VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

OFFICE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDY PROGRAMS

EXPERIMENTAL REPORT
GENERAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Subject code: CH1004

Instructor: Dr. Phan Thi Thanh Nga
Class: CC21
Group: 6
Student 1: Nguyen Ngoc Minh Khue (2452606)
Student 2: Nguyen Quang Khai (2452513)
Student 3: Nguyen Tran Kim Nguyen (2450026)

Ho Chi Minh City, 2024

Table of Contents
Unit 2. HEAT OF REACTION ................................................................................... 3
I. Experimental results ............................................................................................. 3
1. Experiment 1 .................................................................................................... 3
2. Experiment 2 .................................................................................................... 3
3. Experiment 3 .................................................................................................... 4
4. Experiment 4 ..................................................................................................... 4
II. Answer the questions ........................................................................................... 5
1. Question 1 ......................................................................................................... 5
2. Question 2 ......................................................................................................... 5
3. Question 3 ......................................................................................................... 5
Unit 4. REACTION RATES ........................................................................................ 6
I. Experimental results ............................................................................................. 6
1. Reaction order with respect to Na 2S2O3 ............................................................. 6
2. Reaction order with respect to H2SO4 ................................................................ 6
II. Answer the questions ........................................................................................... 7
1. Question 1 ......................................................................................................... 7
2. Question 2 ......................................................................................................... 7
3. Question 3 ......................................................................................................... 7
4. Question 4 ......................................................................................................... 7
Unit 8. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 8
I. Experimental results ............................................................................................. 8
1. Titration curve of HCl by NaOH ........................................................................ 8
2. Titration of HCl with Phenolphthalein ............................................................... 8
3. Titration of HCl with Methyl Orange ................................................................. 9
4. Experiment 4 .................................................................................................. 10
a. Titration of CH3COOH with Phenolphthalein ............................................. 10
b. Titration of CH3COOH with Methyl Orange .............................................. 10
II. Answer the questions ......................................................................................... 11
1. Question 1 ....................................................................................................... 11
2. Question 2 ....................................................................................................... 11
3. Question 3 ....................................................................................................... 11
4. Question 4 ....................................................................................................... 12

2
 UNIT 2: HEAT OF REACTION

Date: 18/09/2024
Class: CC21
Group: 6

I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. Experiment 1
Temperature oC First time Second time Third time
t1 27.8o 28.2o 28o
t2 65o 65o 65o
t3 47.5o 47.5o 48o
moco 6.2857 5.1429 8.8235
moco average = 6.7507 (cal/K)
(Detail calculation of one value of moco)
(𝑡3 −𝑡1 )−(𝑡2 −𝑡3 ) (47.5−27.8)−(65−47.5)
moco = 𝑚𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 = 6.2857(cal/K)
𝑡2 −𝑡3 65−47.5

2. Experiment 2
Temperature oC First time Second time Third time
t1 27.5 27 27.1
t2 28.5 28.1 28.1
t3 33 32.8 33
Q 281.4285 289.5002 317.6469
Qave 296.1919
∆𝐻 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) -11257.14 -11580.008 -12705.876

(Detail calculation of one value of Q)

𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑄 = (𝑚𝑜 𝑐𝑜 + 𝑚𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑐𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑐𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ) (𝑡3 − )
2
27.5 + 28.5
= (6.2857 + 25 + 25) (33 − ) = 281.4285
2

3
 3. Experiment 3
Temperature First time Second time Third time
t1 29 28.4 28.2
t2 35 34.8 34.8
Q(cal) 362.0142 378.7066 414.7671
∆𝐻 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) -14480.568 -15148.264 -16590.684
∆𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) 15406.5053

(𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐻 )

𝑚 = 4𝑔 𝑐 = 1(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔. 𝐾 ) 𝑚0 𝑐0 = 6.2857(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 )𝑚 = 4𝑔 𝑐 = 1𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔. 𝐾 𝑚0𝑐0
= 6.2857𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾
𝑄 = (𝑚0 𝑐𝑜 + 𝑚𝐻2𝑂 𝑐𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑚𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 𝑐𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4)(𝑡2 − 𝑡1) = (6.2857 + 50 + 4.05)(35 −
𝑄 362.0142
29) = 362.0142∆𝐻 = − = − = −14480.568 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
𝑛 0.025

