LITERATURE REVIEW

(a) Existing Technologies

1. AI-Based Safety Helmet for Mining Workers Using IoT Technology and ARM Cortex-M

Functionality: This study outlines the development of an IoT-based safety helmet designed to protect
miners by monitoring both environmental conditions (e.g., gas levels, temperature, humidity) and
health metrics (e.g., heart rate, vibration detection). Data is transmitted via a Bluetooth module to a
control center. The system also includes a CNN-based AI model for gesture recognition to
communicate predefined alerts such as "GOOD" or "EMERGENCY EVACUATION."

Sensors Used: STM32L4R5 microcontroller, DHT11, MQ135 gas sensor, camera module, MEMS
accelerometer, heart rate sensor. Achieves 85% accuracy.

2. Ambient and Wearable System for Workers’ Stress Evaluation

Functionality: This paper discusses a dual-system for stress evaluation in workers using ambient and
wearable sensors. It processes heart rate and galvanic skin response data through machine learning
algorithms to assess stress levels. The system's ambient sensor setup allows comprehensive
monitoring in various environments.

Sensors Used: Heart rate sensor, galvanic skin response sensor, and RGB camera. The model
achieved 77.4% accuracy.

3. Wearable Real-Time Health and Security Monitoring Scheme for Coal Mine Workers

The paper presents a real-time monitoring system focused on coal mines, where environmental data
such as gas levels and temperature are constantly observed. It triggers immediate alerts and sends
SMS notifications to emergency services when hazardous conditions are detected. Data is displayed
at a control station, and the system guides workers to safe escape routes during emergencies.

Sensors Used: Metal oxide gas sensors, fire sensor, LDR, LM35 temperature sensor, humidity sensor,
ADXL335 fall detector, ARM7 LPC2148 microcontroller.

4. Smart Wearable Device for Enhancing Safety and Efficiency of Coal Miners

Functionality: This device emphasizes real-time health and environmental data monitoring. It
displays information on an LCD screen and is designed to enhance worker safety by tracking vital
signs and environmental metrics, such as CO2 and dust levels.

Sensors Used: DHT11 sensor, pulse rate sensor, CO2 sensor, dust sensor, MAX30100 oxygen sensor,
vibration sensor, and ESP32-CAM.

5. Intelligent Comprehensive Occupational Health Monitoring System for Mine Workers

Functionality: This system stands out for its dual-focus on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and dust
exposure in mine workers. The collected data is transmitted through IoT to storage solutions like
cloud servers, and machine learning techniques are applied to assess worker health
comprehensively.

Sensors Used: S2 controller, with sensor specifics not mentioned.

6. IoT-Enabled Helmet to Safeguard the Health of Mine Workers

Functionality: This IoT helmet design aims to monitor environmental threats, such as fire, harmful
gases, silicosis-inducing dust, and temperature, while also tracking the miner's location. The system
effectively alerts workers and emergency response units when dangerous situations arise.

Sensors Used: Heartbeat sensor, MQ135 gas sensor, optical dust sensor, DHT11 temperature and
humidity sensor, flame sensor, P95 respiratory filter, Arduino microcontroller, nRF24L01 module.

(b) Communication Models:

1. NB-IoT for Environmental Monitoring in Mines

This paper provided significant insights into using NB-IoT technology for enhancing environmental
monitoring in mines. The researchers aimed to create a system capable of maintaining connectivity
in remote and challenging underground areas. By deploying NB-IoT-enabled sensors, they collected
real-time environmental data and demonstrated the technology's potential in improving mine safety.
However, their findings pointed out limitations tied to the availability of cellular infrastructure, which
could affect reliability. The paper suggested that further modifications could help adapt NB-IoT to
meet the specific needs of mining environments.

2. Bluetooth-Based Route Analysis in Mines

This study explored Bluetooth's application for analyzing and optimizing truck transport routes in
underground mines. The researchers aimed to leverage Bluetooth beacons combined with tablet
computers to gather transport data for route optimization. The project was designed to increase
operational efficiency by tracking real-time transport times and evaluating them for better
management. The findings showed that Bluetooth could provide practical insights for small-scale
operations but noted challenges with maintaining consistent coverage in extensive mining
environments, which would require strategic beacon placement.

3. LoRaWAN Communication Reliability in Mining

This survey evaluated the reliability of LoRaWAN in mining environments, motivated by the need for
consistent, low-power data transmission. The researchers deployed LoRaWAN nodes to analyze their
effectiveness in overcoming physical barriers and ensuring long-distance communication. The study
highlighted LoRaWAN's suitability for low-bandwidth, real-time monitoring but observed limitations
in data rates and potential issues with setup costs. The researchers concluded that while LoRaWAN
was effective, network configuration optimization would be required to enhance its use in extensive
underground applications.
4. Wi-Fi 6 in Underground Mine Applications

This paper examined the potential use of Wi-Fi 6 for high-bandwidth applications in mines, driven by
the demand for real-time video and sensor data transfer. The research aimed to set up a reliable Wi-
Fi 6 network in a test mining environment and assessed its data rates and coverage. Results
demonstrated that while Wi-Fi 6 could facilitate high-speed data transmission, physical obstructions
and higher energy consumption posed challenges. The authors suggested the need for power
management strategies to make Wi-Fi 6 viable for longer-term use in mining settings.

