1. Identify the ways of combination of s-p orbital.

2. Draw the molecular orbital diagram for the diatomic molecule N2.
3. Define cis isomers with an example.
4. What is meant by Crystal Field Stabilization Energy (CFSE)?
5. Describe the hybridization and geometry of methane (CH4).
6. Define a trans isomer and provide an example.
7. Draw and name the different types of d-orbitals?
8. What is the observable effect for the d-d transitions in transition metal complexes?
9. What is the significance of coordination number in complex ions?
10. What does the term "high-spin complex" refer to?
11. Define the concept of multiple oxidation states with an example.
12. How do ligands affect the colour of transition metal complexes?
13. What is the impact of electronegativity on bond polarity?
14. Explain the relationship between atomic size and ionization energy.
15. Define a complex ion and give an example.
16. Discuss the significance of the spectrochemical series.
17. How does atomic size change across a period?
18. Discuss the electron affinity trends in the periodic table along a group.
19. What factors influence the stability of high-spin versus low-spin complexes?
20. Calculate the effective nuclear charge for 3d electron and 4s electron of iron.
21. What factors affect the electron affinity of an atom?
22. Define the term "coordination compound" and provide an example.
23. Define covalent bond. What does Fajan’s Rule about the covalency of a compound?
24. What is bond length? What is the relation of radius of an atom with its bond length if it forms a diatomic molecule?
25. State the octet rule. How it is related to formation of ionic compound.
26. Give an example of a V-Shaped molecule. What is the bond angle in a water molecule?
27. What is the oxidation state of cobalt in [Co (NH3)6]3+?
28. What is the general trend of electron affinity across a period in the periodic table?
29. What is a bidentate ligand? Give examples.
30. Describe Pauli's Exclusion Principle with proper example.
31. What is the most electronegative element of the periodic table?
32. What is the electronic configuration of Zn? How it can correlate with the white colour of the compound?
33. Define ionization enthalpy with proper example.
34. What is the value of electronegativity of the following in Pauling scale? (a) F (b) O (c) Cl (d) H
35. From MO theory find out the bond order of Nitrogen.
36. What is primary valency and secondary valency? Explain with an example
37. What is the structure of PCl5?
38. What is the hybridization of Xe in XeF6?
39. Which of the following ligands have the highest CFSE? (a) H2O (b) CN- (c) NH3 (d) Cl-
40. Cis and trans isomerism in coordination compounds is also known as __________.
41. Give an example of a paramagnetic molecule.
42. State one similarity between π bond and σ bond.
43. Why can't a molecule with an odd number of electrons be diamagnetic?
44. How are molecular orbitals formed?
45. State one difference between σ and π bond.
46. Give example of the fact that VBT explains bond strength.
47. State the rules for LCAO.
48. Give two differences between cis and trans isomers (physical properties).
49. Why colored compounds are formed in transition metals?
50. Give an example of a weak field ligand.
51. What is 'Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity'? Explain with example.
52. Which atom has the highest/lowest electron affinity?
53. Arrange Cl⁻, Ar, K⁺, Ca²⁺ with increasing number of atomic radius?
54. Calculate oxidation number of the following atoms in the compound: (i) Fe₃O₄ (ii) CrO5
55. Draw p-p combination giving pi bonding.
56. According to Fazan’s rule, increase in size of anion whether will increase the ionic character of the compound?
57. Calculate the double bond equivalence of C10H8O .
58. How many nodes are present in 2p and 3p orbital?
59. Write down the correct order of electronegativity of N, O, F, Cl
60. What is the most electronegative and least electronegative element according to Pauling scale?
61. What is effective nuclear charge? Explain with proper example.
62. In a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO₂), what type of bond exists between carbon and oxygen atoms?
63. Name the intermolecular force responsible for the high boiling point of water.
64. How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in a molecule of toluene.
65. What is the geometry of a molecule with sp³d² hybridization?
66. What type of hybridization occurs in the central atom of a trigonal planar molecule?
67. What is the main difference between the sigma (6) and pi (π) molecular orbitals in terms of their orientation and
electron distribution?
68. What type of hybridization occurs when one s and three p orbitals combine? State the geometry of the hybridized
orbital.
