History - study of the past Historical resources - The most important

- from the Greek word historia research tool of a historian.

Two categories:
Historia - That means knowledge acquired 1. Primary
through inquiry or investigation. 2. Secondary
- account of the past of a person or of
a group of people Primary sources - sources produced at the
- written documents and historical same time as the event, period, or subject
evidence. being studied.
Secondary sources - anything about a
Historian - person who studies, researches, historical event which was created using
and interprets past events. primary sources
- lived with the mantra of “no - which was one or more stages
document, no history.” removed from the time period and
the event.
Historiography - writing of history
- The term historiography also refers
to the theory and history of historical writing.
PRIMARY SECONDARY

Two ways on how to examine historical Autobiography Biography

sources: Memoirs Encyclopedia
1. Internal Criticism Diary Textbooks
2. External Criticism Fossils Thesis
Relics Dissertations
Letters Interviews
Valid criticisms can be done through Photographs News reports
External and Internal criticisms. Speeches Movies
Videos News Articles
External criticism - practice of verifying the Legal Documents Scholarly Journals
authenticity of evidence Ornaments Transcriptions
Clothing Almanacs
Ex:quality of the paper
Tools Dictionaries
the type of the ink
the language
words used in the material THE 3GS OF COLONIAL HISTORY

Internal criticism - examination of the GOD - The Power of Faith

evidence. 85 percent Christian (mostly Roman
- author of the source Catholic), 10 percent Muslim
- its context
- agenda behind its creation GOLD - Trade under Colonialism
- knowledge which informed it March 16, 1521 - establishing the first
- intended purpose westward spice trade
Paete woodcarvers stood out during the
19th century
Manila–Acapulco Trade, better known as Two important source documents:
"Galleon Trade" Pigafetta’s account that was published in
Italian in 1800 under the
GLORY - Trace of Colonization title, “Primo viaggio intorno al globo
terracqueo”; and a letter written in Latin
One of the most popular paintings in the in 1522 by Maximilianus Transylvanus
Philippines is the masterpiece entitled, “De Moluccis Insulis”.
Spolarium by Juan Luna.
- Human Rights, Forced Labor and The Voyage Across the Pacific
how the Spaniards terrorize Filipinos in their - November 28, 1520
own land.
❖ Arrival at the Philippines
THE VOYAGE OF MAGELLAN TO THE - March 16, 1521
PHILIPPINES - Archipelago of San Lazaro or Islas
de San Lazaro
Magellan was a Portuguese
5 ships of Magellan exploration: ❖ Homonhon
1. San Antonio - First place that Magellan went.
2. Santiago Hinrich or Enrique was a native of Sumatra.
3. Concepcion
4. Victoria At Limasawa
5. Trinidad - March 28

Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage to the ❖ March 31, 1521

Philippines was one of the accomplishments - held the first mass in the archipelago
of Spain. led by Father Pedro de
Valderrama.
Commercial Revolution - These voyages
were the prelude to the great event of early ❖ 5th April 1521
modern times which history writers. - Magellan arrived in Cebu

THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION ❖ • 7th April 1521

- Spaniards came to Cebu.
Treaty of Tordesillas - gave Spain - accepted by Rajah Humabon, the
the right to venture into the unexplored leader of Cebu.
regions of the South Seas
1519 - year when Ferdinand ❖ 14th April 1521
Magellan left the port of San Lucas de - baptism of the natives of Cebu was
Barrameda performed.

❖ 27th April 1521

- The battle took place in Mactan
where Magellan was killed.
Lapu-Lapu - leader of Mactan
❖ 13th February 1565
ALVARO DE SAAVEDRA CERON - Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu
- one of the Spanish explorers in the island.
Pacific Ocean.
The first to the Far East to be lifted out on ❖ 27th April 1565
Mexican soil consisted of the three ships: - destroyed the town of Raja Tupas
the Florida, the Santiago, the Espiritu and established a settlement.
Santo Fuerza de San Pedro - became the
Spanish trading outpost
The Saavedra Expedition’s Goal
First goal - to see what might have ❖ 8th May 1565
happened to the survivor of the Magellan - Martin de Goiti arrived at Manila
Second goal - to look for Trinidad
Third goal - to inquire about what became ❖ Goiti’s Arrival and Alliance
of the Cabot expedition - Martin de Goiti arrived in Manila and
Fourth goal - to see what happened to the allied with Rajah Suliman (a Muslim leader).
Loaisa Expedition
❖ Conflict and Spanish Conquest
The Saavedra Expedition - Natives realized the Spaniards' true
- left port of Zihuatanejo, Mexico on motives, leading to a battle.
November 1, 1527. - Spaniards won due to better weapons
October 9, 1529 - Saavedra died and conquered Manila.

THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION ❖ Legazpi Strengthens Control

- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived, made
❖ Ruy Lopez de Villalobos peace with local leaders (Suliman,
- brother-in-law of Antonio de Lakandula, and Matanda).
Mendoza
- reached Mindanao on February 2 ❖ Building Intramuros (1571)
- He who bestowed upon these - Legazpi ordered the construction of
islands the name "Felipinas" Intramuros, making it the government center
and capital.
November 1, 1542
- Started his expedition to the ❖ Legazpi’s Death (1572)
philippines - Legazpi died and was buried in San
Agustin Church in Intramuros.
A Letter of Fray Geronimo Santisteban to
the Viceroy of Spain ❖ Manila’s Honor (1574)
- King Philip II gave Manila the title
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City of
❖ Andres de Urdaneta - priest who Spain."
had survived the Loaisa mission.
Juan de Plasencia, Customs of the
Tagalogs

❖ Juan de Plasencia
- A Spanish Franciscan priest, he worked
as a missionary in the Philippines.
- Founded several towns in Luzon,
particularly in Laguna, Quezon, Bulacan,
Laguna, and Rizal.

❖ Missionary Contributions
- Along with Fray Diego de Oropesa,
Plasencia established many towns around
Laguna de Bay and other nearby provinces.
- Focused on spreading Christianity and
making communication easier between
Spanish missionaries and the natives.

❖ Language and Religion

- Plasencia wrote books to help natives
learn Spanish and missionaries learn local
languages.
- Believed to have authored the Doctrina
Cristiana, the first book printed in the
Philippines, which was in Spanish, Tagalog
(Latin and Baybayin scripts), and Chinese.

❖ Purpose of Customs of the

Tagalogs
- Plasencia aimed to document the
customs and governance of the Tagalog
people accurately.
- To ensure reliability, he gathered
information from knowledgeable locals,
especially elders, and avoided misleading or
biased accounts.