Psychiatria Danubina, 2021; Vol. 33, Suppl.

4 (part III), pp 1144-1150 Conference paper

‹0HGLFLQVNDQDNODGD- Zagreb, Croatia Review

INTEGRATING THE CONCEPT OF CREATIVE

PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY AND GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY
IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
(VPLQD$YGLEHJRYLü1,20DMD%UNLü1 & 0HYOXGLQ+DVDQRYLü1,2
1
Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
2
Faculty of Medicine, University in Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

SUMMARY
Modern psychiatric treatment is largely dictated by national and international guidelines rested on evidence-based data,
including psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. An alternative to the rigid application of official guidelines and criterion for
the standards of treatment in psychiatric practice is the concept of creative psychopharmacotherapy. It is a concept based on the
integration of different approaches to a person as whole, mental disorders and their treatment into person-centered clinical practice.
In this sense, group psychotherapy and creative psychopharmacotherapy today are part of the overall integrative efforts in
psychiatry. Neuroscientific discoveries suggest that they share similar neural pathways that lead to changes in brain function and
symptoms relief. Various integrative elements make group psychotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy in combination more effective
and efficient. The integration of the concept of creative psychopharmacotherapy and group psychotherapy into everyday clinical
practice can improve treatment options as well as clinical practice by creating opportunities for research and development of new
modalities of overall treatment.

Key words: creative psychopharmacotherapy - group psychotherapy - clinical practice

* * * * *

INTRODUCTION lysis and psychodynamic psychotherapies, psychophar-

macotherapy and other forms of somatic therapy, beha-
Ä2XULGHDVDUHRQO\LQWHOOHFWXDOLQVWUXPHQWVZKLFKZH vioural and cognitive therapy, client-centered therapy, as
use to break into phenomena; we must change them well as reform of psychiatric institutions.
when they have served their purpose, just as we chan-
JHDEOXQWODQFHWWKDWZHKDYHXVHGORQJHQRXJK³ The growing changes in psychiatric treatment are
Claude Bernard accompanied by a change in the doctor-patient rela-
tionship, which is by itself an important therapeutic tool.
The treatment of people with mental disorders du- The traditional paternalistic relationship has been rede-
ring human civilization contained a number of unusual fined into a partnership and collaborative approach. Fur-
methods, many of which were ineffective, and some of thermore, in addition to psychiatrists, other health and
them inhumane and dangerous. Significant discoveries non-health professionals are involved in the treatment of
and understanding of human physiology and patho- people with mental disorders. The polarization between
physiology from the second half of the 19 th century the biological and psychological models in the diagnosis
resulted in the view of mental illness as a brain disease. and treatment of mental disorders is overcome as an
In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud's psychoana- ineffective and fragmented approach. An integrative
lytic theory and Adolf Meyer's theory of mental illness approach to mental health and mental disorders is being
as a psychobiological response to stress combined with developed. The multidimensionality of mental health
earlier patterns of adaptation led to the development of problems is recognized, which results in the develop-
"psychological" treatment. At the same time, a certain ment of a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and trans-
number of psychiatrists were developing "biological" disciplinary team approach.
treatment. The discovery of psychotropic medicines in In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been
the mid-20th century led to tremendous changes in the significant progress in medicine, including psychiatry,
treatment of people with mental disorders, including the in the scientific understanding of disease and in the
transition to community treatment. development of technologies for diagnosis and treatment.
The modern approach in the treatment of people At the same time, this has led to an excessive focus on
with mental disorders is based on several basic concepts disease and organs, over-specialization of medical disci-
derived from different perspectives of mental disorders plines, fragmentation of health services, and weakening
such as psychoanalytic, disease perspective, cognitive of the doctor-patient relationship (Heath 2005). In res-
and learning perspective, humanistic and social per- ponse, the concept of person-centered medicine and
spective (McHugh & Slavney 1998). Different views on practice is developed. Person-centered medicine is
mental disorders have resulted in the development of oriented towards the promotion of health as a state of
different therapeutic procedures, including psychoana- physical, mental, socio-cultural and spiritual well-being,