69. What is the difference of combining two p orbitals laterally and axially?
70. What is the main postulate of Valence Bond Theory?
71. What type of hybridization is associated with a trigonal bipyramidal shape?
72. According to VB Theory, what is the reason for the formation of a covalent bond?
73. Write down the characteristic of a sigma (σ) bond.
74. What is the hybridization and bond angle between the two oxygen atoms of carbon in a carbon di oxide molecule?
75. How does the polarity of a polar covalent compound develop? Explain with proper example.

1. How do transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states?

2. Classify the d-orbitals based on their shapes and orientations.
3. Compare the ionization energies of two adjacent elements in the periodic table.
4. Describe the relationship between ligand field strength and electron spin states with proper example.
5. What are the geometry of a coordination complex with a coordination number of 4?
6. Compare the properties of strong field and weak field ligands.
7. Explain the role of ligands in the stabilization of coordination compounds.
8. Describe the hybridization and geometry of the carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule.
9. Discuss the molecular geometry and hybridization of the phosphate ion (PO4^3-).
10. What is the relationship between atomic size and effective nuclear charge?
11. Describe the electronic configuration for the transition element (Sc) considering effective nuclear positive charge.
12. Discuss the factors that influence the oxidation states of transition metals.
13. What is the significance of hybridization in the formation of sigma and pi bonds?
14. What are the different types of isomerism observed in coordination compounds of octahedral molecule?
15. Explain how the shape of a molecule influences its dipole moment.
16. Describe the relationship between electronegativity and bond character in molecules.
17. Compare and contrast the physical properties of cis and trans isomers.
18. Compare the bond angle between CH4, PH3, H2O, NH3, H2S.
19. What is the significance of geometry and shape of a molecule?
20. Define chelating ligand. Give an example of a hexadentate chelating ligand.
21. Compare the bond dissociation energy of Cl2, F2, Br2, I2 and give proper explanation for its variation.
22. How does high spin complex differ from low spin complex? Explain with proper example.
23. Define atomic radius. How does it change down a group?
24. Compare the atomic sizes of Na, Li, Mg, Rb, Cs, K, Ca.
25. Among Fe2+ and Fe3+ which is more stable and why?
26. Arrange in decreasing order the field strength of ligands: F, NH3, C2O4-, H2O, Cl.
27. Define ionization enthalpy. How does it change across a period?
28. State Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity with proper example.
29. Why does transition metals form coloured complexes?
30. Give the geometry and shape of PCl5 and XeOF4.
31. Characterize the type of bonding/s present in ammonium chloride?
32. Why H2O is liquid and H2S is gas at room temperature?
33. State Slater’s rule with giving relevant example.
34. What are the factors on which magnitude of CFSE depends?
35. What are chelating ligands. Give examples.
36. What is bidentate ligand? Give example.
37. Draw the splitting pattern of d-orbital in octahedral field.
38. What are ambidentate ligands? Give examples.
39. Draw the isomers of [PtCl2(NH3)2].
40. Why Sc and Zn salts are colourless even though they are d block elements? Give reasons.
41. Give the differences between the cis-trans isomerism and E-Z isomerism with proper example.
42. What restricts a s orbital to combine with a d orbital?
43. Give a short note on the formation of homonuclear diatomic molecules and state two examples.
44. How is VBT applied to coordination compounds?
45. Calculate CFSE value for d7 in both weak field & strong field states.
46. Calculate effective nuclear positive charge for Sc-atom for a '3d' electron.
47. In how many ways can s-s and p-p orbitals combine? Draw them.
48. Calculate the CFSE of d6 central atom in octahedral field with a weak field ligand
49. By molecular orbital theory is it possible to state He2 exist or not.
50. Explain why ionization energy increases across a period.
51. How does Hund’s rule help in determining the electronic configuration of atoms?
52. Explain the significance of effective nuclear charge in atomic structure.
53. Differentiate between hard and soft acids with examples, as per HSAB example.
54. What is the relation between electronegativity and ionization energy?
55. Calculate CFSE of [Cr (H2O)6]2+ and [CoF6]3-
56. What is the relationship between l (azimuthal quantum number) & m (magnetic quantum number)? What is the
relationship between n (principal quantum number) & m (magnetic quantum number)?