4. Experiment 4
Temperature First time Second time Third time
t1 29 28.4 28.2
t2 25.5 24.4 24.4
Q(cal) -211.245 -236.3716 -238.6533
∆𝐻 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) 2825.4018 3161.4702 3191.9879
∆𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) 3059.617

(𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐻 )

𝑚 = 4𝑔 𝑐 = 1(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔. 𝐾 ) 𝑚0𝑐0 = 2.5(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 )
𝑄 = (𝑚𝑜 𝑐𝑜 + 𝑚𝐻2 𝑂𝑐𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑚𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙𝑐𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 )(𝑡2 − 𝑡1)
𝑄
= (6.2857 + 50 + 4)(28 − 32) = −211.245 (𝑐𝑎𝑙)∆𝐻 = −
𝑛
−211.245
=− = 2825.4018 (𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
8
107

4
II. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
1. ∆𝑯 of the reaction of the reaction HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O is
calculated based on the molar of HCl or NaOH when 25ml HCl 2M
solution react with 25ml NaOH 1M solution? Explain.

𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂

Initial: 0.05 0.025
Reaction: 0.025 0.025
Final: 0.025 0

2. If replace HCl 1M by HNO3 1M, the result of experiment 2 will change or

not?
The results of the experiment will not change, because HCl and HNO3 are two strong
acids completely associated. And the reaction between HNO3 and NaOH is neural.
=≫ Therefore, the ratio of two reactions will be the same.

3. Calculate ∆H3 base on Hess's law. Compare to experimental result.

Considering 6 reasons that might cause the error
 Heat loss due to calorimeter
 Thermometer
 Volumetric glassware
 Balance
 Copper (II) sulfate absorbs water
 Assume specific heat of copper (II) sulfate is 1 cal/mol.K
In your opinion, which one is the most significant? Explain? Is there any other
reason?
 Based on Hess’s law: ∆𝐻3 = ∆𝐻1 + ∆𝐻2
 Result from experiment: ∆H3 = -10.6 (kcal/mol) In my opinion, the reason that
causes most impact on the experimental result is copper (II) sulfate absorbs
water in the air, then become hydrated itself. At the room temperature, the
humidity is quite great, so during the process of weighing and taking CuSO4 not
quickly, CuSO4 absorbs water and releases an amount of heat into the exterior
environment. That leads to the error in the experiment.
 Beside that, the heat loss due to the calorimeter is also noteworthy. If we do the
experiment incorrectly, it leads to releasing heat into the exterior environment.

5
 UNIT 4: REACTION RATES

Date: 25/09/2024; 02/10/2024

Class: CC21
Group: 6

I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3
Initial concentration (M)
No. ∆t1 (s) ∆t2 (s) ∆tave (s)
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.01 0.08 117 116 116.5
2 0.02 0.08 52 54 53
3 0.04 0.08 28 28 28

From ∆tave of experiment 1 and 2, determine m1 (a sample of calculation)

∆t1 116.5
log( ) log( )
m1 = ∆t2
= 53
= 1.14
log 2 log 2
From ∆tave of experiment 2 and 3, determine m2
∆t2 53
log(∆t3) log(28)
m2 = = = 0.92
log 2 log 2
𝑚1+ 𝑚2 1.14+0.92
Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3 = = = 1.03
2 2

2. Reaction order with respect to H2SO4

Initial concentration (M)
No. ∆t1 (s) ∆t2 (s) ∆tave (s)
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.02 0.04 53 49 51
2 0.02 0.08 46 42 44
3 0.02 0.16 40 32 36

From ∆tave of experiment 1 and 2, determine n1 (sample calculation)

∆t1 51
log( ) log( )
n1 = ∆t2
= 44
= 0.21
log 2 log 2
From ∆tave of experiment 2 and 3, determine n2
∆t2 44
log( ) log( )
n2 = ∆t3
= 36
= 0.29
log 2 log 2
𝑛1+ 𝑛2 0.21+0.29
Reaction order with respect to H2SO4 = = = 0.25
2 2