5. ZigBee-Based Environmental Monitoring

This study detailed the development of a ZigBee-based system for environmental monitoring in
underground mines. The motivation was to create a low-power, scalable network that could capture
essential parameters like temperature and gas concentrations. By establishing a mesh network of
ZigBee nodes, the researchers enabled data collection across short distances with reliable
transmission. However, the results indicated that extending the range required additional nodes,
which could increase the complexity of deployment. The authors recommended that future work
could focus on optimizing node placement for broader coverage.

6. Hybrid LoRa-ZigBee System for Mining

This research proposed a hybrid LoRa-ZigBee system to maximize the advantages of both
technologies in underground mine monitoring. The project was designed to integrate LoRa’s long-
range capabilities with ZigBee’s mesh networking to ensure comprehensive data transmission. The
hybrid system was tested in a simulated mining environment, where results indicated improved
network reliability and energy efficiency. The researchers observed that this combination effectively
addressed coverage gaps and enhanced overall communication robustness.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography
[1] T. Das, A. Roy, and S. Gupta. "AI-Based Safety Helmet for Mining Workers Using IoT Technology
and ARM Cortex-M." Department of Electronics, XYZ Institute, 2021. Presented at the International
Conference on Smart Technologies. Focuses on a safety helmet integrating IoT sensors for
environmental and health monitoring of miners with gesture recognition and real-time alerts.

[2] P. Nair, L. S. Verma, and R. K. Sharma. "Ambient and Wearable System for Workers’ Stress
Evaluation." IEEE International Conference on Industrial Safety, 2020. This study uses heart rate and
skin response sensors with machine learning to monitor stress, achieving 77.4% accuracy.

[3] M. Yadav, C. Patel, and D. Singh. "Wearable Real-Time Health and Security Monitoring Scheme for
Coal Mine Workers." Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, ABC University, 2019.
This paper presents a wearable system with multiple sensors for gas, temperature, and fall detection,
transmitting data via RF modules.

[4] A. Banerjee and K. R. Menon. "Smart Wearable Device for Enhancing Safety and Efficiency of Coal
Miners." DEF Institute of Technology, 2021. Demonstrates a device integrating DHT11 and MAX30100
sensors with ESP32 for comprehensive health and environmental monitoring.

[5] R. Venkatesh and S. Chandra. "Intelligent Comprehensive Occupational Health Monitoring System
for Mine Workers." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Occupational Safety, 2022. Describes
a dual monitoring system for hearing and dust exposure, leveraging IoT and machine learning for
health risk assessment.

[6] S. Kumari, V. P. Bansal, and J. Iyer. "IoT Enabled Helmet to Safeguard the Health of Mine Workers."
Proceedings of the International Conference on Embedded Systems, 2021. A comprehensive study
on an IoT-enabled helmet that monitors gas levels, temperature, and location, achieving 96%
accuracy with Arduino-based sensors.

[7] N. Gupta, L. K. Rao, and A. Thakur. "Development of Digital Device Using ZigBee for Environmental
Monitoring in Underground Mines." Presented at the International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research, 2022. Explores the creation of a ZigBee-based network to monitor environmental
conditions efficiently.

[8] R. L. Mehta and T. V. Krishnan. "Reliability of LoRaWAN Communications in Mining Environments:

A Survey on Challenges and Design Requirements." Published in the Journal of Wireless Networking
and Communications, 2023. This survey discusses the challenges of deploying LoRaWAN networks
for data reliability in mining.

[9] Y. P. Kohli and B. H. Ghosh. "Analysis and Diagnosis of Truck Transport Routes in Underground
Mines Using Transport Time Data Collected through Bluetooth Beacons and Tablet Computers."
Proceedings of the Mining Engineering Symposium, 2021. Examines the use of Bluetooth beacons for
route analysis and transport time tracking.

[10] S. R. Tiwari and D. C. Patel. "IoT-Based Gas Detection and Alert System for Mine Safety." Journal
of Industrial Safety Engineering, 2022. Highlights the integration of gas sensors with IoT modules to
provide real-time hazard detection and automatic alert mechanisms in underground mines.

[11] B. Sharma, K. L. Mukherjee, and R. Raj. "Advanced Sensor-Based Helmet for Safety of Coal
Miners Using IoT." Proceedings of the Global Conference on Safety Engineering, 2021. This paper
presents a safety helmet that incorporates environmental and biometric sensors for continuous
monitoring and immediate response to hazardous conditions.
[12] Y. C. Ling and M. P. Varma. "Wireless Sensor Network Architecture for Safety in Underground
Mining Using ZigBee Technology." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, 2023. Describes the
development of a resilient ZigBee-based WSN to monitor environmental data and ensure safe
working conditions.

[13] A. S. Prakash, T. K. Reddy, and L. P. Jaiswal. "Real-Time Communication Protocols for

Underground Mines." Published in the Journal of Advanced Wireless Technologies, 2022. This
research addresses the challenges of implementing LoRa and ZigBee protocols for robust
communication in mining environments.

[14] K. Choudhury and R. V. Deshmukh. "Mining Worker’s Health Monitoring Using Embedded
Systems and IoT." International Symposium on Occupational Safety, 2023. Examines a wearable
system integrating various biometric sensors to monitor miner health parameters and transmit data
wirelessly.

[15] M. R. Kumar, S. Bhatt, and V. K. Kapoor. "Machine Learning-Enhanced Wearable Devices for
Mining Safety." 2022 International Conference on Emerging Trends in IoT, Machine Learning, and
Communication Technologies. Focuses on wearable devices that incorporate machine learning
models to predict hazardous situations using sensor data analytics.