International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2022

Vol. 7, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 21-30

Published Online April 2023 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

BLOCKCHAIN BASED E-VOTING SYSTEM

Kamal Desai, Disha Gosar, Rudresh Pachorkar
Computer Engineering Department MPSTME, NMIMS
Mumbai, India

Abstract - Elections are a critical component of and privacy, transparency and fairness, and the accuracy and
democracy, and their integrity is essential to ensuring a integrity of the results. Organizations must address these
fair and just society. Traditional voting systems have a issues with careful planning, clear communication, and
number of flaws, including a lack of transparency, robust systems and processes to ensure that the voting
vulnerability to tampering, and the possibility of human process is fair, accessible, and trustworthy. Hence the main
error. Blockchain technology has gained attention in goals of this research are
recent years for its potential to address these issues while • Validating the system to ensure that only legitimate
also improving election security and transparency. voters are allowed to vote.
This research paper describes the design and • To protect voter identity by disassociating the
implementation of a blockchain-based e-voting system. voterfrom the vote cast.
The proposed system uses a distributed ledger to record Voting shares, commonly known as ordinary shares and
votes securely and transparently, making it difficult for preferred shares, are two popular types of shares.
anyone to manipulate or alter the results. The system
safeguards voter anonymity and prevents double voting. Pre-emptive rights, which enable shareholders to maintain
The system uses Ethereum, a popular blockchain their ownership position by enabling them to buy
platform, and smart contracts to automate the voting proportional interests in future issues of common stock, are
process. Smart contracts handle vote counting and another benefit of common shares. This implies that
tallying, which eliminates the need for centralised stockholders have the option to purchase additional shares
authority. By requiring a majority of network nodes to before they are offered to the general public or to new
agree on the validity of each transaction, a consensus investors.
algorithm ensures the system's security. In situations of bankruptcy or solvency, voting shares differ
The proposed blockchain-based electronic voting system from preferred shares in a significant way. When corporate
outperforms traditional voting systems in terms of assets are sold under such circumstances, preferred
transparency, security, and efficiency. Because of the shareholders are entitled to receive payment in advance. The
system's design, it is easy to integrate with existing rights of common shareholders to compensation in cases of
election processes, making it a viable option for future solvency or bankruptcy are non-existent. Dividend pay-out
adoption. is another area of distinction, when common shareholders
Both Simply Voting and Election Buddy provide secure are either paid less than preferred shareholders or are not
and customizable online voting services for businesses, promised a dividend pay-out.
blockchain-based e-voting systems offer distinct Amongst voting rights, shareholders have the right to elect
advantages in terms of security, transparency, and or remove company directors, examine corporate and
decentralisation.[21][22] financial records, and also appoint auditors to carry out
company audits. Each shareholder in a company that is
Keywords-Blockchain, Computing, Decentralised e- limited by shares and has equity share capital shall be
Voting, Peer-to-peer, Privacy, Security. entitled to one vote on each resolution affectingthe company.
A corporation may acknowledge from each member all or a
I. INTRODUCTION portion of the outstanding debt on any shares that member
owns, even if no part of that debt has been called up. Before
Voting in organizations can take various forms depending
the amount paid by him relevant to sub-section (1) has been
on the organization's size, structure, and governance model.
called up, the member of the company limited by shares will
A typical step in the process is a call to vote, eligibility
not have any voting rights with regard to that amount.
determination, a voting method, ballot preparation, a voting
period, vote counting, announcement of results, and
implementation of the proposal or further action based on II. RELATED WORK
the outcome of the vote. The voting process must be fair, ● BLOCKCHAIN
transparent, and accessible to all eligible voters. Blockchain, also known as a ledger, is a distributed database
Organizational voting can raise concerns about issues such of records. The fundamental principle of blockchain is the
as eligibility and voter identification, accessibility, security immutability of the records already written in blocks.

