Earth Science

11
Earth Science – Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 16: Gaseous Wastes
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

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Editor: Ronald C. Dumapias
Reviewers: Name
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Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
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Victor M. Javeña EdD
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Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Earth Science
11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 16
Gaseous Wastes
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Earth Science 11 Self-Learning Module on Gaseous Wastes!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Earth Science Self-Learning Module on Gaseous Wastes!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

The module is about gaseous wastes.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe how people generate gaseous wastes as they make use of various
materials and resources in everyday life;
2. identify the sources of gaseous wastes and their management; and
3. cite ways of reducing the production of gaseous wastes at home and
around the community.

PRETEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
a. Carbon dioxide b. Sulfur dioxide
c. Nitrogen d. Water vapor

2. The kind of dangerous gas that is formed when things rot in landfills is called
a. Carbon dioxide b. Methane c. Nitrogen d. Oxygen

3. Which of the following can be produced from landfill waste?

a. Air b. Liquefied petroleum gas
c. Biogas d. Natural gas

4. Gasoline is mostly made of octane, a chemical compound derived from a fossil

fuel. When exposed to the air, it evaporates easily. It is an example of----
a. Acid precipitation b. Particulate matter
c. A volatile organic compound d. An ozone degradation compound
5. Ozone is a compound that contains the element _____________. It is degraded in
the atmosphere when exposed to _________ containing compounds, such as CFCs.
a. Carbon, Bromine b. Nitrogen, Chlorine
c. Oxygen, Chlorine d. Oxygen, Fluorine
 RECAP

Businesses produce a variety of liquid wastes, including hazardous and non-

hazardous waste. Types of waste include chemical liquids – like solvents, fertilizers
and paints – which are often hazardous and produced in large quantities. Equipment
used to store and process this material, including piping and storage tanks, should
be regularly serviced and inspected.
The impacts of improper disposal are both financial and environmental, and most
frequently, the impacts fall into both categories. For example, a business would have
to pay for clean-up of a liquid waste spill and may potentially lose business. A few
examples of environmental impacts include:

Surface Water Pollution: Liquid waste has the ability to alter water’s chemical
composition. It can happen slowly – i.e. a slow leak at a chemicals processing plant
– or all at once from a large-scale oil spill. In turn, drinking water can be
contaminated, and aquatic ecosystems can be disrupted.

Soil Contamination: Liquid waste can quickly seep into the earth. This pollution
can cause harm to plants growing in the soil, as well as to animals or people who
consume foods that were created in contaminated soil.

Air Pollution: Although air pollution is more commonly associated with dust, gas
and fine particle contamination, liquid wastes can also impact air quality. For
example, foul smells are common with liquid waste pollution, particularly with
sewage systems.

LESSON

Gaseous Wastes - are oxides of carbon, Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,

hydrocarbons, aerosols, carbon monoxide, methane, Greenhouse gases like
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) etc. Due to the increase of factories, industrial areas and
the number of vehicles, a large amount of gaseous wastes are coming to the
atmosphere.
These are the wastes that are released in the form of gases from automobiles,
factories or burning of fossil fuels like petroleum. They get mixed with the other
gases atmosphere and occasionally cause events such as smog and acid rain.

Example: Gaseous wastes is generated during the paint manufacturing operation.

Various operations lead to discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere for example,
many raw materials used to manufacture paint are volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and evaporate readily in the atmosphere when the ingredients are exposed to
air, pigment dust (particulate matter) is generated during the manufacturing
process, and solvents used for cleaning the equipment have high evaporation rates.
Disposal of Gaseous Wastes
The gaseous wastes are the main source of air pollution. As air pollution is most
dangerous to human health, the gaseous wastes must be properly treated before they
are disposed of into the atmosphere.
Management of Gaseous Wastes:
The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning fossil
fuels leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations. farming and forestry —
including land use change via agriculture and livestock. cement manufacture. The
gaseous wastes include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC), oxides of nitrogen (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of Sulphur (SO 2) etc.
These gaseous wastes can cause serious environmental hazards. Therefore, it is
highly essential to take appropriate steps for the proper management and control of
gaseous wastes in the environment.

Due to increase in number of vehicles and growth in the number of factories and
industrial areas there is now large amount of gaseous wastes coming to the
atmosphere. The gaseous wastes contain many gases like carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and greenhouse gases like
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC).
Following methods are used for the management of gas wastes:
1. Settling chambers: Dust articles are collated.
2. Filters: It is the method to separate particles from the gas
3. Electrostatic Method: In this method, electrostatic forces are used to move the
particles to the collection surface. Here waste gas is passed between high voltage
discharge electrodes.
4. Absorption: In this method a mass of waste gases, specially carbon dioxide is
transferred to the liquid
5. Smokeless fuels can be used by industries.
6. Hydrocarbon emissions of vehicles can be controlled by use of unleaded petrol.
7. To control Sulphur dioxide concentration in air, low Sulphur fuels can be used.
8. More fuel efficient automobiles should be allowed to pass on the roads.

