UNEB EVOLUTION QUESTION

Objective questions

1. The gene for albinism is recessive to that form normal skin pigment in human. In a
population where the frequency of albinism is 10%, the expected proportion of albinos in the
population would be
A. 0.1
B. 0.01
C. 0.8
D. 0.9
2. Insect and vertebrate living on land have jointed limbs for locomotion. This is an example of
A. Convergent evolution
B. Adaptive radiation
C. Divergent evolution
D. Natural selection
3. Which one of the following factors is least likely to contribute to the development of new
species?
A. Gene mutation
B. Reproductive isolation
C. Geographical isolation
D. Stabilizing selection
4. Which one of the following may cause adaptive radiation to a variety of species?
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Directional selection
C. Cessation of selection
D. Disruptive selection
5. Which one of the following may occur to a community of organism as a result of natural
selection?
A. Increase in the number of species
B. Adaptive to the environment by all organism
C. Extinction of species
D. Reduction in the level of mutation
6. Which one of the following pairs of structures are not homologous?
A. Arms of humans and wings of birds
B. Legs of insects and those of mammals
C. Ponds of bean and pericarp of maize grain
D. Pectoral fins of fish and arms of humans
7. From the following sources of variation, which one has the highest chance of producing new
species
A. Crossing over
B. Independent assortment
C. Mutation
D. Random fusion of gametes

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8. Which one of the following is likely character in mammalian population illustrated in figure
1?

character

A. Height
B. Ear size
C. Blood group
D. Finger length

9. Which one of the following results when a gamete with non-disjunction is fertilized?
A. Duplication
B. Translocation
C. Monosomy
D. Polyploidy
10. Which one of the following is least likely to occur when organism of similar species
competes for some limited resource?
A. Range restriction
B. Aggression towards each other
C. Extinction
D. Coexistence
11. Individuals lacking desired qualities are prevented from mating during artificial selection
using the following methods except
A. Extermination
B. Segregation
C. Sterilization
D. Cross breeding
12. Structures of common origin modified in various ways to adapt animals to different modes
of life is an illustration of
A. Homologous structure
B. Convergent evolution
C. Analogous structure
D. Cooperative anatomy

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13. Which one of the following is likely to cause a faster rate of evolution?
A. Stabilizing selection
B. Directional selection
C. Disruptive selection
D. Slow changing environment
14. The more the variation in population, the greater is its potential to
A. Give rise to gene flow
B. Adapt to new changes in environment
C. Produce more offspring
D. Grow fact
15. Functional resemblance of wings of butterfly and a bird although from different origin, is an
example of
A. Homology
B. Autology
C. Analogy
D. Phylogeny
16. The following are trisomic conditions except A. Klinefelter’s syndrome
B. Turners syndrome
C. Down’s syndrome
D. XXX female
17. Which of the following is not likely to bring evolutionary change in a population?
A. Crossing over
B. Migration
C. Mutation
D. Genetic drift
18. Which one of the following structures is not homologous with the rest?
A. Bat wing
B. Human fore arm
C. Insect wing
D. Bird wing
19. Which of the following conditions result from gene mutation? A. Klinefelter’s syndrome
B. Turners syndrome
C. Sickle cell anemia
D. Dawn’s syndrome
20. Which of the following factors would contribute least to the development of new species?
A. Gene mutation
B. Chromosomal mutation
C. Geographical isolation
D. Environmental stability

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21. Insects have different mouth parts modified to suit their different modes of feeding. This
shows:
A. Speciation
B. Convergence evolution
C. Divergent evolution
D. Development of analogous structures
22. Which of the following maintains the highest level of genetic uniformity?
A. Interbreeding
B. Selective breading
C. Random breeding
D. inbreeding
23. A possible explanation for occurrence of gill slits on a human embryo is that
A. gill slits are required for respiration at early stages
B. human may have evolved from fish
C. human and fish have a common ancestry
D. evolution still occurs
24. Among the following sets of organs; which contains homologous structures only?
A. bat wing, bird wing, human fore arm
B. fish pectoral fin, human for arm, insect wings
C. bird wing, bat wing, insect wings
D. fish pectoral fin, bat wing, human forearm
25. Which one of the following would not lead to evolution?
A. Better suited phenotype in a specific environment increasing in number
B. The environment remains stable for a long time.
C. Organism producing more offspring than the environment can support
D. A large number of offspring dying before reproduction.
26. Which of the following is not a form of inbreeding?
A. Cross-breeding offspring of the same parent
B. Self-pollination
C. Back crossing
D. Test crossing
27. The camel family is found only in North Africa, Asia and South America. This is an
example of
A. Adaptive radiation
B. Convergence radiation
C. Divergent evolution
D. Discontinuous distribution