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as well as the reduction of disease. It is based on mutual using any procedure in the treatment of persons, the
respect of dignity and responsibility of each individual basic postulate is not to harm ("primum non nocere"),
(Mezzich et al. 2009). Integrating person-centered medi- which is one of the basic principles in modern psycho-
cine into psychiatric practice does not only mean pharmacotherapy. In everyday application of medicines,
individualized care and respect for the patient's rights, but it is crucial how to do the least damage or avoid harmful
includes recognizing the patient as a person with all his and unpleasant side effects, and to achieve the best pos-
individual subjectivity beyond what characterizes his sible effect of the medicine and the best possible res-
disease, status or role of the patient (Botbol & LeþLü- SRQVHRIWKHSDWLHQWWRWKH PHGLFLQH -DNRYOMHYLü,
7RãHYVNL  In person-centered medicine, the patient 2021).
is understood as a unique human being (Balint 1969). Prescribing medicines is governed by a number of
The evidence-based medicine movement has signifi- clinical guidelines (algorithms), legislation, regulations
cantly marked clinical practice. The standard of care of medicine regulatory agencies, and health insurance
becomes the application of the latest and best research institutes. Clinical guidelines provide clear and targeted
evidence. The need to make an intervention based on guidance for diagnosing and treating a variety of mental
the highest level of evidence obliges clinicians to disorders. Their use should facilitate the clinical deci-
understand the levels of evidence and determine the best sion-making process, reduce the risk of unnecessary or
evidence to use as a basis for clinical intervention. In harmful interventions and support treatment that achie-
addition to evidence-based practice, medicine and va- ves the best possible outcome with minimal risk and
lue-based practice have evolved in recent decades, ma- tolerable cost (-DãRYLüHWDO $OWKRXJKVXFFHVVIXO
king a new interdisciplinary field of psychiatry, philo- implementation of the guidelines can lead to improved
sophy in psychiatry (Fulford 2008). Value-based practice quality of care, there are a number of obstacles to their
should be complementary to evidence-based practice implementation in clinical practice (Fischer et al. 2016).
that involves the systematic synthesis of available evi- Prescribing medicines in practice is often not in
dence into a specific clinical issue (Stewart 2014). accordance with the criterion of standards for the use of
In order to overcome the many polarizations present psychopharmacological medicines. For example, benzo-
in psychiatry, clinical practice today is largely based on diazepines are prescribed more frequently and much
a biopsychosocial and person-centered approach with a longer than recommended (Kroll et al. 2016) or anti-
tendency to integrate evidence-based and value-based psychotics are prescribed for mental disorders where
practices (Fulford et al. 2012), and respect for rights and indications are questionable (Rao et al. 2016). This
ethical principles. In this context, in everyday practice raises questions of the adequacy of clinical practice, the
there are numerous challenges related to the education question of the adequacy of the criterion of standards
of clinicians, the culture of the organization, the cultural and guidelines, the possibility of harmonizing practice
context, available resources and technologies. and guidelines, the question of classification of psycho-
pharmaceuticals and treatment managed by diagnostic
CREATIVE PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY categories and nosological entities.
AS A CHALLENGE IN PSYCHIATRIC Giving a critical review of the clinical outcomes of
PRACTICE modern psychopharmacotherapy, taking into account
Bernstein's concept of creative psychopharmacology
Ä&UHDWLYH SV\FKRSKDUPDFRWKHUDS\ LV PXFK PRUH DFFRUGLQJWR-DNRYOMHYLü YDQ3UDJXH VFRQFHSWRI
than prescribing mental health medicines in rational functional psychopharmacology (1990), and taking into
PDQQHUDQGFDUHIXOO\FRQWUROWKHLUXVH³ account numerous theoretical assumptions about mental
0LUR-DNRYOMHYLü health in psychiatry, psychology, anthropology, socio-
Discoveries of new receptor subtypes and their logy, religion and other related branches, Professor Miro
mechanisms, brain imaging techniques, and modulation -DNRYOMHYLü GHYHORSV WKH FRQFHSW RI FUHDWLYH psycho-
of gene expression have led to a better understanding of SKDUPDFRWKHUDS\ -DNRYOMHYLüDE
mental disorders and the consequent development of 2010, 2013, 2015, 2019, 2021 $FFRUGLQJWR-DNRYOMHYLü
receptor-specifically targeted psychotropic drugs that (2013), the concept of creative psychopharmacotherapy
are more effective, less toxic, and better tolerated could improve everyday clinical practice and bridge the
(Sadock et al. 2017). Although modern medicines are gap by increasing the effectiveness of treatment. In
relatively safe and well tolerated, there are still quite summary, creative psychopharmacotherapy is the art
unpleasant side effects of medicines that are sometimes and practice of treatment with medicines based on
very serious. In the use of psychotropic medicines, it is creative psychopharmacology, learning organization,
crucial for each patient to determine the best and most transdisciplinary creative psychology and person-cen-
effective medicine at any stage of treatment of his WHUHG SV\FKLDWU\ -DNRYOMHYLü   :KDW LV NH\ WR
disease with careful monitoring of side effects, and integrating this concept into everyday clinical practice
rapid and appropriate response during the overall course is, in fact, what creative psychopharmacotherapy is not.
RI SV\FKRSKDUPDFRWKHUDS\ -DNRYOMHYLü   :KHQ Creative psychopharmacotherapy is not all that is still,