57. What is ionization potential? Why is second ionization potential always greater than first ionization potential?
58. What is electron affinity? What is electron negativity? What is the difference between them?
59. Discuss about relation between bond order, bond lengths and bond energy.
60. Explain why the compounds of type C2H2X2 exhibit cis-trans isomerism.
61. Why do the melting points decrease in going from NaF to NaI.
62. Why are all the P—F bonds in PF5 molecule not of same bond length?
63. What is the degeneracy of the t2g and eg sets in an octahedral field?
64. Explain the role of ligand in determining the spin state (high or low) of transition metal complexes.
65. What is the difference between strong field and weak field ligands?
66. Describe the formation of sigma bond.
67. What is electron affinity?

1. State the fundamental principles of molecular orbital theory.

2. Illustrate the concept of CFSE and its role in the stability of transition metal complexes, providing relevant example.
3. Explain the significance of d-d transitions in determining the colour of transition metal complexes.
4. Discuss Z and E isomerism in coordination compounds, providing examples and applications.
5. Explain how effective nuclear charge influences atomic properties, including ionization energy and atomic size.
6. Draw the complex form of EDTA binded with Ca/Mg atom.
7. Draw the orbital diagram of benzene?
8. Define Chelate and inner metallic complex.
9. Provide the molecular orbital theory for O2 molecule. State it’s magnetism and bond order.
10. Differentiate between sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds.
11. Show the bond formation of H2 and O2 using orbital overlapping.
12. What are isoelectronic species? Give two examples.
13. Explain the spectrochemical series of ligands. Give examples of strong and weak field ligands.
14. Discuss the stability of oxidation states in transition metals.
15. Describe the reasons affecting the magnitude of crystal field splitting energy in complexes. Also show the relationship of
splitting energy between tetrahedral and octahedral complexes.
16. Define and explain shielding effect and its trend in the periodic table.
17. Compare the bond length and bond energy in nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) using molecular orbital theory.
18. What is the role of the Aufbau principle in writing electronic configuration of an element?
19. What are the types of isomerism that are are known in co-ordination chemistry? Give examples.
20. What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference the weak field and strong fields ligands
21. Why [Ni(CN)4]2- is diamagnetic in nature?
22. Why second IE of Na is much higher than its first IE?
23. Arrange the following elements in the increasing order of number of unpaired electrons in it: Sc, Cr, V, Ti & Mn
24. Calculate the magnetic moment of a bivalent ion in aqueous solution of an element with atomic number 25.
25. Explain the structure of BCl3 using VSEPR rule.
26. Draw the cis and trans isomers of [Fe(CN)4(NH3)2]-.
27. Give a diagrammatic representation of combinations of s-s, s-p, p- p, p-d, d-d orbitals.
28. Draw the energy level diagrams of H2, Be2, and C2 using molecular orbital theory.
29. Predict the shape and geometry of NH3 using VSEPR and hybridization.
30. Give the energy level diagram for O2 -, O2 , and O2+ using molecular orbital theory.
31. [ NiCl4] and Ni(Co)4 have sp3 and sp2 hybridization. Justify the statement.
32. Demonstrate splitting of d-orbital in an octahedral field.
33. Demonstrate splitting of d-orbital in a tetrahedral field.
34. Demonstrate splitting of d-orbital in a square planar field.
35. Interpret the molecular orbitals of Be2 . Calculate the bond order of F2 molecule.
36. Draw the structure of XeF6 and write down its geometry of this structure. What is the hybridization of Xe in XeF4?
37. Show splitting pattern of ‘d’ orbital in tetrahedral field. Calculate CFSE of d7 and d8 system in octahedral field with
strong field ligands.
38. Calculate Zeff(Z*) for 3d electron of Cu.
39. What is meant by hybridization of atomic orbitals? Describe the shapes of sp, sp², sp3 hybrid orbitals.
40. Calculate CFSE of d5 octahedral complex in strong field and weak field ligand.
41. Why the colours of Octahedral and tetrahedral complexes made from same metal ion and ligand are different?
42. Why the size of cation is smaller them parent atom? why the size of anion is bigger than parent atom?
43. Draw the cis and trans isomers of Ni(Gly)2, and from that conclude their magnetic moment.
44. Write the correct order of bond length for C-C bonds in ethane, ethene, ethyne. Explain.
45. Why Cu+, Ag+, Zn2+ are Colorless?
46. Why light blue copper sulphate solution gives deep blue colour when NH4OH is added?
47. Find [Co(NH3)6]3+ is diamagnetic or paramagnetic and its shape.
48. Give the name and symbol for each of the atoms which have the ground state electronic configuration in their outer
shell's ( a) 2s2 (b) 3s2 3p5 (c)3s2 3p6 4s2 (d) 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 (e)5s2 5p2 (f) 5s2 5p6
49. Use the molecular orbital theory to predict the bond order and the number of unpaired electrons in O22-,O2-, O2,O2+,
N2.