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Vol. 7, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 21-30
Published Online April 2023 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

Advanced Cryptography is used to ensure data integrity and transparently recorded by the distributed ledger, while
block chaining. Another distinguishing feature is the mode blocks contain transaction data and other relevant
of network communication. To communicate between information. Nodes are blockchain network nodes that
network nodes, a client method is used. There is no need for maintain a copy of the blockchain and verify transactions.
trust in this person because there is no third party to facilitate The consensus mechanism is the algorithm used to reach an
communication between clients. The network participant's agreement on the state of the ledger, ensuring that the
true identity is unknown network remains decentralized and secure. The blockchain's
data is protected by cryptography, and smart contracts
enable transaction automation and the development of
decentralized applications. Mining is the process of adding
new blocks to the blockchain by solving complex
mathematical problems. These components work together to
create a secure, transparent, and tamper-proof system.

● GANACHE
Ganache is a popular personal blockchain for Ethereum
development and testing. It allows developers to test smart
Figure.1 How a block is created in blockchain [24] contracts, build decentralised applications, and debug code
in a safe and secure environment. Ganache provides a local
In order to provide a high level of trust and confidence in the blockchain network with test Ether accounts, enabling
voting process, blockchain is required in e-voting to create a developers to test and deploy smart contracts without
transparent and auditable record of each vote. This can help to incurring actual transaction costs.
ensure the accuracy of the results whilealso increasing public
trust in the electoral process. Furthermore, blockchain-based Ganache comes in two flavours: CLI and GUI. Ganache CLI
e-voting systems can boost voter participation, protect is a command-line tool that allows developers to quickly
voters' anonymity and privacy, and ensure that each vote is create a personal blockchain network, whereas Ganache GUI
verified and counted only once. is a graphical user interface that allows developers to
interact with their blockchain network visually. Ganache is
Blockchains are classified into three types: public, private, open source and free to use.
and hybrid. Private blockchains are operated by a single One of Ganache's key features is its ability to simulate
organization, are closed to the public, and have identified various blockchain scenarios, such as different network
nodes, whereas public blockchains are open to the public, conditions, transaction fees, and gas limits. Developers can
decentralized, and anonymous. Hybrid blockchains combine now test their applications in a variety of environments and
the benefits of both public and private blockchains, allowing optimize their code accordingly. Ganache also works with a
organizations to retain control over information while still diverse set of development tools, including well-known
benefiting from decentralized features. Each type of frameworks like Truffle and Remix.
blockchain has unique benefits and is best suited for specific Ganache is a useful tool for anyone looking to build
use cases. decentralised applications or smart contracts on the
Ethereum network, and it is widely used by Ethereum
developers and development teams.[18]

● METAMASK
To use Metamask, users must first install the browser
extension and create a wallet. They can then connect to
different Ethereum-based dApps and execute various
blockchain transactions directly from their browser.
Metamask provides a user-friendly interface for managing
Figure.2 Different types of blockchain transactions, including the ability to set gas fees and
confirmations.
Several key components of blockchain technology interact
to form a secure and decentralized system. Among the Before they can use Metamask, users must first install the
components are the distributed ledger, blocks, nodes, browser extension and create a wallet. They can then
consensus mechanism, cryptography, smart contracts, and connect to various Ethereum-based dApps and execute
mining. All network transactions are secured and various blockchain transactions using their browser.
Metamask has an easy-to-use transaction management

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Vol. 7, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 21-30
Published Online April 2023 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

interface, which includes the ability to configure gas fees pay transaction fees and to incentivize nodes to validate
and confirmations. transactions on the network. Ether is also used as a medium
of exchange in decentralised applications and is traded on
crypto currency exchanges.