6
II. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
1. In the experiment above, what is the effect of the concentrations of Na 2S2O3
and H2SO4 on the reaction rate? Rewrite the reaction rate expression.
Determine the orders of the reaction.
Concentrations of Na2S2O3 and H2SO4 increase the reaction rate.
The concentration of Na2S2O3 is directly proportional to the reaction rate.
The concentration of H2SO4 has virtually no effect on the reaction rate.
V = k.[Na2S2O3]m.[H2SO4]n = k.[Na2S2O3]1.03.[H2SO4]0.25
Order of reaction = m + n = 1.03 + 0.25 = 1.28

2. Mechanism of the reaction can be written as

H2SO4 + Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 + H2S2O3 (1)
H2S2O3 H2SO3 + S(2)
Based on the experimental results, may we conclude that the reaction
(1) or (2) is the rate-determining step, which is the slowest step of the
reaction? Recall that in the experiments, the amount of the acid H 2SO4
is always used in excess.
Based on the experimental results, we may conclude that:
(1) is an ionic exchange reaction, and the reaction rate is (fast).
(2) is a reaction-oxidation (redox) reaction, and the reaction rate is low (slow).
Reaction (2) determines the reaction rate. Reaction (2) is the slowest step of the reaction
because its reaction order is the order of the entire reaction, and we can conclude that
reaction (2) is the rate-determining step.

3. Base on the principle of the experimental method, the reaction rate is

considered as an instantaneous rate or average rate.
Velocity is determined by the quotient of the change in concentration with the change
∆𝐶
in time ( ).
∆𝑡
Because ∆𝐶 ≈ 0 (sulfur has negligible concentration variation in period ∆𝑡), the
velocity in the above experiments is considered an instantaneous rate.

4. If the order of adding H2SO4 and Na2S2O3 is reversed, does the reaction order
change? Explain your answer.
The order of reaction does not change when the order of adding H2SO4 and Na2S2O3
is reversed. The order of reaction only depends on the characteristics of that reaction
(concentration, temperature, contact surface area, pressure, etc.), not on the order of
adding chemicals.

7
 UNIT 8: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

Date: 02/10/2024
Class: CC21
Group: 6

I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1. Titration curve of HCl by NaOH

From the graph, determine:

 pH at equivalence point: 7.26
 Titration jump: from pH 3.36 to pH 10.56

2. Titration of HCl with Phenolphthalein

No. VHCl (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation

1 10 9.8 0.1 0.098 0.00333

2 10 10.6 0.1 0.106 0.00467

3 10 10 0.1 0.1 0.00133

Calculate the concentration of HCl solution:

 CHCl x VHCl = CNaOH x VNaOH
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 9.8
 CHCl (1) = = = 0.098 (N)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 10
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 10.6
 CHCl (2) = = = 0.106 (N)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 10

8
 𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 10
 CHCl (3) = = = 0.1 (N)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 10
0.098+0.106+0.1
 CTB = = 0.10133 (N)
3
Deviation (1): I0.098 – 0.10133I = 0.00333
Deviation (2): I0.106 – 0.10133I = 0.00467
Deviation (3): I0.1 – 0.10133I = 0.00133
0.00333+0.00467+0.00133
 ΔCtb = = 0.001112 (N)
3
 CHCl = 0.10133±0.001112 (N)
 Conclusion: Strong acid titration with Phenolphthalein indicator gives accurate
results.

3. Titration of HCl with Methyl Orange

No. VHCl (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation

1 10 9.7 0.1 0.097 0.001

2 10 10 0.1 0.1 0.002

3 10 9.7 0.1 0.097 0.001

Calculate the concentration of HCl solution:

 CHCl x VHCl = CNaOH x VNaOH
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 9.7
 CHCl (1) = = = 0.097 (N)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 10
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 10
 CHCl (2) = = = 0.1 (N)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 10
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 9.7
 CHCl (3) = = = 0.097 (N)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 10
0.097+0.1+0.097
 CTB = = 0.098
3
Deviation (1): I0.098 – 0.098I = 0.001
Deviation (2): I0.106 – 0.098I = 0.002
Deviation (3): I0.1 – 0.098I = 0.001
0.001+0.002+0.001
 ΔCtb = = 0.00133 (N)
3
 CHCl = 0.098±0.00133 (N)
 Conclusion: Strong acid titration with Methyl Orange indicator gives accurate
results.