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to a large extent, resented to the psychiatric practice. that in their day-to-day work, psychiatrists need to be
Which means it is not dogmatic and authoritarian prac- more than good at using all the treatment tools currently
tice, irrational polypharmacy, impersonal and only tech- available. Also, it means that by encouraging the pa-
nical practice, fragmented care and treatment, marketing WLHQW¶V FUHDWLYLW\ DQG DOORZLQJ WKHLU RZQ FUHDWLYLW\ WR
practice, accidental polypharmacy or polypragmatism come to the fore, opportunities are created to improve
that increases side effects, is not harmful and toxic or existing tools and develop new ones. Moving away
practice that increases nocebo effect, is not the antithesis from rigid adherence to official guidelines and standards
of modern or postmodern psychiatry and is not criterion, psychiatrists give themselves the opportunity
FKDUODWDQU\LQSV\FKLDWU\ -DNRYOMHYLü  to use multidimensionality in thinking about how to
Integrating this concept into everyday clinical prac- prescribe multiple medicines at the same time, how to
tice represents a strong support for the development of monitor and manage side effects, reduce nocebo and
recovery-oriented services and practices. It is a unique strengthen placebo effects, understand relationships and
professional support to the personal and unique journey psychodynamic developments in these relationships,
of the patient towards recovery. So, it is a strictly think about context and create a favourable treatment
individualized and personalized practice that develops environment, how to document all this, evaluate and
and nurtures the relationship with the patient as a how to measure the outcomes of the activities under-
human being in the specific context of providing and taken in the treatment process. At the same time, it is
receiving help through a two-way exchange of pro- important to keep in mind to create such a situation in
fessional and experiential knowledge and experience. which the combination of medicines achieves better
It is a relationship based on the perspective of the effect and eliminates adverse interactions. Which means
patient's life world as a person in which the choice of that in addition to the professional skills of applying
methods and modes of treatment is based on joint psychopharmacological therapy, key psychotherapeutic
decision-making. Joint decision-making is not a formal skills such as motivation, empathy, openness, coopera-
choice that a patient makes or does not make based on tion, honesty, providing corrective experience, catharsis,
information obtained from clinicians. It is an open setting goals, establishing time-limited relationships,
conversation in which the creativity of the patient and etc. should be developed and used (Shwartz 2010). Treat-
the creativity of the clinician are encouraged. ment results are better when the therapist establishes an
Creativity of patients and clinicians is a fundamental atmosphere of cooperation, trust, and expectations of
tool of this concept in which it is possible to create future well-being (Greenberrg 2017). The ultimate goal
new meaningful ideas, interpretations, contexts and is to give the patient confidence and a framework to be
PHWKRGVLQSV\FKRSKDUPDFRWKHUDS\ -DNRYOMHYLü  an active part of their progress, which is important
It seems that through this concept, psychiatrists can re- especially if they continue to benefit from treatment. In
establish their identity as physicians who in treatment this way, the patient is given the opportunity to attribute
of mental disorders have the skills and knowledge to therapeutic success and profit to his own efforts.
integrate in their psychopharmacological expertise
psychological, social, spiritual, and other interven- Group psychotherapy in psychiatric practice
tions. For a long time, the prevailing opinion has been ÄHonesty towards oneself and others is fundamental.
that psychiatrists are only doctors who are trained in There must be a love of truth, even if it is disagreeable
the psychofarmacological treatment of mental dis- DQGFRQWUDU\WRSHUVRQDODGYDQWDJH³
orders, and that all other aspects such as psycho- S.H. Foulkes 1975
logical, social and spiritual should be dealt by other Since the establishment of group therapy, the deve-
professionals. In the integrative, holistic, transdisci- lopment of group analysis and the transfer of psycho-
plinary, context- and person-centered psychiatry that therapy from the couch to the circle, to this date, group
underlies this concept, the psychiatrist clinician is psychotherapy have gone from a phase of initiation,
more than an expert prescribing only medicine. Its role expansion to a phase of consolidation over the last few
in a unique therapeutic relationship with each indi- decades (de Chavez 2019). Today, group psychotherapy
vidual patient as a person is to support and facilitate is a widely accepted modality of psychiatric treatment
the process of healing, recovery, and movement toward that is applicable to all therapeutic conditions, and in
well-being and positive functioning. inpatient and outpatient care. Group psychotherapy is
Although monotherapy is an ideal (Sadock et al. also widely used by non-psychiatric professionals as an
2017), a combination of medicines is present in additional treatment for somatic diseases. The number
everyday practice, which is often the subject of expert and scope of group psychotherapies is large, so Yalom
discussions. The concept of creative psychopharmaco- & Leszcz (2005) state that it is more correct to talk
logy advocates a change in the philosophy of treatment about group therapies instead of a unique group psycho-
towards individualized and person-centered psychophar- therapy. Group psychotherapy is based on many theo-
macology that includes contextual, systemic and ries. Different forms of psychological treatment use group
FUHDWLYHWKLQNLQJ -DNRYOMHYLü ,QIDFWWKLVPHDQV resources for a common purpose. Several modalities of