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28. The study of gross morphological and histological appearance of an organism in ecology is
best described as
A. Comparative physiology
B. Comparative embryology
C. Comparative anatomy
D. Cell biology
29. The appearance of a gene of evolutionary advantage is a function of
A. Chance
B. Environmental demand
C. Needs of organism
D. Nature plan
30. Which one of the following would cause phenotypic variation among organisms of the same
genotype?
A. Exposure to different environment
B. Continuous variation within the species
C. Different sex
D. mutation
31. The phylogenetic approach to classification is used because it groups together all animals
that show
A. analogous structures
B. homologous structures
C. convergent evolution
D. Adaptive radiation
32. Which of the following may be a result of inbreeding?
A. Improved fertility
B. Accumulation of lethal gene
C. Polyploidy
D. Increased mutation rate
33. Which of the following is not a likely result of polyploidy in plants?
A. Increased hardness
B. Resistance to diseases
C. Decreased hybrid vigour
D. Formation of seedless large fruits

34. Two population of a given species could only evolve into two distinct species if they are
subjected to

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 A. Disruptive selection
B. Geographical isolation
C. Stabilizing selection
D. Genetic isolation
35. The pastoralist usually retains which his herd, a bull whose ancestor have got desirable
characteristics. This is an example of
A. Inbreeding
B. Natural selection
C. Cross breeding
D. Artificial selection
36. The existence of different castes within termite is an instance of
A. Polymorphism
B. Genetic drift
C. Melanism D. natural selection
37. Which one of the following effects of deforestation will least affect the gene pool of a
population in a forest?
A. Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
B. Decrease in the number of individual at each trophic level
C. Loss of habitat for animal species
D. Decrease in the number of trophic levels in the forest ecosystem
38. The occurrence of a genetic defect among individuals of an isolated population in a
percentage higher than expected is likely to be a result of
A. Natural selection
B. Speciation
C. Adaptation
D. Genetic drift
39. Which one of the following does not lead to change in allele frequency of a population?
A. Mutation
B. Selection
C. Sexual recombination
D. Genetic drift

40. The similarity of the skeletal structures of mole, monkeys and whales lead to the conclusion
that they
A. Belong to the same class

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 B. Originate from the same environment
C. Descend from a common ancestor
D. Evolved converging
41. Which one of the following would lead to genetic death in animal population?
A. Hemophilia in a population
B. Sickle cell trait in a population
C. Infertile males in a population
D. Albinism in a population
42. The following can result in some variation of the offspring except
A. Haploid parthenogenesis
B. Fragmentation
C. Conjugation
D. Self-fertilization
43. Which of the following show divergent evolution?
A. Wings of a cockroach and a bat
B. Skeleton of a mouse and cray fish
C. Fore limbs of a pigeon and a monkey
D. Eyes of a locust and a kite
44. The possession of similar structures in an organism having different ancestral origin is a
result of
A. Convergence evolution
B. Divergence evolution
C. Adaptive radiation
D. Parallel evolution
45. Which one of the following may occur to a community of organisms as a result of natural
Section?
A. Increase in the number of species.
B. Adapting to the environment by all the organisms.
C. Extinction of species.
D. Reduction in the level of mutation,

46. Which one of the following would happen to individuals of the population in the shaded area
in the figure below if selection pressure continued for generations acting on the phenotype?

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 They would
A. Develop onto two distinct population
B. Die off and become extinct C. Evolve into new species
D. Multiply in numberl.
47. Which one of the following genetic abnormalities does not result from non-disjunction?
A. Klinefelter’s syndrome
B. Turner’s syndrome
C. Hemophilia
D. Down’s syndrome
48. Variation among organisms which reproduce by fission can be due to A. Crossing over
B. Mutation
C. Random fertilization
D. Independent assortment
49. The figure below shows he frequency of a trait among a group of students

The difference in the phenotype s is due to

A. The altitude where individual live
B. Genetic make up
C. Frequency of disease among individual
D. Different diet among individuals

50. In breeding , the propagation of a variety with desirable characteristics is referred to as

A. Hybridization
B. Artificial selection
C. Cross breeding
D. inbreeding
51. Human eye and octopus’ eye are examples of
A. Homology

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 B. Divergent evolution
C. Analogy
D. Adaptive radiation

52. Which one of the following pairs of structures are not homologous? A. arms of humans

and wings of birds.