One of Ethereum's key features is smart contracts, which are

self-executing agreements between parties that are
programmed to automatically enforce the terms of the
agreement. Smart contracts, which are written in
programming languages such as Solidity, can be used to
automate a wide range of processes, from financial
transactions to supply chain management.
Ethereum has gained traction as a platform for developing
Figure.3 Use of Metamask DeFi protocols, which enable users to lend, borrow, and
trade cryptocurrencies without the use of intermediaries.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are one-of- a-kind digital assets
● SOLIDITY
that can represent anything from artto music.
Solidity is a programming language used to create smart
Ethereum's decentralisation and programmability make it an
contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. Smart contracts are
effective tool for developing new applications and disrupting
agreements between two or more parties that are
traditional industries. It is important to note, however, that
programmed to automatically enforce the terms of the
the platform is still in its early stages, and there are risks
agreement. Solidity is a high-level programming language
associated with using decentralised applications and smart
designed to be easy to read and write.
contracts. Before investing time or money in Ethereum, as
The Ethereum Foundation created Solidity, which has a
with any cryptocurrency or blockchain technology, it is
syntax and structure similar to JavaScript. Because it is a
critical to thoroughly research and understand it.[17]
statically typed language, variable types must be defined
before they can be used. Inheritance, polymorphism, and
other object-oriented programming concepts are also
supported by Solidity.
The Solidity code is compiled into byte code and executed
on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The EVM is a
decentralised virtual machine that runs on Ethereum
network nodes. Solidity-based smart contracts can be
deployed on the Ethereum blockchain and interact with other
smart contracts and decentralised applications (dApps). Figure.4 Working of ethereum [25]
Developers can use Solidity to create a wide range of
applications, including decentralised finance (DeFi) ● SMART CONTRACT
protocols, supply chain management systems, and A smart contract is a self-executing contract in which the
tokenization platforms. However, it should be noted that buyer-seller agreement is written directly into lines of code.
Solidity is a new language, and smart contract Smart contracts are deployed using blockchain networks,
vulnerabilities can cause significant losses for users. As a which are decentralised digital ledgers that record and verify
result, Solidity code must be thoroughly tested and audited transactions. Smart contracts enable trust less transactions
before being deployed to the Ethereum blockchain. Overall, and automate the process of enforcing contractual
Metamask simplifies interactions with the Ethereum obligations without the use of third-party intermediaries
blockchain for users who may be unfamiliar with blockchain such as lawyers or banks.
technology. Smart contracts operate based on predefined rules and
conditions that are encoded in the blockchain network. Once
● ETHEREUM the terms of the contract are met, the smart contract executes
Ethereum is a blockchain platform for developing automatically, and the relevant parties receive their agreed-
decentralised applications (dApps) and smart contracts. It upon compensation. This process eliminates the need for
was created by Vitalik Buterin and first proposed in 2013. intermediaries, lowering costs while increasing transaction
The Ethereum blockchain is designed to be more adaptable speed and transparency.
and programmable than the Bitcoin blockchain, which Smart contracts have a wide range of applications, including
primarily serves as a value store. supply chain management, real estate, and finance. In the
Ethereum's native cryptocurrency, Ether (ETH), is used to supply chain management industry, smart contracts can help

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Vol. 7, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 21-30
Published Online April 2023 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

automate the process of verifying the authenticity of goods the potential benefits of integrating blockchain technology
and tracking them through the supply chain. Smart contracts into electronic voting systems, with a focus on the
can be used in the real estate industry to automate the requirement of safeguarding voters' anonymity and privacy
process of transferring property ownership. In the financial in such systems.[2]
services industry, smart contracts can be used to automate
the process of executing trades and settling transactions.
Overall, smart contracts are a novel application of
blockchain technology that can aid in the automation of
transactions and the elimination of the need for
intermediaries.
In blockchain networks, consensus algorithms are used to
reach an agreement among various distributed nodes.
Consensus mechanisms based on proof of work (PoW) or
proof of stake (PoS) protect the network by preventing
unauthorized users from validating bad transactions.[23]

