ADARSH EDUCATION SOCIETY

STD VIII

4.2 REVOLUTIONARY STEPS IN SURGERY

MEANINGS

Refer to the meanings in the lesson, given in the Textbook.

Warming Up

1. Discuss in your class:

1.Do you like to study science?

Ans- : yes,

2.What are the advantages of learning science?

Ans - We grow in knowledge and curiosity.

3. Are robots truly useful to human beings?

Ans - Yes, Robots are useful as they prove useful Assistants in performing Daily complex activities.

How can we take the help of robots in our daily life?

Ans - Attempt on your own -( Use the following Points: household chores – boring,monotonous work –
heavy manual – dangerous; jobs – operations, surgeries, etc.)

4. Name some gadgets and: appliances we use in day-to-day life.

Ans - (Points: washing machine, mixer, grinder, gas stoves, TV, dishwasher, heaters, etc.)

2. Imagine that one of your family members I friends I classmates has recently undergone a surgery. You
were curious and wanted to learn about his/her experience.

▪︎Match the questions you asked with their answers.

1.What health problem did you suffer from?

Ans - I had fractured my ankle while playing hockey.

2. Whom did you Inform about It first?

Ans - My school hockey coach.

3. What type of doctor did you consult?

Ans - I consulted an orthopedic surgeon.

4. How did he/she find out that you needed surgery?

Ans - The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle, and he found a fracture In my ankle.

5. What preparation was done before the surgery?

Ans - I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.

6. How did you feel when you were taken to the operation theatre?

Ans - I was very nervous.

7. What was the first step before the actual surgery?

Ans - I was given an injection of anesthesia.

8.Did you feel any pain during the surgery?

Ans - No, I did not feel anything. I was fast asleep.

9.What did you feel when you opened your eyes after the operation?

Ans - I was relieved and happy that the operation was over.

10. How soon did you recover?

Ans - I recovered and I could walk normally after three weeks.

3. We have learned that sentences may have two, three or more sets of subject + predicate, joined by a
conjunction. Each set of subject and predicate.

that is a part of a larger sentence is culled clause.

Separate the clauses in the following sentences and write the conjunction.

1.The thief stole the money and he ran away.

Ans - Clause (i): The thief stole the money.

Clause (ii): he ran away

Conjunction: and
2.She told me that she was a doctor.

Ans - Clause (i): She told me

Clause (ii): that she was a doctor

Conjunction: that

3.He ran fast but he did not win the race.

Ans - Clause (i): He ran fast

Clause (ii): he did not win the race

Conjunction: but

4.The traveller arrived at the station after the train had left.

Ans - Clause (i): The traveller arrived at the station

Clause (ii): after the train had left

Conjunction: after.

● From the sentences given in Activity 2 pick out two sentences having Co-ordinate Clauses. Point out
the Co-ordinators:

I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.

Ans - Coordinate Clause (i): I was given a bath.

Coordinate Clause (ii): I wore a surgical gown.

Conjunction: and

2. The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle and he found a fracture in my ankle.

Ans - Coordinate Clause (i): The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle.

Coordinate Clause (ii): He found a fracture in my ankle.

Conjunction: and
ENGLISH WORKSHOP
a.First surgeon to perform operations

Ans - Sushruta

b.Anaesthetics used from mid 19th century

Ans - Ether and chloroform

c. First successful Cardiac Surgeon

Ans - Dr. Williams

d.A sack around the heart

Ans- pericardium

e.Father of modern neurosurgery

Ans - Harvey Cushing

f. World’s most advanced surgical robot

Ans - the Da Vinci.

2. Match the terms in ‘A’ with their explanation in ‘B’:

Answers -

(1) Tooth Extraction- removing a decayed tooth

(2) Cardiac - related to the heart

(3) Sedative - substance that makes a person sleep

(4) tumour - an extra growth in the body

(5) incisions- a cut made for surgery

(6) a console - a control unit for a robotic surgery

(7) 3- D - having length , breath and depth

(8) cushing clip. - a device to stop blood loss in surgery.

3. Fill in the web with words related to ‘Surgery’:

Ans - Plastic , Heart , Cardiac , Neuro, Robotic.

4. Write 3 or 4 lines about each of the following in your own words.

1. Sushruta Samhita

Ans - It is thought that Sushruta was probably the first surgeon to perform surgical operations, and the
Sushruta Samhita is one of the oldest works In the world that deal with surgery.