B. Legs of insects and those of mammals.

C. pods of beans and pericarps of maize grains.

D. pectoral fins of fish and arms of humans.

53. From the following sources of variation, which one has the highest chance of producing new
species?

A. crossing over B. Independent assortment

C. mutation. D. Random fusion of gametes.

SRUCTURED QUESTIONS
54. (a) Distinguish between hybrid and hybrid vigour

(b). Explain how each of the following may alter the gene frequency
(i) Closeness of population
(ii) Small population size

55. In human albinism is caused by an autosomal recessive allele. On average 1 in 10,000 is an

albino.
(a) Give two characteristics of an albino (2marks)
(b) Using Hardy Weinberg formula p2 +2pq + q2 = 1, determine
(i) the frequency of the albino allele in human population (2marks)
(ii) Frequency of heterozygous genotype in the population (2mars)
(c) Explain why it is difficult to eliminate recessive alleles from a population (4mark)

56. When extensive lakes that existed in Bunyoro were reduced to isolated pools many years
ago, four species of fish evolved as a result

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 (a) Suggest how the drying up of the lake system to isolated pools have resulted in
evolution of the four new fish species. (4marks)
(b) Describe how environmental factors act as stabilizing forces to natural selection in an
isolates pool after the evolution of a new species. (03marks)
(c) Suggest what would happen to the fish species if water levels rose and the isolated
pools once again formed an extensive lake system. (03marks)
57. (a) Explain the meaning of the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium principle (1mark)
(b) State four conditions that must be fulfilled in order the principle to hold true (2marks)
(c) Brown eyes in a human population is caused by a dominant allele. If in a population,
84% of the people have brown eyes, using Hardy-Weinberg formula, determine the
percentage of the population who are
(i) Heterozygous for eye color. Show your working (4marks)
(ii) Homozygous dominant for eye color. Show your working. (3marks)

58. (a) Outline the cause of gene reshuffling

(b) In what way may variation resulting from gene reshuffling differ from that caused
by mutation?

(c) What is the importance of variation in a population?

(d) Explain how constancy of species may be maintained through natural selection

59. (a) State three ecological problem which arise from the accumulation of domestic waste
in urban communities
(b) Give two ways reducing domestic waste.

(c) Figure 8 show lichen species growing along a 20km transect from urban Centre.

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 Number of lichen

species

0 5 10 11
12
Fig. 8 Distance from urban centre (km)

(i) Explain the trend in the lichen species with distance

(ii) Suggest an explanation for the observed number of lichen species at a distance of
10km from the urban Centre.

60. (a) How does resistance of malarial parasite to antimalarial drugs occur?

(b) How may each of the following lead to speciation

(i) genetic drift
(ii) Un random mating

61. (a) Using examples. Give the meaning of adaptive radiation of species? (2marks)
(b) State the ecological importance of adaptive radiation (2marks)
(c) How do adaptive radiation and homologous structures give evidence of evolution?
(i) Adaptive radiation (3marks)
(ii) Homologous structures (3marks)

62. (a) (i) What is meant by natural selection? (2marks)

(ii) How does it occur? (6marks)
(b) What is the importance of natural selection? (2marks)
63. (a) What do you understand by gene pool? (2marks)
(b) What may cause a gene pool of a population to be static? (2mk)
(c) (i) state three factors that may contribute to change in frequency of dominant and
recessive alleles in a population. (3marks)
(ii) Explain how each factor stated in c(i) above may cause change in the frequency of
dominant and recessive alleles in a population. (3marks)

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 64. (a) State Darwin’s theory natural selection.
(b) State three observations and two deductions from which Darwin derived this theory.
(c) How does the modern view on evolution differ from Darwin’s View?

65. (a)(i) What is mutation?

(ii) State the possible causes of mutation
(b) What is the role of mutation in evolution of new species?
66. Explain what is meant by each of the following concepts:
(a) Continental drift
(b) Divergent evolution
(c) Industrial melanism
(d) Vestigial organs

67. The figure below illustrates selection pressure acting on a population of butter
fly

Selection pressure
in population
Frequency

Phenotypic characteristic
(a) State the type of selection being exhibited in the figure (1mark)
(b) Explain how this type of nature selection affect the phenotypic characteristics of the
population.
(c) (i) In the space below sketch the distribution curve that would result after many
generations of this type of natural selelction shown in (a)
(ii) What ecological effect does the above type of selection have on the population?
(3marks)
(d) State the importance of genetic variation in natural selection? (2marks)

68. (a) Distinguish between hybrid and hydbrid vigour (2marks) (b) Explain hwo
each of the following may alter the gene frequency.
(i) Closeness of population. (4marks)

(ii) Small population size (4marks)

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Assay questions

69. (a) What is meant by genetic drift (04 marks)

(b) How can the genetic equilibrium of a population be upset? (9marks)
(c) Explain how humans influence the evolution of species (7marks)
70. (a) What is meant by the term natural selection? (3marks)
(b) Describe the role of each of the following in natural selection
(i) Mutation (5marks)
(ii) Meiosis (8mars)
(c) Fertilization (fertilization) (4marks)

71. (a) Explain what is meant by variation. (2marka)

(b) How does meiosis contribute to variation? (07marks)

(c) Describe the role of variation in evolution. (11marks)