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group psychotherapy are used, which include group of social skills, and imitative behaviour. MacKenzie
analytical therapy, cognitive and behavioural group (1990) classifies these factors into four general groups:
therapy, psychodrama, trauma-focused group therapy, support factors, self-discovery, learning from other
integrative group psychotherapy, interpersonal group group members, and psychological work. According to
psychotherapy, relational group therapy, group therapy Wolberg (2013), the development of an individual in a
based on mentalization and others. group is a series of processes that are closely related to
Group psychotherapy is therapeutically effective the outcome. What develops during the group in the
(+DVDQRYLü HW DO   . There is good evidence individual is the manifestation of empathy, support,
for its effectiveness in treating multiple mental disor- challenges, confrontation and interpretation, availability
ders, including disorders related to the use of psycho- of identification models, opportunities for the introduc-
active substances and somatic diseases (Burlingame et tion of projective identification, research exploration
al. 2013). Research suggests that there are no diffe- and joint problem sharing. Group psychotherapy pro-
rences or differences are small in the effectiveness of vides numerous benefits for patients. In summary, this
different modalities of group psychotherapies (Lambert includes: developing the ability to relate to others
2013). Although group psychotherapy in the treatment (meeting others and building a support network, gaining
of people with mental disorders is widespread in inpa- insight and getting to know oneself through others,
tient and outpatient settings and shows good results, sharing experiences and thoughts with others that can be
there is still insufficient research to prove this effective- part of the healing process and overcoming obstacles),
ness. There is particularly little research that meets the experience of free thinking without fear of being con-
strict criterion of evidence-based medicine. The lack of demned (a place to think without worrying about con-
randomized clinical trials is misconnected as a lack of demnation, a safe space), silence (silence can be thera-
effectiveness of group psychotherapy. The reason why peutic), confidentiality (all group contents remain in the
group psychotherapy is not included in the recommen- group) (Yalom & Leszcz 2005).
dations of national and international guidelines (Tost et As with all interventions, the principle of "do no
al. 2019) is also stated. However, neuroscientific disco- harm" applies to group psychotherapy. Since group
veries, especially interpersonal biology, are trying to therapy is rooted in open expression of feelings and
uncover unique ways in which group processes affect interaction among members, this can foster an atmo-
the brain, which will certainly contribute to a better sphere in which members feel insecure. Also, the prin-
position of group psychotherapy. Understanding the prin- ciple of privacy and trust in a group format with a larger
ciples of neuroscience that illuminate how interpersonal number and heterogeneous members can be violated,
relationships shape the brain can help identify group which requires that the group therapist possess the
interaction methods that encourage neuroplasticity, sup- knowledge, skills, planning skills and multidimensional
port neurological integration, and lead to well-being and and creative thinking.
satisfying relationships (Badenoch & Cox 2010).
The atmosphere of successful therapy depends on a
numerous factors that work in all well-helping situa- INTEGRATING GROUP
tions, including hope, trust, freedom, belief, liking, or PSYCHOTHERAPY AND CREATIVE
inclination (Wolberg 2013). Psychotherapy tries to alle- PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY
viate emotional suffering and improve the adjustment of
the personality by planned psychological interventions. Today, the question is no longer whether the combination
In this process, psychological interventions are not the of psychotherapy and medication is beneficial but rather
only ones that contribute to improvement. The indivi- how the combination is beneficial.
Glen O. Gabbard 2014
dual is constantly affected by various factors that serve
to alleviate the symptoms. These factors also act during In hospital and outpatient settings, group psycho-
psychotherapy and are often referred as nonspecific therapy is often used in combination with other thera-
factors of which the most prominent are the placebo peutic approaches. In this combined modality, the goal
effect, relationship dimension, emotional catharsis, sug- is to make integration of different forms of treatment
gestion, and group dynamics. suitable, to see opportunities for synergy, complemen-
Group psychotherapy also has its specific thera- tarity, facilitation, and sequencing of therapy (Nevonen
peutic factors, which Yalom (1995) defines as mecha- & Broberg 2006). Clarity about the principle of moda-
nisms of therapeutic action that act by favouring lity integration is useful in ensuring maximum benefit
changes and contributing to the therapeutic process for the patient. Integrating therapeutic modalities allows
inherent to the group or dynamic interaction. According clinician to use complementary gain of each approach.
to Yalom (1995), group therapeutic factors include hope, Combining treatments may also have risks or may be
altruism, cohesion, universality, interpersonal learning, contraindicated if the second modality is unnecessary or
guidance, catharsis, corrective recapitulation of the not complementary to the initial therapeutic modality
primary family group, existential factors, development (Bernard et al. 2008).