The gas wastes consist of two types of substance. They are:

1. Particulate Matter - the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air
many of which are hazardous. This complex mixture includes both organic and
inorganic particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. These
particles vary greatly in size, composition, and origin.
2. Gaseous Pollutants - pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) are collectively
called as Inorganic gaseous pollutants. These are the major contributors to the
indoor air pollution.

Landfill Gas
Landfill gas contains many different gases. Methane and carbon dioxide make up 90
to 98% of landfill gas. The remaining 2 to 10% includes nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia,
sulfides, hydrogen and various other gases. Landfill gases are produced when
bacteria break down organic waste. The amount of these gases depends on the type
of waste present in the landfill, the age of the landfill, oxygen content, the amount of
moisture, and temperature.
Example: Gas production will increase if the temperature or moisture content
increases. Though production of these gases generally reaches a peak in five to seven
years, a landfill can continue to produce gases for more than 50 years.
Important Things to Know About Landfill Gas
Landfill - a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and
covering it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.
Landfills can produce objectionable odors and landfill gas can move through soil and
collect in nearby buildings. Of the gases produced in landfills, ammonia, sulfides,
methane, and carbon dioxide are of most concern. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide
are responsible for most of the odors at landfills. Methane is flammable and
concentrations have sometimes exceeded explosive levels indoors. Methane and
carbon dioxide can also collect in nearby buildings and displace oxygen.

Movement of Landfill Gases into Buildings

Landfill gases can move from a landfill through soil into outdoor air as well as the
indoor air of nearby buildings. Landfill gases in outdoor air can enter a building
through windows, doors, and ventilation systems. In soil, landfill gases can migrate
and enter a building through cracks in the basement floors and walls, utility entry
points (e.g., where underground water or electrical lines enter a building), sump
pump holes or floor drains. This is called soil vapor intrusion. Once they enter a
building, landfill gases may collect in areas of poor ventilation, such as basements,
crawlspaces, and utility tunnels.

Odors from Landfill Gas

Odors in landfill gas are caused primarily by hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, which
are produced during breakdown of waste material.
Example: If construction and demolition debris contain large quantities of wallboard
(also called drywall or gypsum board), large amounts of hydrogen sulfide can be
formed. Hydrogen sulfide has the foul smell of rotten eggs, while ammonia has a
strong pungent odor. Humans can detect hydrogen sulfide and ammonia odors at
very low levels in air, generally below levels that would cause health effects.

Impacts of Gaseous Waste on Environment

Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable.
Incinerating waste also causes problems, because plastics tends to produce toxic
substances, such as dioxins, when they are burn.
Gases from incineration may cause air pollution and contribute to acid rain, while
the ash from incinerators may contain heavy metals and other toxins.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1

Answer the following question briefly.

1. How we can reduce gas from waste? Explain your answer.
2. What are the sources of gaseous wastes? State the effects of these wastes to the
environment.
3. What do you think you can do to lessen the gaseous wastes in your community?
Explain your answer briefly.

Activity 2
Cryptogram
Each of the blanks has a number underneath it. Fill in the letters that
correspond to the numbers below the blanks to solve the phrase.

Landfill Gas
Activity 3
The letters in the message will be hidden between the words below. Solve the
puzzle finds all the words, the hidden message will be revealed.

Gaseous Wastes

Y G A S E S O U S W A S T E S A S R E G

E L N E E R A T E D I N T O E N E V I R

O N N T M E N T M A I N L Y D U I E T O

A A S I N T H R O P O G E N I C T S A C

T A R I A T N E M N O R I V N E I U V I

W T I E E M S K T A T L Q M E C V O D W

U G X C P P G L S Z R J M E K V I E C B

A N T H R O P O G E N I C U P O T S A A

D E T A R E N E G O K R T D S F C A Q D

X X B R C V A V T Z P H D S T Y A G F R

ACTIVITIES ANTHROPOGENIC ARE

DUE ENVIRONMENT GASEOUS
GENERATED MAINLY WASTES
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
 WRAP-UP
Gaseous waste is mostly generated by human activity. The gaseous wastes include
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), oxides of nitrogen
(NOx), carbon monoxide (CO). The waste gas is produced as by-product of a
production process. Waste gases are usually a mix of different gases including CO2
which are transferred from the originating process to other processes. Within these
mixes, the CO2 content is treated as part of the waste gas stream.