72. (a) Explain the following

(i) Genetic isolation (2marks)
(ii) Reproductive isolation (3marks)
(b) Explain how the gene frequency of a population may be altered. (15marks)

73. (a) (i) Giving an example, explain what is meant by discontinuous variation? (3marks)
(ii) How does sexual reproduction cause variation? (8marks)
(b) Explain how the environment influences the process of natural selection? (9marks)

74. (a) Give the different forms of isolation of species (3marks)

(b) How may each of the forms of isolation given in (a) above lead to formation of
species (17marks)
75. (a) What is meant by the following phenomena?
(i) Natural selection
(ii) Reproductive isolation
(iii) Polyploidy
(4marks)
(b) Explain the role played by each of the phenomena in (a) above in evolution of new
species (11marks)
(c) How may species become extinct? (5marks) 76. Describe how new
species of organism may arise
77. (a) State five evidences of evolution.

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 (b) To what extent do the evidences you have stated in (a), support the theory of
evolution?

78. (a) Distinguishes between continuous and discontinuous variation. (02marks)

(b) Explain how each of the following causes variation in sexually reproductive organism.
(i) crossing over during mitosis (03marks)
(ii) independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis (05marks)

79 (a) Giving examples, explain effect of

(i) Increasing selection pressure on a population (07marks)
(ii) Stabilizing selection pressure on a population (07marks)
(b) Explain hoe comparative anatomy supports the process of evolution (06marks)

80. (a) Table 1 shows the number of individual with a given length of fur in a population of
terrestrial mammalian species for two different generation. The prevailing climatic
temperature during the two generations changed from 150C to 100C.
Length of fur Number of individuals
(cm) At 150C At 100C
1.00 0 0
1.25 25 0
1.50 60 0
1.75 120 20
2.00 155 60
2.25 120 130
2.50 60 155
2.75 25 130
3.00 0 60
3.25 0 20
3.50 0 0

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Figure 1
(a) Draw a graph of the relationship between fur and number of individuals at the two
temperatures (08marks)
(b) What is the optimum length of fur at each temperature? (2marks)
(c) (i) What is the effect of temperature on fur length among the individuals? (03marks)
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the effect of temperature on fur length. (05marks)
(d) (i) From figure 1, describe the trend of resistant strain with amount of antibiotics used
(3marks)
(iii) Suggest an explanation for the observed trend of resistant strains with the amount of
antibiotic used (03marks)
(e) A bacterium is a haploid organism that produce asexually by fission, twice every minute
on average. Using this information, explain the rapid emergence of resistant strain
(06marks)
(f) The data in table 1 and figure 1 illustrate the process of natural selection. State the
selection pressure in each case (02marks)
(g) Giving a reason in each case, predict what the effect of each of the following would be
(i) If the use of antibiotics was stopped for a year. (05marks)
(ii) If the generation of the terrestrial mammal at a prevailing temperature of 10 0C was
supplied with an abundance of food (03marks)

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Answers to objective type questions
1 B 11 D 21 C 31 B 41 C
2 A 12 A 22 D 32 B 42 B
3 D 13 B 23 C 33 C 43 C
4 D 14 B 24 A 34 D 44 A
5 C 15 C 25 B 35 D 45 C
6 B 16 B 26 D 36 A 46 C
7 C 17 A 27 D 37 A 47 C
8 C 18 C 28 C 38 D 48 B
9 C 19 C 29 A 39 C 49 B
10 D 20 D 30 A 40 C 50 B
51. C 52. B 53. C

54. Solution:

(a) A hybrid is an offspring of a cross between two closely related but genetically distinct
populations.
A hybrid vigour, on the other hand, refer to phenotypes of hybrids showing characteristics
which are superior to either of the parental stock.

(b) Gene flow occur between closely related population as a result of interbreeding between
members of the two population. The random introduction of new alleles into the recipient
population and their removal from the donor population affects the allele frequency of both
populations and leads to increased genetic variation.
((ii) In a small population, not all the allele which are representative of that species may be
present. It is very possible for new alleles to appear and present ones to disappear simply by
chance, a phenomenon called genetic drift. Chance events such as accidental death prior to
maturity of an organism which is the sole possessor of a particular allele would result in
elimination of the allele from the population, reducing its frequency. Equally possible. An
allele may drift to a higher frequency simply by chance.

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 55. Solution

(a) Light coloured skin White hair Others:

Pink eyes.
(b) (i) frequency of the albino allele = q

Frequency of albinism (q2) =

2
i.e. q = 0.0001
=
Q= 0.01
Hence the frequency of the albino allele in the human population is 0.01.
P+q = 1

P + 0.01 = 1

But p + 2pq + q = 0.99

But p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
= 1
(0.99)2 + 2pq + (0.01)2

0.9801 + 2pq + 0.0001 = 1

2pq = 1- 0.9802
2pq = 0.0198.

