL/s
    2. Glycerin
    Average flow rate=500mL/18s = 27.78mL/s
    3. Corn Syrup
    Average flow rate=500mL/180s=2.78mL/s

    Hence, the gathered data supports the hypothesis that

    13
    increasing viscosity leads to a decrease in flow rate. The result
    demonstrated that water, with the lowest viscosity, had the
    highest average flow rate. Glycerin, having a moderate
    viscosity, showed a reduced flow rate, while the corn syrup,
    with significantly higher viscosity, exhibited a dramatically
    reduced flow rate.

    Conclusion
    The experiment successfully demonstrated that fluid viscosity
    significantly impacts flow rate through a pipe. As the viscosity
    of the fluid increased, the flow rate decreased, confirming the
    hypothesis. This understanding of fluid dynamics is vital in
    various practical applications, including engineering design
    and chemical processing, where fluid flow characteristics must
    be accounted for.

    Reference
     You Tube. Com
     Google.com
     Chatgpt
     Imagine
     Dali

    14
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