9
 4. Experiment 4
a. Titration of CH3COOH with Phenolphthalein
No. VCH3COOH (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CCH3COOH (N)

1 10 9.7 0.1 0.097

2 10 10 0.1 0.1

3 10 9.9 0.1 0.099

Calculate the concentration of CH3COOH solution:

 CCH3COOH x VCH3COOH = CNaOH x VNaOH
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 9.7
 CCH3COOH (1) = = = 0.097 (N)
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 10
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 10
 CCH3COOH (2) = = = 0.1 (N)
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 10
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 9.9
 CCH3COOH (3) = = = 0.099 (N)
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 10
0.097+0.1+0.099
 CTB = = 0.09867 (N)
3
Deviation (1): I0.097 – 0.09867I = 0.00167
Deviation (2): I0.1 – 0.09867I = 0.00133
Deviation (3): I0.099 – 0.09867I = 0.00033
0.00167+0.00133+0.00033
 ΔCtb = = 0.00111 (N)
3
 CHCl = 0.09867±0.00111 (N)

b. Titration of CH3COOH with Methyl Orange

No. VCH3COOH (ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CCH3COOH (N)

1 10 1.1 0.1 0.011

2 10 1.1 0.1 0.011

3 10 1 0.1 0.01

Calculate the concentration of CH3COOH solution:

 CCH3COOH x VCH3COOH = CNaOH x VNaOH
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 1.1
 CCH3COOH (1) = = = 0.011 (N)
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 10
𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 1.1
 CCH3COOH (2) = = = 0.011 (N)
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 10

10
 𝐶𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑥 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0.1 𝑥 1
 CCH3COOH (3) = = = 0.01 (N)
𝑉𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 10
0.011+0.011+0.01
 CTB = = 0.01067 (N)
3
Deviation (1): I0.011 – 0.01067I = 0.00033
Deviation (2): I0.011 – 0.01067I = 0.00033
Deviation (3): I0.01 – 0.01067I = 0.00067
0.00033+0.00033+0.00067
 ΔCtb = = 0.000443 (N)
3
 CHCl = 0.01067±0.000443 (N)

 Conclusion: Weak acid titration with Phenolphthalein indicator gives more

accurate results than Methyl Orange.

II. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. When changing the concentration of HCl or NaOH, does the titration curve
change? Explain.
When changing the concentration of HCl or NaOH, the titration curve will not change
as it depends on the formula:
CHCl x VHCl = CNaOH x VNaOH
Because VHCl and CNaOH are fixed, whenever CHCl increases or decreases, VNaOH will also
increase or decrease. As a result, the equivalent reaction of substances does not alter,
and therefore the titration curve stays the same, only the change in pH jump does.
Similarly, if C is changed, then the titration curve will remain stable.

2. The determination of the concentration of HCl in experiments 2 and 3, which

one is more precise?
In experiment 2, the result is more accurate than in experiment 4.
For the reason Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to pink, and the color becomes
darker as the NaOH concentration increases. This makes it easier to determine the color
compared to Methyl Orange, which changes from red to orange and finally to yellow,
making it difficult to recognize the endpoint. Even though, the results indicated by both
indicators are accurate.

3. From the result of experiment 4, for the determining concentration of acetic

acid solution, which indicator is more precise?
For acetic acid, the Phenolphthalein indicator will be more accurate than methyl orange
because this is a weak acid so the equivalence point pH is greater than 7 (shorter jump).

11
Meanwhile, the pH jump of methyl orange is 3.0 - 4.4, which is not within the jump
range of the system, so it will not give accurate results.

4. In a volumetric titration, if NaOH and HCl are interchanged, does the result
change? Explain.
In volumetric analysis, if the positions of NaOH and acid are changed, the result remains
unchanged because the nature of the reaction is unchanged, it is still a neutralization
reaction between acid and base.

12