50. What are the geometries of sp3d2, Sp3d and dsp2 hybrid orbitals?
51. Relate low spin complex and high spin complex formation according to ligand field strength.

1. Among the following [Ni(CN)4]2-, [Fe(CN)4]4-, [Co(NH3)6]3+, [FeF6]3- which metal ion’s hybridization state is sp3d2? Give
proper explanations.
2. Why is magnetic moment of ferric compounds more than ferrous compounds? Explain in details.
3. Cr2+ ion is a reducing agent and Mn3+ ion is oxidizing though both of them have d4 electronic configuration explain.
4. Why the transition metals shows variable valencies explain.
5. Predict the structure of the following molecules with the help of V.B. theory. Mention the hybridisation state of the
central atom. PCl3F2, XeF2, IF7, ICl, NH3, NCl3, SO4-2, SF6, XeF4, PH3, H2O,
6. Define/ differentiate Chelate and Inner metallic complex. Give examples. Mention two uses of chelate complex
formation in analytical chemistry.
7. Define polydentate and flexidentate ligand with examples.
8. Justify: NO2 is an ambidentate ligand.
9. Draw the MO diagram of N2 molecule and write down the electronic distribution in the MO and calculate the bond
order and predict the magnetic behavior from it.
10. What is primary valency and secondary valency of a metal ion in a complex compound? Explain with example.
11. Write down graphically the tendency of ionization potential along a group with proper explanation.
12. Explain diagrammatically the splitting of d- orbitals in presence of tetrahedral field. Does the field strength of the
ligands impart any effect to the splitting, if so explain with suitable example.
13. Justify:CN is an ambiedentate ligand.
14. Draw the MO diagram of O2 molecule and write down the electronic distribution in the MO and calculate the bond
order and predict the magnetic behavior from it.
15. Write down graphically the tendency of ionization potential along 2nd period elements with proper explanation.
16. Explain diagrammatically the splitting of d- orbitals in presence of octahedral field. Does the field strength of the ligands
impart any effect to the splitting, if so explain with suitable example.
17. Explain the behavior of CO as a ligand with the help of MO diagram.
18. Define ionization potential and electron affinity and give the trend of them while going from left to right in periodic
table.
19. Define ionization potential and electron affinity and give the trend of them while going from top to bottom of a
particular group in periodic table.
20. Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+. Explain
21. Using MO diagram predict the magnetic behaviour of O2 and O2-
22. Arrange the following species in order of increasing stabilities N2+, N2, N2-, N22-.
23. Arrange the following as directed i)Na, Mg, Al, Si(First Ionization Enthalpy) ii)Na, Mg, Al, Si(Atomic Radii) iii)F, Cl, Br, I
(Electron gain Enthalpy).
24. The atomic number of two elements A and B are 9 and 17 respectively i)Atom of which element (between A and B) is
smaller in size. ii) Which has lesser electronegativity? iii)Which has greater oxidizing property?
25. Between Na+ and F- which is more electronegative?
26. Give reasons: a) HF has higher boiling point than HCl. b) H2+ ion is more stable than H2- ion although both have same
bond order.
27. Calculate bond order of H2, H2-, H2+
28. Draw the resonating structures of NO3- .
29. Give reasons for the following: i) Electron Gain Enthalpy of Noble Gases are positive. ii)Ionization Enthalpy of N and P
are higher than expected.

1. Which type of isomerism is shown by two complexes [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 ? How would you distinguish
between two complexes?
2. Which of the following are coloured in aqueous solution? Give reasons: V3+, Cu+, Sc3+, Fe3+.
3. Which of the following oxides are amphoteric? Mn2O7, CrO3, Cr2O3, V2O5.
4. Explain why most of the Cu(I) compounds are unstable in aqueous solution.
5. What happens when MnO42- ion is kept in acidic medium? Write balanced equation.
6. Among the following paramagnetic, diamagnetic, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic compounds which one will be
strongly attracted by a magnet? Give proper justifications.