Hence the frequency of the heterozygous in the population is 0.0198.

(c) A large proportion of the recessive alleles in a population exist in the carrier
heterozygote’s. As a result, very few can be eliminated from the population in each
generation. Only alleles present in the homozygous recessive organism will be expressed
in the phenotype and so be exposed to environmental selection and possible elimination.

(d) Also, certain recessive alleles confer extra advantage to organism containing then I
heterozygous state. The maintains the allele in the population. For example, the sickle cell
allele.
56. Solution:

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 (a) Isolated pools form different geographical micro-environments. This causes geographic
isolation of fish in different pools. It prevents interbreeding and thus no gene flow occurs.
Since conditions are different in the different pools, different characteristics are selected for
in the pools.
(b) When environmental conditions in each pool change, fish which is better adapted to the
condition in each pool survive while fish with unfavorable characteristics are selected
against and do not survive. Since the pools have different conditions, different strains of
fish evolve.
(c) All the different fish species mix up again and:
Competition between species may reduce the number of some species of fish. The better
adapted will survive while others die and may become extinct.
If restricted to different area (niches of the lake, there will be less competition. As a result,
most or all species may survive so that a lake with different species of fish is formed. There
may restriction of interbreeding so that the different species exist separately in the lake.
If interbreeding occurs, more new species of fish evolve in the lake.

57. Solution

(a) Provided there are no disruptive influence such as mutations or selection, the frequency
of alleles in a population remains constant, generation after generation.
There is continued movement of gene (gene flow) within the population due to breeding
but the overall gene frequencies remain constant. This stability is referred to as genetic
equilibrium.
(b) No mutation occurs
Mating must be random
The population must be large.
No emigration or immigration from or into the population should occur
Others
Generations should not overlap
All genotypes should be equally fertile, so that no selection occurs.

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 (c) Let the allele for brown eyes be B
The allele for other eye colour be b
Frequency of allele B be p
Frequency of allele b be q
Given BB+ Bb constitute 84%
The hardy-Weinberg equation states

P2 +2pq + q2 = 1
given p2 + 2pq = 0.84
q2 = 1 – 0.84
q2 = 0.16
=>q = 0.4
Also p + q = 1
P = 1-0.4
P = 0.6
=> (0.6)2 + 2pq = 0.84
2pq = 0.84-0.36
2pq = 0.48
Hence 0.48% of the population are heterozygous.
(ii) from above

P = 0.6
=> BB = p2 = (0.6)2
.; BB = 0.36
% 0f BB = 36%
hence, the percentage of individual homozygous dominant for eye colour is 36%

58. Solution

(a) - Crossing over prophase 1 in meiosis

- independent assortment at metaphase 1 of meiosis
- Random fusion of gametes from two parents during fertilization.

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 (b) - Gene reshuffling new combination of the same alleles and as a result leads to variation in
combinations of the same characters.

- Mutations lead to formation of completely new alleles leading to production of completely new
characters.

(c ) – May lead to emergence of new species.

- Increase chances of organisms to survive in different habitats.

-Increase chance of resistance of organisms to diseases and toxic substances.

- increases chance of population size control by natural selection -Reduces

competition for natural resources.

(d) - Species in a population show variation in characteristic. These act as the basis for genes of
the next generation.

Individuals with characteristic favored by the environment survive to pass on their genes to
the next generation.

Those with unfavorable characteristics are weeded out.

This naturally controls the population size as selection pressures are constantly changing as
do the adaptations of organisms from time to time.

59. Solution

(a) Untreated sewage may end up in water bodies, causing eutrophication Destruction of
habitats for living organism in place where it is piled.
Decay of the waste in absence of oxygen produces methane a greenhouse gas

Others:

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 Leads to transmission of deadly communicable diseases that may lead to destruction of lives.
Causes air pollution.
(b) Recycling of non-biodegradable materials in domestic waste.
Burying biodegradable rubbish.

Others;
• Burning rubbish to treating it with chemicals to reduce bulk.
• Use of organic waste to generate power (biogas)
• Use of organic waste to produce fertilizers. use of biodegradable packaging
(c ) (i) The number of lichen species generally increases with distance from the urban centre

Explanation

The level of pollution from industries in the urban centre reduces with increased distance from
the urban centre. This leads to reduced levels of sulphur dioxide gas promoting lichen growth.

There is a reduction in the number of lichen species at a distance of 10km from the urban centre.
This is due to dumping of waste in the area, presence of an industry or small town and bush
burning

60. Solution
(a)
(i) Failure of the parasite to absorb the drug
(ii) Formation of inaccessible forms during its development life cycle in man (tissue
hypnozoites)
(iii) Parasite may use alternative biosynthetic pathway not affected by the drug.