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

Gives a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on Figure6. Architecture proposed by the paper [2]
scalable blockchain-based electronic voting systems. The
authors describe electronic voting and go over the In order to provide secure and transparent electronic voting
advantages and disadvantages of using blockchain and bidding processes, the study suggests a decentralised
technology to conduct it. In this paper, studies on the system that makes use of a distributed network of nodes,
usability, scalability, and security of blockchain-based smart contracts, and blockchain technology. Smart contracts
electronic voting systems are compiled. The authors also make sure that transactions are only carried out when
conduct a meta-analysis of the content they have assessed specific predetermined criteria are satisfied. They also
and provide information on the current state of research on ensure that the transactions are automatically verified and
scalable blockchain- based electronic voting systems. The published on the blockchain ledger. The technology enables
essay may be useful to academics, professionals, and users to vote or bid safely and anonymously, and anyone on
legislators who are thinking about adopting blockchain the network is able to audit and verify the results of the
technology in electronic voting systems.[1] voting or bidding process. The paper provides a thorough
analysis of the possible advantages of employing blockchain
and smart contracts for electronic voting and bidding
systems.[3]
The study proposes a description of how blockchain
technology is being used in electronic voting systems,
highlighting the benefits of increased effectiveness, security,
and transparency. The authors evaluate the benefits and
drawbacks of various proposed and implemented
Figure5. Architecture proposed by the paper [1] blockchain-based electronic voting systems. Additionally,
they highlight other research problems that need to be
solved, including the development of safe identity
with respect to this paper, we have made use interface to be management systems, effective consensus processes, and
quiet swift and user friendly and the web app is not only for safeguards for voters' anonymity and privacy. The paper
technical experts to be used emphasises the importance of user education and awareness
in order to properly adopt electronic voting systems based on
The report recommends a distributed electronic voting blockchains. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive
system that makes use of blockchain technology to ensure review of the use of blockchain technology in electronic
the confidentiality, integrity, and transparency of the voting voting systems as well as the challenges associated with
process. The voting process makes use of a network of performing related research.[4]
nodes, each of which maintains a copy of the blockchain
ledger used to anonymously and securely record votes. By
limiting who can access the ballots, the strategy emphasises
the need for voter anonymity and privacy in electronic
voting. The paper provides a comprehensive examination of

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Vol. 7, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 21-30
Published Online April 2023 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

blockchain technology in electronic voting systems may

have benefits for improved efficiency, security, and
transparency. The proposed blockchain-based electronic
voting system is fully described in the paper, along with
some of its potential benefits.[6]

Figure7. Architecture proposed by the paper [4]

The article proposes a reliable and secure blockchain- based

electronic voting system that uses a distributed ledger and a
consensus mechanism to provide transparency,
immutability, and integrity in the voting process. The
suggested method uses digital signatures and encryption to
authenticate users and protect voter anonymity. Also, the
authors provide a statistical analysis of the proposed method Figure9. Architecture proposed by the paper [6]
that demonstrates its dependability and effectiveness. The
importance of voter anonymity and privacy in electronic
voting systems is emphasised in the article, and the
recommended solution allays these concerns by utilising
encryption-based solutions. The study provides a
comprehensive analysis of the proposed blockchain-based
electronic voting system with a focus on its dependability,
security, and transparency.[5]

Figure10. Comparison of different systems

IV. WORKING METHODOLOGY

Blockchain is a system in which rather than treating every
entry as an individual we treat them as a block and connect
all these blocks using an inter link hence the name Block-
Chain. Every block consists of all the possible data of a
single entity with a timestamp and sometimes preferably a
nonce. Blockchain technology has emerged as a potential
solution to address the challenges associated with traditional
voting systems. By using a decentralized, tamper-proof
ledger, blockchain-based e-voting systems offer several
advantages, but also pose some challenges and risks. Here's
a high-level overview of the working methodology:
Figure8. Architecture proposed by the paper [5]
User and admin signup/login: The user and admin provide
their signup/login information using solidity asthe platform.
The study recommends an electronic voting system that uses
User registration and verification: Voters register to
an enterprise blockchain in order to ensure the integrity,
participate in the voting process by providing their personal
transparency, and immutability of the voting process. By
information and verifying their identity through an
allowing only authorised parties to participate in the voting
authentication process using Aadhar number.
process, the proposed solution uses a permissioned
Voting process: - The user votes their respective party the
blockchain to provide security and privacy. Any authorised
blockchain network uses consensus mechanisms to verify the
user on the network may audit the system, and the authors
authenticity and accuracy of the vote. This process involves
employ a consensus process to ensure the validity of the vote
multiple nodes in the network validating the transaction to
results. According to the study, the application of
ensure that it has not been tampered with. Once the vote is