Landfills provide an anaerobic environment for wastes to decay that causes the
release of landfill gas (LFG), odors and a host of other potential air, water and soil
pollutants. The methane produced by landfills is of environmental significance
because methane is a potent greenhouse gas and its ability to trap heat in the
atmosphere, called its “global warming potential,”.
Gaseous waste also has a big impact to human health and to environment. There are
adverse effects on human health also from these gaseous wastes.

TRUE or FALSE.
1. Landfills are designed to protect the environment.

2. Water that takes up particles and dissolved materials as it passes through the
garbage is called leachate.

3. Collecting landfill gas and converting it to reusable fuel keeps greenhouse gases
out of the atmosphere.
4. The landfill spans 920 acres, all of which are used to store garbage.

5. Once garbage is deposited at the landfill, it sits there without further processing.

VALUING

“Waste not, want not.” This old saying rings so true today, as global leaders and local
communities alike increasingly call for a fix for the so-called “throwaway culture.”
But beyond individuals and households, waste also represents a broader challenge
that affects human health and livelihoods, the environment, and prosperity.
Greenhouse gasses from waste are also a key contributor to climate
change. Greenhouse gasses from waste are also a key contributor to climate change.
In 2016, 5% of global emissions were generated from solid waste management,
excluding transportation. So we have to go sustainable development.

Formulate a holistic national program of air pollution that shall be implemented by

the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of function and
activities; Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizen and industries
through the application of incentives market-based instruments; Focus primarily on
pollution prevention rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive
management program on air pollution; Promote public information and education to
encourage the participation of an informed and active public in air quality planning
and monitoring; and Formulate and enforce a system of accountability for short and
long term adverse environmental impact of a project, program or activity. This shall
include setting up of a funding or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and
environmental rehabilitation and compensation for personal damage.

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What is the main purpose of landfills?
a. a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering
it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.
b. a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering
it over with another garbage, especially as a method of filling in or extending
usable land.

c. a place to dispose other waste material by burning it and covering it over with
water, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.

d. a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering
it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.
2. A place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering
it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.
a. Dumpsite b. Landfill
c. Trash bin d. Underground

3. In this method a mass of waste gases, specially carbon dioxide is transferred to

the liquid.
a. Absorption b. Adsorption
b. Evaporation d. Filtration

4. The gaseous wastes are generated in to environment mainly due---

a. Anthropogenic activities b. Climate change
c. Global warming d. Natural phenomena

5. What is CFCs?
a. Chlorofluocarbon b. Chlorofluocarbondioxide
c. Chlorofluorocarbons d. Chlorofluorcarbonous
 KEY TO CORRECTION

activities 5. C
5. C 5. Dioxins 5. False
anthropogenic
4. C 4. Sulfides mainly due to 4. False 4. A
to environment
3. C 3. Ammonia 3. True 3. A
are generated in
2. B 2. Odor Gaseous wastes 2. True 2. B
message:
1. C 1. Methane Hidden 1. True 1. A

Pretest Activity 2 Activity 3 Wrap Up Posttest

References
5 Methods for Management of Gas Waste. (2014, December 05). Retrieved July 01,
2020, from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/waste-management/5-
methods-for-management-of-gas-waste/44810

Department of Health. (n.d.). Retrieved July 07, 2020, from

https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/air/landfill_gas.htm

Disposal of Liquid Wastes and Disposal of Gaseous Wastes. (2015, August 27).
Retrieved July 01, 2020, from
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/difference/disposal-of-liquid-wastes-
and-disposal-of-gaseous-wastes/7078

How to Manage Gaseous Wastes? (2015, March 23). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/how-to/how-to-manage-gaseous-
wastes/47788

“Wastes: Sources, Classification and Impact.” Biology Discussion, August 27, 2015.
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/wastes/wastes-sources-classification-
and-impact/7091.

The Philippine Clean Air Act. (n.d.). Retrieved July 09, 2020, from
https://air.emb.gov.ph/the-philippine-clean-air-act/

Waste Management: Management of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Wastes. (2014,

March 03). Retrieved July 07, 2020, from
https://www.environmentalpollution.in/waste-management/waste-
management-management-of-solid-liquid-and-gaseous-wastes/377

“How to Manage Gaseous Wastes?” Your Article Library, March 23, 2015.
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/how-to/how-to-manage-gaseous-
wastes/47788.