2. First Cardiac Surgery

Ans - The first cardiac surgery was done by Dr Williams. A patient, James Cornish. was suffering from a
very serious knife wound, and the knife had cut an artery less than an inch from his heart. It had
punctured the pericardium. Dr Williams and six staff doctors performed a complicated and daring
operation and repaired the heart. This became the first successful cardiac surgery.

3. First Neurosurgeon

Ans - Harvey Cushing was the first neurosurgeon and is considered to be the father of modern
neurological surgery. In the early part of the 20th century, he developed basic techniques and
instruments for operating on the brain. Cushing reduced the mortality rate for neurosurgery from 90%
to less than 10%. By 1937, when he retired, he had successfully removed more than 2000 tumours. One
of his most significant achievements was the development of a method to stem blood loss by inventing a
clip called the ‘silver clip’ or the ‘Cushing clip’.

4. The Robotic Surgery

Ans - Robotic surgery is a type of minimal invasive surgery. Use Is made of miniature surgical
Instruments, that fit through quarter-inch Incisions. Robotic surgery gives the surgeon a 3-D view of the
operating site. Every movement he makes with the master controls Is replicated accurately by the robot.
When necessary. the surgeon can even change the scale of the robot’s movements. Surgeons can use
this technology to perform complex surgical procedures.
5. A. Fill in the gap in the table of Degrees of Comparison:

Positive Degree. Comparative Degree. Superlative degree

(1) Old. Older Oldest

(2) Health Healthier Healthiest

(3) Near Nearer Nearest

(4) Fine Finer Finest

(5) Early Earlier Earliest

(6) Small Smaller Smallest

(7) Fast Faster Fastest

(8) High Higher Highest

6. Join the sentences using appropriate Co-ordinators. (but, or, so, and):

a.There was lack of technology. Major surgery could not develop for centuries.

Ans - There was lack of technology So Major surgery could not develop for centuries.

b.Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past. Patients did not survive.

Ans - Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past but Patients did not survive.

c.He places his fingers into the master controls. He operates all four arms of the Da vinci.

Ans - He places his fingers into the master controls and He operates all four arms of the Da vinci.

d.Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves. It can also replace them.

Ans - Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves or It can also replace them.
e.Heart patients were treated with sedatives. They did not survive.

Ans - Heart patients were treated with sedatives but They did not survive.

f.These procedures can be performed through very small incisions. Our patients experience a number of
benefits.

Ans - These procedures can be performed through very small incisions so Our patients experience a
number of benefits.

Marginal Questions
1. Doctors began to use anesthesia:

Ans - Doctors could not cut open the part of the body that was not healthy to remove or set right the
part, for this would involve a lot of pain to the patient. Hence, doctors began to use general or local
anaesthesia, which benumbs the whole body or part of the body. After this, the surgery could be done
without pain to the patient.

2. Cardiac surgery had not developed:

Ans - Cardiac surgery had not developed because doctors did not have modern medical tools and
procedures essential for heart surgery.

3. What had the patient, James cornish suffered from ?

Ans - James cornish was suffering from very serious knife wound.

4. Describe what kind of cardiac surgery is done nowadays.

Ans - Nowadays, more advanced techniques are used to deal with heart complications. Open heart
surgery, which helps to repair heart defects and heart valves and even replace them, is also performed
successfully.

5. Explain who neurosurgeons operate upon and on what body parts.

Ans - Neurosurgeons treat those who have disorders of the nervous system. They can treat patients of
all ages, from the newborn to the elderly, who have suffered a stroke. They operate on the brain, the
spine, or the nerves.

6. What is Da Vinci ?

Ans - Da Vinci is the word’s most advanced surgical robot.

7. Write in your notebook an imaginary telephonic conversation between you and your family –
secretary, asking for an appointment to consult the doctor for a health problem you are suffering from.
Begin with

Secretary: Good morning! This is the Wellness Clinic. How can I help you?

Myself : Good morning! I am Ishita kotian. I would like to have an appointment with Dr. Sucheta. I am an
old patient.

Secretary : Oh, hello, ishita. Yes, of course. When would like an appointment for?

Myself : As soon as possible, Ma'am

Secretary : I can fit you in tomorrow.

Myself : What time tomorrow?

Secretary - At 11 a.m. tomorrow?

Myself - No, I'm sorry. I have to attend some extra classes. Can you give me an appointment in the
evening?

Secretary - 6 p.m.?

Myself - Oh yes, that will be fine. 6 p.m. tomorrow. Thank you.

Secretary - Anytime, Ishita. Goodnight.