(iv) The parasite tissue may become tolerant to drug molecules

(b)(i) Genetic drift

- Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population
change over generations due to chance (sampling error).
- . Lose of gene from or increase in allele frequency of gene in population may alter the
selection pressure in a population leading development of new species.
- Although genetic drift happens in populations of all sizes, its effects tend to be stronger in
small populations

(ii) non random mating

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 - un random mating or sexual selection occur naturally when the presence of heritable
characteristic increases the likelihood of bringing about successful fertilization.

- Traits that lead to more mating for an individual lead to more offspring and through
natural selection, eventually lead to a higher frequency of that trait in the population .

- If the gene for the characteristic increase in successive generation a new species may
develop.

61. Solution

(a) It is specialization of homologous structures to serve different functions. For example, the
fore limbs of man (arms) are modified for manipulation while those of bird (wings) for
flight.

(b) It enables organisms with the structures to exploit different ecological niches hence reduce
competition.

(c) (i) Presence of homologous structure which have been modified to perform different
functions in apparently similar organisms to adapt different environmental conditions and

modes of life, is an indication of evolution from common ancestor.

(ii) Presence of structures with the same basic plan or fundamentally similar in different
organism, though, modified to serve different functions in different environment is an
indication of evolution from common ancestor.

62. Solution

(a) (i) Natural selection the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment
tend to survive and produce more offspring.

(ii) Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survival
and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers, causing the traits to
increase in frequency over generations.

(b) Importance of natural selection

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- organisms that are best adapted to a particular environment are allowed to survive and
reproduce
- population size of a given environment is regulated to supportable limit.
- undesirable genes are eliminated from a population
- leads constant improvement of the population to better species

63. solution

(a) A gene pool is the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

(b) Gene pool remain static when there is no mutation, genetic drift, immigration, emigration or
when variation is inadequate to bring about natural selection.

(c)(i) Factors that may contribute to the change in frequency of dominant and recessive alleles in
a population

- Natural Selection,
- Genetic Drift,
- Mutations the ultimate source of new alleles in a gene pool - Gene Flow.
- Nonrandom mating

(ii) How factors in (c)(i) above contribute to the change in frequency of dominant and recessive
alleles in a population

- Natural selection increase alleles for favorable traits in a population and eliminates
unfavorable alleles
- Environmental change cause alteration in selection pressure
- Mutation introduces new genes in a population
- Genetic drift leads to change in allele frequencies due to chance

- Nonrandom mating leads to selection of individuals with particular alleles to be passed

on in the next generation.

64 (c) How does the modern view on evolution differ from Darwin’s View?

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 Darwin’s view explains evolution by inheritance of acquired variations which are favored by
natural selection pressure while modern view explains evolution by genetically determined
variations.

65 (b) Mutations are essential to evolution because it introduces genetic variations in a

population that form a basis of natural selection.

66 (a) Continental drift

The theory of continental drift proposes that our continents are drifting away from each other
because they are located on tectonic plates that make up the Earth's crust - the part we are
standing on right now. These plates are constantly moving around on the Earth's surface, like
rafts in a pool.
(b) Divergent evolution
Divergent evolution is the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and
accumulate differences, resulting in the formation of new species.
(c) Industrial melanism
Industrial melanism is an evolutionary effect prominent in several arthropods, where dark
pigmentation (melanism) has evolved in an environment affected by industrial pollution,
including sulphur dioxide gas and dark soot deposits.
Or
Industrial melanism is the term used to describe increase in the frequencies of pale and melanic
morphs in a variety of insect species, primarily cryptic moths, that have been noted since the
advent of industrialization in many parts of the world
(d) Vestigial organs
Vestigial organs are non-functional organs in an organism which are functional in related
animals and were functional in the ancestors.

There are 90 vestigial organs in the human body and mainly include coccyx (tail bone);
nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid); caecum and vermiform appendix ; canines ; wisdom teeth etc.

67. Solution
(a) Disruptive selection
(b) Selection pressure acting from within the population as a result of increased competition
may push the phenotypic characteristics away from population mean towards the
extremes of the population

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 Thus the intermediate phenotypic characteristics are selected against in favour of the two
extremes of the phenotypic characteristics.

Selection pressure

(c) (i)

cy in
population
Frequen

Phenotypic
characteristic

(ii). It split the population into two subpopulations, each which may give rise to a new species
It can also lead to appearance of different phenotypes within the population, i.e.
polymorphism.
(d) Genetic variation leads to phenotypic within a population, upon which natural
selection acts.

Note: selection is the process by which those organisms which are physically,
physiologically and behaviourally better adapted to the environment survive and
reproduce: those organisms not well adapted either fail to reproduce or die.
There are 3 types of selection:

• Stabilizing selection
• Direction selection
• Disruptive selection

68. Solution:

(a) A hybrid is an offspring of a cross between two closely related but genetically distinct
populations.
A hybrid vigour, on the other hand, refer to phenotypes of hybrids showing characteristics
which are superior to either of the parental stock.

