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    10 Biology

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    10 Biology

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    10 Biology

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    sumandsingh80

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    of 8

    CLASS X LIFE PROCESSESS

    BIOLOGY INTRODUCTION AND NURTITION IN


    ANIMALS
    Life processes are those processes which is necessary to maintain life in an
    organism. If processes like nutrition, circulation, respiration, excretion etc does
    not take place, then we won't be able to survive.

    Basic life processes are : Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Excretion etc.

    Nutrition

    Life Processes require energy which is provided by nutrition.


    Nutrition:
    Nutrition is the process of intake of nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
    minerals, vitamins and water) by an organism as well as the utilization of these
    nutrients by the organism.
    Food is an organic substance.
    The simplest food is glucose also called simple sugar.
    A more complex food is starch. It is made from glucose.
    The general name of substances like glucose and starch is ‘carbohydrates’.

    Nutrient: A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism obtains


    from its surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for the biosynthesis of
    its body constituents.
    Example: carbohydrates and fats are the nutrients which are used by the
    organism mainly as a source of energy. Proteins and mineral salts are nutrients
    used by organism for the biosynthesis of its body constituents like skin, blood, etc.

    Modes of Nutrition:
    Mode of nutrition means method of obtaining food by an organism.
    There are mainly two modes of nutrition:
     Autotrophic mode of nutrition
     Heterotrophic mode of nutrition

    Autotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘trophe’ means


    ‘nutrition’)
    Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism makes (or
    synthesizes) its own food from the simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide
    and water present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight energy).
    Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water
    are called autotrophs.
    Example: all green plants, autotrophic bacteria.
    Autotrophs make their food by photosynthesis.

    Heterotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘heteros’ means ‘others’ and ‘trophe’ means


    ‘nutrition’)
    Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot
    make (or synthesizes) its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon
    dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for its food.
    Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances
    like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for their food are
    called heterotrophs.
    Example: all the animals (man, dog, cat, lion, etc.), most bacteria and fungi.
    Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition:
    Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is of three types:
     Saprotrophic (saprophytic) nutrition
     Parasitic nutrition
     Holozoic nutrition

    Saprotrophic nutrition:
    Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from
    decaying organic matter of dead plants, dead animals and rotten bread, etc.
    The organisms having saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes.
    Saprophytes are the organisms which obtain food from dead plants (like rotten
    leaves), dead and decaying animal bodies, and other decaying organic matter.
    Example: Fungi (liker bread moulds, mushrooms), and many bacteria.

    Parasitic nutrition:
    The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism derives its food from
    the body of another living organisms without killing it.
    A parasite is an organism (plant or animal) which feed on another living organism
    called its host.
    Example: some animals like Plasmodium and roundworms, a few plants like
    Cuscuta (amarbel) and several fungi and bacteria.
    Holozoic nutrition:
    The holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism takes the complex
    organic food materials into its body by the process of ingestion, the ingested food
    is digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the organism.
    Example: human beings and most of the animal.
    Nutrition in Amoeba:

    Amoeba is a unicellular animal. Amoeba eats tiny (microscopic) plants and


    animals as food which float in water in which it lives. The mode of nutrition in
    Amoeba is holozoic.
    The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis (‘Phagocytosis’
    means ‘cell feeding’).

    The various steps involved in the nutrition of Amoeba are : ingestion, digestion,
    absorption, assimilation, and egestion. All the processes of nutrition are
    performed by the single cell of Amoeba. This is described below.

    Nutrition in Paramecium :

    Paramecium is also a tiny unicellular animal which lives in water. Paramecium


    uses its hair like structures called cilia to sweep the food particles from water and
    put them into its mouth.
    The Paramecium has thin, hair-like cilia all over its body. The cilia move back and
    forth rapidly in water.
    When the cilia present around the mouth region of Paramecium move back and
    forth, they sweep the food particles present in water into the mouth of
    Paramecium.
    This is the first step in the nutrition of Paramecium which is called ingestion.
    Ingestion is followed by other steps such as digestion, absorption, assimilation
    and egestion (as explained in the case of Amoeba).
    Paramecium puts the food particle into its mouth with the help of cilia.

    Nutrition in Complex Multicellular Animals:


    In the complex multicellular animals like man (humans), grasshopper, fish and
    frog, etc., all the processes involved in nutrition are performed by a combination
    of digestive organs. This combination of digestive organs is called digestive
    system. We will now describe all the processes in the nutrition of complex
    multicellular animals by taking the example of nutrition in human beings. Please
    note that a long tube running from mouth to anus of a human being (or other
    animals) in which digestion and absorption of food takes place is called alimentary
    canal. Alimentary canal is also called ‘gut’.
    (WRITE IN COPY WHAT EVER ASKED BY THE SUBJECT TEACHER ).
    MCQs on Heterotrophic Nutrition
    1. Absorptive heterotrophic nutrition is exhibited by
    (a) fungi
    (b) algae
    (c) pteridophytes
    (d) bryophytes

    2. The mode of nutrition in which one organism obtains nutrition from other
    organisms is known as
    (a) symbiosis
    (b) autotrophic nutrition
    (c) saprophytic nutrition
    (d) heterotrophic nutrition

    3. Heterotrophic nutrition is
    (a) oxidation of glucose
    (b) breakdown of glucose into energy
    (c) utilization of energy obtained by plants
    (d) all the above

    4. The parasitic fungus which destroys wheat plant is


    (a) lice
    (b) leech
    (c) cuscuta
    (d) Puccinia

    5. Assertion: mode of nutrition in higher animals is heterotrophic


    Reason: Animals can use different trophic levels for heterotrophic nutrition
    (a) if the assertion is true but reason is false
    (b) if both assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of
    assertion
    (c) if both assertion and reason are false
    (d) if both assertion and reason are true but reason is not correct explanation of
    assertion

    6. The mutualistic association between certain fungi and roots of vascular plants
    are known as
    (a) haustoria
    (b) mycelium
    (c) rhizoids
    (d) mycorrhizae

    7. What is the mode of nutrition in bacteria?


    (a) heterotrophic
    (b) autotrophic
    (c) autotrophic and heterotrophic
    (d) none of the above

    8. Digestion of food in amoeba occurs in


    (a) cytoplasm
    (b) nucleus
    (c) food vacuole
    (d) none of the above

    9. The mode of nutrition in fungi


    (a) saprotrophic or parasitic
    (b) only parasitic
    (c) only saprotrophic
    (d) none of above

    10. A stable ecosystem is maintained with the interaction of


    (a) predators
    (b) prey
    (c) animals-human
    (d) predator-prey
    EXTRA OBJECTIVE FOR EXTERNAL EXAMS .

    THIS CONTENT IS PREAPRED FROM HOME.

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