7. Among the following NH3, PH3, AsH3, and BiH3 which one will be the strongest base. Give proper justification.
8. Among the following Cr, Mn, Fe and Ni which element shows +7 oxidation state? Give an example of a compound of
that element which shows +7 oxidation state.
9. Among the following Cr, Mn, Fe and Ni which element shows +6 oxidation state? Give an example of a compound of
that element which shows +6 oxidation state.
10. All the bonds in PF5 are identical but not in PCl5. Explain
11. How many types of hardness is present in water. How is the total hardness of water estimated.
12. What do you mean by isoelectronic species? Give examples
13. What are the four sets if quantum numbers? Explain.
14. Explain Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity with proper example.
15. Explain Paulii exclution priciple with proper example.
16. Explain Auf bau principle.
17. Write the possible isomers of the aromatic compound having molecular formulaC7H7Cl. Which of these have weakest C-
Cl bond?
18. (CH3)3N is more basic than (SiH3)3N. Suggest a reason.
19. Write down the increasing order of electronegativity of the following elements: F, Cl, O,N
20. What will be the Crystal Field Stabilization Energy in K4[Fe(CN)6] of the central metal ion.
21. Transition metals are generally coloured in nature. Why?
22. Give the IUPAC name of the following and find out the charge of the central metal atom: [Pt(NH3)4][Pt(Cl)4]
23. Properly describe ths fac and mer isomers of M A3B3 type coordinate complexes.
24. What is meant by chelating ligand. Give example.

1. For isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, work done in reversible process is greater than irreversible process. Justify.
2. Define/ differentiate Extensive and Intensive property with example.
3. What is heat of combustion? 4 gm. of a graphite sample was burnt in a bomb calorimeter of heat capacity 60 kJ/K.
Temperature was increased from 300 to 304 K. Calculate the heat of combustion of graphite.
4. Explain the significance of Gibb’s free energy. How does it influence the spontaneity of a process?
5. Calculate the maximum work done by the gas when pressure on 10 gm. H2 is reduced from 20 to 2 atm. at a constant
temperature 300K for an ideal gas.
6. Differentiate: open, closed and isolated systems. Relate Gibbs free energy with enthalpy and entropy by a
thermodynamic equation.
7. In a bomb calorimeter 500g of graphite is burnt of heat capacity 60 kJ K-1 in excess of oxygen at 1 atm. pressure. The
temperature rises from 270C to 370C. What is the enthalpy of combustion of graphite (in kJ mol-1)? What is enthalpy
of formation?
8. Calculate the work done in isothermal irrreversible process and draw the PV curve and with proper demarcation the
work done in the curve.
9. What is Heat of neutralisation? Heat of neutralisation of strong acid and strong base is nothing but the heat of
formation of water from H+ and OH-. Explain the statement.
10. Relate enthalpy and entropy by an equation.
11. Calculate the heat of formation of NH3 when the heat of combustion of NH3 and H2 are -90.6 and -68.3 KCal respectively.
12. Explain: Heat capacity is an extensive property but molar heat capacity is an intensive property.
13. For expansion of an ideal gas, isothermal P-V plot is steeper than adiabatic P-V plot. Justify.
14. Enthalpy of combustion of carbon(s) and carbon monoxide are -393.5 and -283 kJmol-1 respectively. Calculate the
enthalpy of formation of CO.
15. Heat of formation of HCl is -22.06 KCal. Explain the statement.
16. When 1.89 g of benzoic acid is burnt in a bomb calorimeter at 25°C, increase in temperature of 18.94 g water in
calorimeter is 0.632°C. If the specific heat of water at 25°C is 0.998 cal.g-1.deg-1. Calculate the heat of combustion of
benzoic acid.
17. Differentiate: reversible and irreversible process.
18. A solution of 500 ml 0.2(M) KOH and 500 ml 0.2(M) HCl are mixed and stirred, the rise of temperature of the solution
is T1. The experiment was repeated with 100 ml of each solution. The rise in temperature is T2. What will be the relation
between the two temperature rises?