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(b) Gene flow occur between closely related population as a result of interbreeding between
members of the two population. The random introduction of new alleles into the recipient
population and their removal from the donor population affects the allele frequency of both
populations and leads to increased genetic variation.
(ii) In a small population, not all the allele which are representative of that species may be
present. It is very possible for new alleles to appear and present ones to disappear simply by
chance, a phenomenon called genetic drift. Chance events such as accidental death prior to
maturity of an organism which is the sole possessor of a particular allele would result in
elimination of the allele from the population, reducing its frequency. Equally possible. An
allele may drift to a higher frequency simply by chance.

69. Solution

(a) Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of a population which occurs by chance
(random) events. It is common mainly in small isolated populations or when few
individuals mate. It usually causes alteration in the frequency of small populations, by
chance.
(b) When there is non-random mating; this increases the likelihood of some alleles in the
population especially as a result of sexual selection. Individual with certain characteristics
become more likely than others to mate and successfully fertilize their gametes. Alleles
held such individuals will increase in the population while the others will reduce.
• When population size is small, leading to genetic drift; in this case, changes in allele
frequencies occur simply by chance. For example, it is possible for chance events such as
accidental premature death prior to mating of an organism which is the sole possessor of a
particular allele to result in the elimination of that allele in the population. Also it is possible
for the frequency of an allele to increase population, simply by chance.
• When gene flow occurs between populations; gene flow may occur in close populations as a
result of interbreeding between members of the two populations. The random introduction of
new alleles into the recipient population and their removal from the donor population affects
the allele frequency of both population and leads to increased genetic variation.

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• When genotypes are not equally fertile so that there is a genetic load. Harmful recessive
alleles usually exist in heterozygous genotypes as the genetic load of a population. Through
harmful in homozygous state, they may be carried in the heterozygous genotype and confer
selective advantage on the phenotype in certain environmental conditions so that they are
more favored.

(c). Through artificial selection

Human beings are able to select and allow breeding of animals or plants with characteristics at
the expense of others. This may lead to emergence of bred animals or plants with the desired
characteristics and extinction of the others.

• Through pollution

Pollutants such as pesticides and industrial chemicals act as a selection pressure on the survival
of organisms in the environment. Organisms often develop characteristics which allow them to
survive the pollution. As a result, a new strain of organisms may arise.

• Through genetic engineering

Man has developed a number of techniques through which he may introduce new allelesinto
population of organisms. Such organisms usually exhibit characteristics which make them
better adapted to the environment than the others an therefore selected for.

• Through man-made major environmental disruptions.

Fire outbreaks, over grazing, over fishing, swamp reclamation and bomb blasts may lead to death
of organisms which are sole possessor of certain genes in the population leading to their
extinction. On the other hand, some organism may develop characteristic that allow them to
withstand these stresses and therefore survive and reproduce leading to evolution of a new strain
of organisms.

70. Solution

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 (a) Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their
environments survive and reproduce while the least adapted are wiped out of the
population.

(b) (i)
• Mutation changes the nature of genes in an organism and causes inheritable
variations. The altered genetic material passes over to the offspring which then
inherit the resulting variations.
• A selection pressure acts on these variations; organisms with more favorable
variations survive and reproduce while the less suitably adapted organisms die and
may be weeded out. This may lead to emergence of new strains of organisms with
favorable variations

(ii)

• During prophase I of meiosis, crossing over occurs between homologous

chromosomes and exchange of chromosome segments occurs. This separates linked
genes and provides a source of genetic recombination.
• During metaphase 1 of meiosis, chromosomes are distributed randomly at the
equatorial region and subsequently segregate independently during anaphase1. This
leads to further mixing of genes which are then expressed in the gametes. The
genetic rearrangement which occurs passes into the gametes and is manifested as
phenotypic variations among the organisms of a population.
• A selection pressure acts on these variations; organisms with more favorable
variations survive and reproduce while the less suitably adopted organisms die and
maybe wiped out. This may lead to emergence of new strains of organisms with
favorable variation.
(iii) During fertilization, genes from different parents are mixed independently indifferent
combinations. This introduces variation in the genetic constitution of the offspring.
• As a result of variation organisms become efficiently adapted to survive in different
environmental conditions.

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 • A selection pressure acts on these variations; organisms with more favorable
variations survive and reproduce while those with unfavorable variations die and
maybe weeded out. This may lead to emergency of new strains of organisms with
favorable variations.

71. Solution

(a) Variation refers to the existence of different functional, physical or behavioral

characteristics among organisms of a population. It may arise by gene mutation,
chromosomal mutation or recombination
(b) Crossing over between chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs during prophase
I of meiosis. This shuffles linked genes and provides a source of genetic recombination.

