Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 9 views

    Adobe Scan 04 Nov 2024

    Uploaded by

    hagalagila12

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Adobe Scan 04 Nov 2024

    Uploaded by

    hagalagila12
    9 views18 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views18 pages

    Adobe Scan 04 Nov 2024

    Uploaded by

    hagalagila12

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    R

    ST-FR
    ,

    INVESTIGATORY
    PROJECT ON
    ALF-WAVE
    RECTIFIER

    Name:
    Class: 12
    Roll No:

    School: Faculty Senior Secondary School


    ACKNOWWLEDGEMENT

    I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my


    physics teacher, Mr. Gautam Kumar Dey (P.G.T
    Physics), for his invaluable guidance, support, and
    ncouragement throughout the course of this project.
    His expert advice and supervision was crucial in
    helping me understand the concepts and procedures
    related to Half-Wave Rectifier". Lastly, I extend my
    appreciation to my friends for their cooperation and
    teamwork during the project. Their enthusiasm and
    collaboration made the entire learning proces
    enjoyable and enlightenin

    Thank you all for your


    support.
    Coutents
    INTRODUCTION

    AIM OF THIS EXPERIMENT


    MATERIALS REQUIRED
    CONSTRUCTION
    THEORY
    HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
    HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WAVEFORM
    HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERCAPACITOR FILTER
    HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER FORMULA
    APPLICATIONS OF HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
    DISADVANTAGES OF HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS
    PRECAUTIONS
    CONCLUSION
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    INTRODUCTION
    The half-wave rectifier is a fundamental electronic circuit
    that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
    (DC), leveraging the principle of rectification. This crucial
    component enables the efficient transmission and utilization
    of electrical energy in various applications, ranging from
    power supplies to electronic devices. In a half-wave rectifier,
    only half of the AC waveform is utilized, resulting in a
    pulsating DC output. The circuit comprises a transformer,
    diode, and load resistance, working simultaneously to filter
    and rectify the AC voltage. Understanding the working
    principle, characteristics, and applications of half-wave
    rectifiers is vital for designing and analyzing electronic
    circuits.
    AIM OF THIS EXPERIMENT
    To design, construct, and investigate the
    characteristics of a half-wave rectifier circuit,
    analyzing its ability to convert alternating
    current (AC) to direct current (DC), and to
    study the effects of varying parameters such as
    input voltage and load resistance on its
    performance.
    MATERALS REOUNRED
    1.Stepdown
    Transformer(220V to 12V)
    2.Switch
    3.LED
    4. Resistor(1000 Ohms)
    5.Diode(10V)
    6.Capacitor(25V)
    CONSTRUCTION
    Step 1: Transformer Connection
    Connect the primary winding of the transformer
    to the ACpower source (220V) using the switch.
    Ensure the switch is in the OFF position initially.
    Step 2: Diode Connection
    Connect the anode (positive leg) of the diode to
    the secondary winding of the transfornmer.
    " Connect the cathode (negative leg) of the diode
    to one end of the resistor.

    Step 3: Resistor Connection


    Connect the other end of the resistor to the anode
    (positive leg)of the LED.
    Step 4: LED Connection
    Connect the cathode (negative leg) of the LED to one
    end of the capacitor.

    Step 5: Capacitor Connection


    Connect the other end of the capacitor to the cathode
    (negative leg)of the diode.

    Step 6: Final Connections


    Verify all connections are secure and correct.
    Ensure no short circuits or exposed wires.
    THEORY
    1.A high ACvoltage is applied to the primary side of the step
    down transformer. The obtained secondary low voltage is
    applied to the diode.
    2.The diode is forward biased during the positive half cycle of
    the AC voltage and reverse biased during the negative half
    cycle.
    3.The final output voltage waveform is as shown in the figure
    below:
    (Pulsating)
    AC DC Output
    Diode
    Load A A
    Primary -Secondary
    Transfomer

    For better understanding, let us simplify the half-wave


    circuit by replacing the secondary transformer coils with a
    voltage source as shown below:
    Diode

    H
    Load

    (V,=Vsinwt
    in
    For the positive half cycle of the AC source voltage, the
    circuit effectively becomes as shown below in the diagram:

    +
    Load
    +

    in
    Vout

    When the diode is forward biased, it acts as a closed switch.