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The combination of group psychotherapy and phar- In practice, the combined treatment can be carried
macotherapy is common in clinical practice not only for out in an integrative (one-person model) and unified
patients with psychotic but also for patients with (two-person model) way. In a unified approach of
nonpsychotic disorders. It is used to ensure medicine combined treatment between a prescribing physician
compliance, improve patient social skills and social and a psychotherapist who conducts psychotherapy,
inclusion, and as one of the additional or major good communication is a sine qua non for successful
treatments of patients after hospital treatment (Sperry treatment (Riba & Balon 2008). If the group psycho-
1995). The addition of medication may be necessary therapist is also a doctor who prescribes medication,
when the symptoms of a group member become an the difficulty may be related to the proper monitoring
obstacle for his development in the group. Combination of medications within the group itself, which is why a
treatment is most often used in patients with depressive special meeting with the patient is indicated regarding
disorder, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, psycho- the monitoring of medications. In these cases, it should
tic and other disorders. There are benefits of both the- be taken into account that the prescribing and use of
rapeutic interventions. Group psychotherapy improves medicines has its dynamic and interpersonal aspects
self-esteem, modulation of emotional reactions, and that may affect the processes in group therapy. In an
development of social and interpersonal skills. On the approach where the prescribing physician and the
other hand, medications help reduce the symptoms of group psychotherapist are different persons, clarity in
anxiety, depression, manic, psychotic, and disorganized communication, mutual respect, and equal evaluation
thinking, and suppress pathological ruminations, com- of both treatment modalities are crucial. Dogmatic
pulsiveness, and impulsivity. overestimation of one modality and devaluation of
When combining group psychotherapy and psycho- another will create pressure on the patient and under-
pharmacotherapy, the group therapist should under- mine the synergistic benefits that a combination of
stand the psychological significance and impact of treatments can provide.
medications on the patient's sense of personal self- Integrating the group therapeutic approach and the
control and attribution of responsibility, emotional concept of creative psychopharmacotherapy into
availability and connection in the group, and the everyday clinical practice brings benefits not only for
impact on monitoring psychopharmacological treat- the patient as an individual and a person, but also for
ment. Prescribing medications can have multiple mea- the overall atmosphere of the environment in which
nings that affect the patient receiving the medications, the therapeutic processes take place. Creative psycho-
other members of the group, and the group as a whole. pharmacotherapy and group psychotherapy, as a lear-
Meanings can range from encouraging and recognizing ning organization focused on processes and systems
D WKHUDSLVW¶V FRPPLWPHQW WR FDULQJ IRU D SDWLHQW WR thinking, integrated can have a positive and long-term
feelings of personal shame and stigmatization and reflection on the inpatient and outpatient setting.
discouragement that psychotherapy is not sufficient Focusing on the context and network of relationships,
(Bernard et al. 2008). The meaning of medicine and understanding multiple transfer relations and counter-
fantasies related to medicine can be the focus of group transference, understanding and using projective identi-
discussion. Fantasies and frequent engagement of fication, understanding and managing splitting can in
group members with medicines may reflect resistance this integrated approach make the therapeutic environ-
to group processes (Sperry 1995). In combination ment conducive and friendly. Psychiatry, today, is
treatment, patients may respond to a recommendation entering the era of "precise psychiatry" ± pharmaco-
for the use of medicines with different transference genetics and functional neuroimigning, but until all
feelings, such as acceptance, rejection, manipulation, this new knowledge and technology become available
and narcissistic injury. Prescribing or discontinuing to all and part of everyday clinical practice, by inte-
medication should always be carefully considered in grating previous knowledge, understanding, skills,
relation to the patient's actual problems and in relation capabilities and technologies, and their better use,
to the transference. Neglecting the negative transfe- everyday practice can be improved, be more efficient
rence reactions that may occur with prescribing medi- and effective.
cations can result in resistance to treatment. Coope-
ration with the patient and consideration of potential CONCLUSION
impacts, concerns and problems with medicines in the
context of group psychotherapy can help reduce Group psychotherapy and creative psychopharmaco-
resistance, better acceptance and compliance with therapy, although historically derived from two pola-
medication treatment. An empathic understanding of rized and sometimes impossibly compatible approaches,
SDWLHQWV ¶FRQFHUQV DERXW GLIIHUHQW WUHDWPHQW LQWHUYHQ- share much in common. Today, they are part of an
tions will help respect and provide information on overall integrative effort in psychiatry. Neuroscientific
psychological factors that may be relevant to discoveries suggest that they share similar neural
symptoms and other life problems. pathways that lead to changes in brain function and