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Vol. 7, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 21-30
Published Online April 2023 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

verified, the block is added to the chain, making it a Storage: Minimum 10 GB of Disk space.
permanent record that cannot be altered. RAM: Minimum 8 GB of RAM.
Counting the votes: - After the voting period has ended, the
votes are counted automatically by the blockchain network. Testing Technologies that we have used are as follows:
The counting process is transparent and auditable, allowing Ethereum Test Network-The Ethereum test network (also
anyone to verify the results independently. The blockchain- known as test net) is a separate network that runs alongside
based e-voting system also ensures that no votes are lost, the Ethereum main network and is designed specifically for
stolen, or altered in any way, providing a more secure and testing and development. The test net is intended to simulate
accurate voting process. the functionality of the main Ethereum network without
Declaration of Results: -Once the votes have been counted, incurring any actual costs.
the results are declared by the system automatically. The Ethereum Tester – An open-source testing libraryavailable
results are available for public viewing and can be audited in GitHub. The setup is relativelystraightforward, and
by anyone. The blockchain- based e-voting system provides it has very good API support for fork mining and other
an accurate and transparent way of declaring election testing functions.
results, ensuring that the democratic process is upheld.

Admin Side working: -

User Interface: This is the front-end interface through which
the administrator interacts with the system. It can be a web-
based dashboard, a desktop application, or a mobile app.
Smart Contracts: Smart contracts are self-executing
computer programs that run on the blockchain network.
These contracts define the rules and conditions of the
election, such as the eligible voters, the candidates, and the
voting period.

Blockchain Network: The blockchain network is the

underlying technology that powers the e-voting system.It is a
decentralized, distributed ledger that records all the
transactions in the system, including the votes cast by the
voters.
Digital Identity Verification: To ensure the integrity of the
voting process, the system must verify the digital identities
of the voters. This is done using Aadhar verification.

Figure12. Flow diagram of proposed system

V. INFERENCE
Figure11. Authentication architecture diagram Some essential performance characteristics for ablockchain-
based e-voting system to consider:
Software requirement in this methodology are asfollows: Security: To prevent unauthorised access and maintain the
OS: Windows 10 legitimacy and integrity of the votes, the system should have
Code Editor: Visual Studio CodeServer: Localhost strong security measures.
Database: MS-SQL Server 2012/2014. Transparency: The blockchain-based e-voting system
should be visible, which means that each voter should be
Hardware Requirements: able to view their vote and validate that it was successfully
Processor: Intel Quad core 1.7 GHZ Processor or above. recorded.

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Vol. 7, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 21-30
Published Online April 2023 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