    But, during the negative half cycle of the AC source voltage,
    the equivalent circuit beconmes as shown in the figure below:

    Load

    in

    When a diode is reverse biased, it acts as an open


    switch. Since no current can flow to the load, the output
    voltage is equal to zero.
    HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
    CIRCUNT DIAGRAM
    Ahalf-wave rectifier is the simplest form of the
    rectifier and requires only one diode for the
    construction of a halfwave rectifier circuit. A halfwave
    rectifier circuit consists of three main components as
    follows:
    " A
    diode
    " A transformer
    " Aresistive load

    Diode

    Supply (V) Load

    Primary - Secondary
    Step-down Transformer
    HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
    WAVEFRM

    The halfwave rectifier waveform before and after


    rectification is shown below in the figure.

    in

    wt
    2TT 3TT 4TT 57T 6TT

    V
    out

    wt
    2TT 3TT 4TT 5T 6T
    HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
    CAPACITOR FILTER
    The output waveform ofa halfwave rectifier is a pulsating
    DC waveform. Filters in halfwave rectifiers are used to
    transform the pulsating waveform into constant DC
    waveforms. A capacitor or an inductor can be used as a
    filter. The circuit diagram below shows how a capacitive
    filter is used with halfwave rectifier to smoothen out
    pulsating DC waveform intoa constant DCwaveform.

    AC
    (Pulsating)
    Diode DC Output
    Load A
    w

    Primary Secondary
    Transformer
    HALF WAVE RECTIFIER FORMULA

    Ripple Factor of Half Wave Rectifier


    Ripple factor determines how wellahalfwave rectifier can
    convert ACvoltage to DC voltage.
    Ripple factor can be quantified using the following formula:
    Y=V ))2-1
    Efficiency of Halfwave Rectifier
    The efficiency of a halfwave rectifier is the ratio of output DC
    power to the input ACpower.
    The efficiency formula for halfwave rectifier isgiven as follows:
    Ppc
    PAC

    RMS value of Half Wave Rectifier


    The RMS value of the load current for a half-wave rectifier is
    given by the formula:

    Irms = 2
    Form factor of a Halfwave Rectifier
    The form factor is the ratio between RMS value and average
    value and is given by the formula:
    RMS Value
    Form Factor Average Value
    APPLICATIONS OF HALE
    WAVE RECTIFIER
    They areused for signal
    demodulation purpose
    " They are used for rectification
    applications
    They are used for signal peak
    applications
    " They are used in AM radios
    " Pulse generated circuits
    DISADVANTAGES OF HALE
    WAVE RECTIFLER
    " Low output voltage
    " The output current thus
    obtained is not purely DC and it
    contains a lot of ripples
    " Convertsonly one cycle of the
    sinusoidal input given to it and
    the other cycles get wasted.
    Thus, causes power loss.
    PRECAUTIONS
    1.Handle electrical components and wiring
    with careto avoid short circuits.
    2. Use insulated wires and secure connections
    to prevent electrical shock.
    3. Ensure proper earthing of the circuit to
    prevent electricalshock.
    4. Use a suitable transformer rating (220V to
    12V) to avoid overheating.
    5.Avoid touching exposed wires or
    components during experimentation.
    6. Keep the circuit away from flammable
    materials.
    7. Verify the circuit connections before
    switching on the power supply. Loose
    connection may end up in failure of the
    circuit.
    CONCLUSION

    The half-wave rectifier experiment successfully


    demonstrated the conversion of alternating current
    (AC) to direct current (DC). This experiment
    highlighted the principles of rectification, filtering,
    and voltage transformation, underscoring the
    importance of selecting suitable components and
    optimizing circuit design for efficient DC power
    supply. Although the half-wave rectifier's
    limitations, such as low efficiency and high ripple
    factor, were observed, this project provided valuable
    hands-on experience with electronic circuits,
    measurement techniques, and solidifying
    fundamental concepts.
    BIBLI0GRAPHY
    1.NCERT Physics Textbook Class 12
    2. www.google.com
    3. www.byjus.com

    You might also like