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AND GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Psychiatria Danubina, 2021; Vol. 33, Suppl. 4, (part III), pp 1144-1150

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Psychotherapies - $3UDFWLWLRQHU¶V*XLGH. Third Edition, 17-
29. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2017
Acknowledgements: None. 13. +DVDQRYLü 0 3DMHYLü , $YGLEHJRYLü ( .UDYLü 1 0RUR
/)UDQþLãNRYLü7*UHJXUHN57RFLOM*: Group analysis
Conflict of interest: None to declare. training for Bosnia-Herzegovina mental health pro-
fessionals in the aftermath of the 1992-1995 war. Acta
Contribution of individual authors: Med Acad 2012; 41:226-7. doi: 0.5644/ama2006-124.58.
(VPLQD $YGLEHJRYLü FRQFHSWLRQ DQG GHVLJQ RI WKH PubMed PMID: 23331400
manuscript, collecting data and literature searches, 14. +DVDQRYLü 0 6LQDQRYLü 2 3DMHYLü , $JLXV 0: The
analyses and interpretation of literature, manuscript Spiritual Approach to Group Psychotherapy Treatment of
preparation and writing the paper; and gave final Psychotraumatized Persons in Post-War Bosnia and
approval of the version to be submitted. Herzegovina. Religions 2011; 2:330-344
0DMD %UNLü SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ UHYLVLQJ WKH PDQXVFULSW 15. Heath I: Promotion of disease and corrosion of medicine.
and gave final approval of the version to be Can Fam Physician 2005; 51:1320-1322
submitted. 16. Jakovljevic M: Creative, person centered narrative psycho-
0HYOXGLQ +DVDQRYLü PDGH VXEVWDQWLDO FRQWULEXWLRQV pharmacotherapy (CP-CNP): from theory to clinical
to conception and design, participated in revising practice. Psychiatr Danub 2021; 33(Suppl 4):S1011-1024
the manuscript and gave final approval of the 17. -DNRYOMHYLü 0 &UHDWLYH 3HUson-Centred Psycho-
version to be submitted. pharmacology for Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry.
In: Kim YK (Ed): Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry,
273-293. Singapore: Springer, 2019
18. -DNRYOMHYLü 0 Creative, person-centered and narrative
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Correspondence:
(VPLQD$YGLEHJRYLþ0'3K'
Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre Tuzla
5DWH'XJRQMLþDEE 000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
E-mail: esminaavdibegovic@gmail.com

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