Accessibility: The system should be available to all voters, Ultimately, blockchain-enabled e-voting has the potential to
regardless of where they live or their physical ability. alter the electoral process by providing a secure, transparent,
Rapidity: The blockchain-based e-voting system should be and efficient system that can increase voter participation,
able to capture and process votes in real time. lower costs, and improve the accuracy and dependability of
Reliability: The system must be dependable and capable of election results.
dealing with any technological challenges that may develop
during the voting process. Limitations of e-Voting using Blockchain:
Privacy: The system should protect the identities and voting
preferences of voters. Despite the fact that e-voting with blockchain technology
The system should be cost-effective, which means it should offers numerous benefits, there are still limits to consider,
not be unreasonably expensive to implement andmaintain. such as:
Usability: The system should be simple to use and navigate
for all voters, regardless of technical talents or prior Technical Complexity: Blockchain technology can be
experience with blockchain technology. technical and difficult to grasp, creating barriers to adoption
and limiting the use of blockchain for e- voting.
Advantages of e-Voting using Blockchain:
E-voting with blockchain technology has various Limited Scalability: While blockchain technology can
advantages, including: provide a secure and efficient platform for e-voting, its scale
Increased Security: Because each vote is recorded and is limited. The blockchain can only process a finite number
encrypted on a tamper-proof and decentralised ledger, of transactions, which can make large- scale elections
blockchain technology provides a very secure platform for e- difficult.
voting. It is practically impossible to tamper with or
manipulate votes, ensuring that election results are accurate Lack of Standardization: A lack of standardisation in
and reliable. blockchain technology can lead to interoperability concerns
between different blockchain platforms, making it difficult
Transparency: Blockchain technology creates a transparent to construct a unified and consistente-voting system.
system in which each vote is recorded and accessible to all
network participants. This can aid in the prevention of Security Risks: While blockchain technology provides a
fraudulent actions and promote accountability, both of safe framework for electronic voting, there are still hazards
which are critical to the integrityof the electoral process. involved with cyberattacks and hacking attempts. Bad actors
could possibly compromise the blockchain network,
Improved Accessibility: E-voting via blockchain technology jeopardising the voting process's integrity.
can make voting more accessible to people
who may be unable to participate in traditional voting Digital Divide: E-voting through blockchain technology
methods due to distance or disability. This can result inbetter necessitates access to technology and the internet, which
voter turnout and general participation. may exclude people who do not have these means. This has
the potential to create a digital divide and impede the
Reduce Costs: Blockchain-based e-voting systems can cut inclusiveness of the voting process.
election expenses by eliminating the need for physical
polling stations and shortening the time and resources Thus, while e-voting using blockchain technology has many
required to count votes. potential benefits, it is critical to recognise and overcome
these constraints in order to preserve the integrity and
Faster Results: Because votes are automatically tallied and dependability of the electoral process.
recorded in real-time, e-voting via blockchain technology
can give faster and more accurate election results. VI. FUTURE WORK
Linking application with Government voting system data.
Efficient Auditability: The blockchain-based e-voting
Making the system more secure.
system offers for efficient auditability because votes can be
Enhancing the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the
readily and rapidly audited.
application. Local languages can be included which will
play a vital role for people living in rural areas as well as
Improved Trust: By creating a safe and transparent system
uneducated people. A Candidate’s earlier social work and
that is highly resistant to tampering and manipulation,
candidate qualification’s can be added for a voter to have
blockchain technology can increase public faith in the
better choice. Also, adding a suggestion system for voters
electoral process.
that enables the public to give suggestions to the current

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winner. A complaint system can be included, that allows the

people to file complaintagainst a candidate

VII. RESULT
The proposed blockchain-based web application provides a
safe voting system with the following features: privacy,
convenience, free receipt and physical tally or count, as well
as cost-free and fraud- free voting. The model uses the
smart create User, create Candidate, add Vote, change
States, append Is Vote, create Adhar Email. Figureure 18
below shows a Metamask-based eth balance that must be
used to carry out the operations of the proposed system. In
general, the regulatory authority needs gas to call the
functions. The expense of gas consumption for each
blockchain transaction is shown in Figure16. Ganache Block

Figure13. Admin State change

Figure14. Result Declaration

Figure17. Metamask

Figure15. Ganache transaction

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a smart contract to local blockchain for this application. The

application is based on Ethereum Blockchain technology as
a network and a decentralized database all in one for storing
voter’s accounts, votes, and candidates’ details. Blockchain
provides a decentralized model that makes the network
reliable, safe, flexible and able to support real-time services.
the voter realizes his vote goes to his right candidate as well as
he has only one vote because the application does not allow
for the duplicate vote by this method electronic voting could
be highly reliable.

IX. REFERENCES
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