During metaphase I of meiosis, chromosomes are distributed randomly at the equator and
subsequently segregate independently during anaphase I. this leads to further mixing of genes
which are then expressed in the gametes.

(c) In the presence of variation, organisms respond to change in different ways.

- In presence of a selection pressure, organisms which are more suitably adapted with
survive i.e. with favourable variation, survive and reproduce while organism with
unfavourable variations die and may be weeded out. As a result, a new strain of organisms
with favourable variations arises.

- Also certain variation may limit successful sexual reproduction among organisms of a
population. As a result, the population may be split into two differently intern-breeding
populations which may later evolve into a new species of organisms.

- Some variations may be so lethal that organisms containing them do not survive to the
next generations, even without a selection pressure. As a result, such organisms become
extinct in the subsequent generations, leaving a strain of organisms with non-lethal variations.

72. Solution

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 (a) (i) Genetic isolation occurs when mating can occur but fertilization is not possible and/or
even when it occurs, the product is a sterile or inferior offspring. This is due to
incompatible genetic constitution between organisms of a population.

(ii) Reproductive isolation involves failure of interbreeding among organisms of

population. This may be as a result of lack of attractiveness between males and females
or noncorrespondence of genitals.

(b) Change in gene frequency of a population occurs when;

• There is non-random breeding. In such cases sexual selection occurs whenever the
presence of one or more inherited characteristics increases the likelihood of bringing
about successful fertilization of gametes. As a result, the frequency of some genes
increases while that of others reduces in the population.
• The population is small and leads to genetic drift. There is usually chance appearance or
disappearance of genes in a small population, leading to change in frequency of the gene
in question.
• Genotypes are not equally fertile. In this case, the more advantageous (fertile) alleles are
transferred to offspring at the expense of other alleles. This leads to change in frequency
of such genes.
• Gene flow occurs between populations. Interbreeding between populations always leads
to flow of genes within the populations involved. This causes instability in the gene
frequency of the populations.
• Mutations occur. Occurrence of a mutant gene in the population can lead to change in
frequency of the gene over generations.

Gene reshuffling occurs. During meiosis, crossing over occurs that results in new gene
recombination. At fertilization, these altered alleles are transmitted to offspring and over
generations, the allele frequency of a gene changes.

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80. Solution

(b) at 100C, optimum length is 2.5cm

At 150C, optimum length is 2.0cm

(c). (i) temperature directly affects the length of fur among the individuals.

High temperature induces growth of short fur while lower temperature induces growth of long
fur among the individuals.

(ii) Fur in animals is an adaptation for temperatures regulation.

The erector Pilli muscles in the skin contract and make the fur stand on end during the cold
conditions. This traps a layer of air which is an insulator between them and so prevents heat loss
from the body by conduction.

The longer the fur the greater the amount of air trapped and the more efficient the insulation
process.

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This explains why animals in the cooler environments have developed longer fur as they have a
greater tendency to lose heat than those in the warmer environment.

(d) (i) the number of resistant strains reduces gradually as the amount of antibiotics increases
rapidly in the 59 to 61 years period.

Thereafter, the number of resistant strains increases very rapidly to a peak as the amount of
antibiotics is reduced in the 61 to 63 years period.

Finally, the number of resistant strains reduces as the amount of antibiotics used is reduced.

(ii) The number of resistant strains reduces initially because of the susceptibility the bacteria to
the antibiotics being used.

The number then increases rapidly, thereafter, because the present resistant strains reproduce
rapidly to produce rapidly offspring that are not affected by the antibiotics used.

Reduction in number of resistant strains the amount of antibiotics is reduced is due to increased
competition for food and space.

(e) Bacteria occur in such large numbers that there is a high chance of a resistant strain
eventually appearing in the population due to random mutations.

As soon as this happens, use of antibiotics acts as the selection pressure, causing the vulnerable
bacteria to die and leaving the resistant strains, with a survival advantage to continue growing.

Due to their high reproductive rate, the resistant strains rapidly multiply and exponentially
increase in number.

(f) In table 1, the selection pressure is temperature variation.

In figure 1, the selection pressure is the antibiotics used.

(f) (i) the number of resistant strains of bacteria would decrease drastically.

Explanation

Resistant strains are mutants and therefore few in the general population of the bacteria.
They develop by chance and are given better survival advantage by the presence of antibiotics.

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Stopping antibiotics for 1 year removes the selection pressure.

Non-resistant strains then survive better than the resistant strains.

The number of resistant strains then reduces as a result of competition for food and space.

(ii) there would be reduction in length of fur.

Explanation

Abundant food supply provides enough raw materials for metabolism and therefore production of
enough heat energy to counter the heat loss. The role, earlier performed by long fur, would be
taken over by metabolism and so long fur would not be necessary.

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